Trading Goods or Human Capital: The Gains and Losses from Economic Integration
In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Band 120, Heft 2, S. 503-536
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In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Band 120, Heft 2, S. 503-536
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In: The Polar Journal, Band 8. No. 1
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In: GLOBUS Research Paper 4/2018
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In: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.2147/COPD.S148735
Wei Du,1,* Jun Liu,2,* Jianlong Zhou,1,* Dan Ye,3 Yan OuYang,4 Qingnan Deng11Respiratory Diseases Group, the 6th Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China; 2Department of Gerontology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China; 3Luopu Street Community Health Service Centre, Guangzhou 511431, China; 4Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China *These authors contributed equally to this workObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on all-cause mortality in patients with COPD.Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (year 2005–2008). Eligible subjects were ≥20 years who had no COPD or OSA (n=9,237), had only OSA (n=366), had only COPD (n=695), and had OSA/COPD overlap syndrome (n=90). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate factors associated with overall mortality.Results: Multivariate analysis found that the COPD and OSA/COPD overlap syndrome groups had significantly higher chance of all-cause mortality than the group of subjects who did not have OSA or COPD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] =1.5 for the COPD group and 2.4 for the overlap syndrome group) (P≤0.007). Although not significant, having OSA/COPD overlap syndrome was associated with higher likelihood of death than COPD alone (HR =1.5; P=0.160). Other factors associated with higher overall mortality were aging, poorer family status, current smoker, serum vitamin D deficiency, cardiovascular disease, history of cancer, diabetes, and impaired renal function.Conclusion: The present study found that COPD and OSA/COPD overlap syndrome were associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with patients without either disease and that OSA did not significantly increase mortality in patients with COPD.Keywords: OSA, COPD, overlap syndrome, mortality
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