Suchergebnisse

Abstract
This paper examines the labor market trajectories of refugees who arrived in Belgium between 1999 and 2009. Belgium offers a relatively easy formal labor market access to refugees and other types of migrants but they face many other barriers in this strongly regulated and institutionalized labor market. Based on a longitudinal dataset that links respondents' information from the Belgian Labor Force Survey with comprehensive social security data on their work histories, we estimate discrete-time hazard models to analyze refugees' entry into and exit out of the first employment spell, contrasting their outcomes with family and labor migrants of the same arrival cohort. The analysis shows that refugees take significantly longer to enter their first employment spell as compared with other migrant groups. They also run a greater risk of exiting out of their first employment spell (back) into social assistance and into unemployment. The low employment rates of refugees are thus not only due to a slow integration process upon arrival, but also reflect a disproportional risk of exiting the labor market after a period in work. Our findings indicate that helping refugees into a first job is not sufficient to ensure labor market participation in the long run, because these jobs may be short-lived. Instead, our results provide clear arguments in favor of policies that support sustainable labor market integration.

Spätestens seit der Lissabon-Strategie ist der hohe Stellenwert der Bildungspolitik für die europäische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit deutlich geworden. Die Europäische Union wollte sich bis 2010 zum wettbewerbsfähigsten und dynamischsten wissensgestützten Wirtschaftsraum der Welt entwickeln. Dieses Ziel konnte nur partiell erfüllt werden, so dass die aktualisierte Wirtschaftsstrategie "Europa 2020" neue Impulse zu setzen versucht. Diese lassen sich im Bereich der Bildungspolitik anhand von zwei Grundkonzepten unterscheiden: Die beabsichtigte Bildung von "European excellence" betrifft vor allem die Durchsetzungs- und Konkurrenzfähigkeit der EU auf dem Weltmarkt; gleichzeitig unterstreicht die EU die Relevanz eines "Europe of knowledge", also die Förderung eines hohen Bildungsniveaus aller Bürger. Der Beitrag geht zunächst auf Herausforderungen und grundlegende Fragestellungen der europäischen Bildungspolitik ein, skizziert die europäischen Bildungsperspektiven und betrachtet schließlich die beiden Eckpfeiler der europäischen Bildungspolitik: Das "Europe of knowledge" und die "European excellence". (ICB2).

This paper explores how European integration impacts the national identities of Member States. Identity is an amorphous concept, and so this paper focuses on one dimension of it: the perception of the relative status of the nation that nationalized individuals possess. Perceptions of relative national status flow from the fact that the international system is characterized by hierarchy, competition, and concerns for relative gains and losses. A key motivation for the foreign policies of lower status nations is equality with higher status ones, and for the former, European integration is often perceived in equalizing terms. But, this perception of Europe as equalizer often does not correspond with objectively unequal power relations in Europe. This paper focuses on why, among nationalized individuals, perceptions of power differentials change, even though objectively the unequal inter-state power relations may remain unchanged. The case study is Italy entering the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union in 1999, which was perceived by many Italians in equalizing terms, even though the unequal power relations between Italy and Europe's elite countries remained objectively the same. Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v7i2.219

This paper explores how European integration impacts the national identities of Member States. Identity is an amorphous concept, and so this paper focuses on one dimension of it: the perception of the relative status of the nation that nationalized individuals possess. Perceptions of relative national status flow from the fact that the international system is characterized by hierarchy, competition, and concerns for relative gains and losses. A key motivation for the foreign policies of lower status nations is equality with higher status ones, and for the former, European integration is often perceived in equalizing terms. But, this perception of Europe as equalizer often does not correspond with objectively unequal power relations in Europe. This paper focuses on why, among nationalized individuals, perceptions of power differentials change, even though objectively the unequal inter-state power relations may remain unchanged. The case study is Italy entering the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union in 1999, which was perceived by many Italians in equalizing terms, even though the unequal power relations between Italy and Europe's elite countries remained objectively the same.

This dissertation is an attempt to provide answers to the following questions: which theoretical interpretations of intangible resources, their expression and empowerment in economy, as well as methodological approaches should be used as a basis when assessing the impact of intangible resources on the country's sustainable development? Respectively, the concept of intangible resources was formed, according to which, intangible resources are based on the human capital component comprised of the education and health dimension, as well as the knowledge capital component which is understood as digital inclusion, innovations and economic competencies dimensions as a whole. This concept supplements the theories of economy by emphasizing the separation between the human and the knowledge capital, and at the same time supports the importance of both components for the development of intangible resources. A model created for the assessment of the impact of intangible resources on sustainable development, intends to assess the impact of intangible resources on sustainable development, supplements the models that currently exist in scientific literature as it is directly focused on revealing the impact of intangible resources on sustainable development in European Union countries.

This dissertation is an attempt to provide answers to the following questions: which theoretical interpretations of intangible resources, their expression and empowerment in economy, as well as methodological approaches should be used as a basis when assessing the impact of intangible resources on the country's sustainable development? Respectively, the concept of intangible resources was formed, according to which, intangible resources are based on the human capital component comprised of the education and health dimension, as well as the knowledge capital component which is understood as digital inclusion, innovations and economic competencies dimensions as a whole. This concept supplements the theories of economy by emphasizing the separation between the human and the knowledge capital, and at the same time supports the importance of both components for the development of intangible resources. A model created for the assessment of the impact of intangible resources on sustainable development, intends to assess the impact of intangible resources on sustainable development, supplements the models that currently exist in scientific literature as it is directly focused on revealing the impact of intangible resources on sustainable development in European Union countries.

In the last two decades, British unions have developed in sharply contrasting directions. The forties were years of growth in membership, in power, and in prestige. In the fifties, each one of these developments was halted or re versed. Today, the unions face three major problems: the problem of membership growth, the problem of membership communication and control, and the problem of their relations with the government and the community. The 1962 Trades Union Congress showed some signs that the movement might be making a concerted attempt to tackle these problems, but it is still too early to tell. Essentially, the will to tackle their own difficulties must come from each individual union involved.