Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена вопросу становления армии в Саудовской Аравии. Дается краткая предыстория формирования армии, рассматривается саудовскоамериканское взаимодействие в данной области и анализируются его результаты.The article examines the formation of army in Saudi Arabia. The author gives a brief history of previous military development, analyzes the Saudi-American interaction in this field and its results

Externalities to childbearing are costs & benefits of children that do not accrue directly to the parents, or pass through economic markets, but instead are passed on to society at large. If there were no such externalities, then individually optimal fertility decisions would also be socially optimal. Government intervention in reproduction is often justified on the grounds that negative, or sometimes positive, childbearing externalities are important. Here, such externalities are conceptualized & estimated for the US, India, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, & Kenya, using a variety of statistical sources for the 1980s. There are four categories: reproductive dilution of collective wealth; cost spreading for public goods; public sector age-related revenues & expenditures (health, education, pensions, & taxes); & other governmental expenditures. The age structure of government taxes & transfers creates large positive externalities in industrial welfare states, but small negative ones in developing countries. Public goods lead to sizable positive externalities in both groups of countries, while other government expenditures lead to sizable negative externalities. Collective wealth leads to enormous negative externalities in some countries, but in others is unimportant. While environmental wealth is not examined here, it might turn out to dominate these other items. 1 Table, 3 Figures. AA

We investigate whether and to what extent publicly listed corporations voluntarily comply with and disclose recommended good corporate governance (CG) practices, and distinctively examine whether the observed cross-sectional differences in such CG disclosures can be explained by ownership and board mechanisms with specific focus on Saudi Arabia. Our results suggest that corporations with larger boards, a big-four auditor, higher government ownership, a CG committee and higher institutional ownership disclose considerably more than those that are not. By contrast, we find that an increase in block ownership significantly reduces CG disclosure. Our results are generally robust to a number of econometric models that control for different types of disclosure indices, firm-specific characteristics and firm-level fixed-effects. Our results have important implications for policy-makers, practitioners and regulatory authorities, especially those in developing countries across the globe

We investigate whether and to what extent publicly listed corporations voluntarily comply with and disclose recommended good corporate governance (CG) practices, and distinctively examine whether the observed cross-sectional differences in such CG disclosures can be explained by ownership and board mechanisms with specific focus on Saudi Arabia. Our results suggest that corporations with larger boards, a big-four auditor, higher government ownership, a CG committee and higher institutional ownership disclose considerably more than those that are not. By contrast, we find that an increase in block ownership significantly reduces CG disclosure. Our results are generally robust to a number of econometric models that control for different types of disclosure indices, firm-specific characteristics and firm-level fixed-effects. Our results have important implications for policy-makers, practitioners and regulatory authorities, especially those in developing countries across the globe.

Saudi Arabia is a developing country that is experiencing a rapid growth in its population and level of urbanisation. Higher education (HE) in the country has developed rapidly over the last ten years, and it is still moving through numerous major reforms. Largely, the concept of sustainability has not yet been formally adopted in public institutions in a way that could sufficiently remedy the range of activities that currently impact negatively on the environment. The central aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which planning and action for sustainability is currently being taken on university campuses in Saudi Arabia, and to review the opportunities and challenges for encouraging and enabling further progress to this end. The research that the paper draws on specifically investigated the influence of decision makers' personal knowledge and perceptions within Facilities and Project Management (FPM) departments at selected Saudi universities, and the constraints faced by FPM decision makers with regard to the promotion of sustainability on campus. This exploration was supported by the development of a theoretical framework that draws on rational choice theory (RCT). The research revealed mixed levels of prevailing knowledge and awareness towards sustainability among FPM decision makers within the case study university campuses. Cost notably came across as a dominant influence on FPM decision makers' choices and decisions, and it undoubtedly plays an important role in shaping the decision-making process alongside other key organisational factors. A number of barriers facing the incorporation of sustainability emerged with clarity, such as the lack of supportive leadership, the lack of sustainability knowledge and awareness among senior management and an absence of sustainability-related legislation policy or strategic direction in the HEIs concerned.

If Europe's Achilles Heel is obstacles to putting credible mechanisms in place to protect its companies against US sanctions, China's weak spot is its ruthless campaign to tame Islam in China, particularly among Uighurs in the strategic northwest province of Xinjiang. So far, it has been able to do so with little international response because Saudi Arabia and other Islamic states have looked the other way. The question is whether an effective Chinese countering of US sanctions that would significantly weaken the impact on Iran may prompt Saudi Arabia and others to revisit the issue.

Legal translation is one of the challenging domains for translation students. In Saudi Arabia, university translation students are reported to encounter difficulties while translating legal contracts from English to Arabic and vice versa. Also, the literature shows that translation students use certain strategies to overcome these difficulties. This study attempted to examine the most common challenges/difficulties encountered by Saudi translation students when translating legal contracts and the strategies used by them to overcome such difficulties. In order to achieve these goals, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach and used the questionnaire instrument in order to collect the data from the research sample. The population of this research consisted of all Saudi translation students in two Saudi universities, namely King Saud University and Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. The research population are those students who study at the English language department in each university in the fourth year whose number is (106) students. The target sample is (50%) of the research population. So, the sample size is (53) students, being selected randomly. The findings of the study showed that legal binominal expressions and parallel structure, the structure of legal sentences, the multiple negatives, and the legal text layout are the major challenges that encounter Saudi translation students when translating legal contracts. On the other hand, parallel texts, CAT tools, and Google translation have been reported as strategies used by Saudi translation students to overcome the difficulties they face when they translate legal contracts. The results of the study have important implications for translation teachers, translation syllabus designers, universities, and translation students.

"This book places context at the core of the Islamic mechanism of ifta' to better understand the process of issuing fatwas in Muslim countries thus highlighting the gap between context and contemporaneity, on one hand, and the common perception of Islamic Law as frozen in time. The practice of iftā' is one of the most important mechanisms of Islamic law that keeps Islamic thought about ethical and legal issues in harmony with the demands, exigencies and developments of time. This book highlights the complexity of the practice of Islamic legal opinion-making by contemporary institutions and reveals the interaction between Islamic legal methodologies and different environmental contexts. The work provides a textual analysis of fatwās issued by the Dār al-Iftā' in Saudi Arabia and the Diyanet in Turkey that include wide-ranging issues. It presents an analysis and comparison of similar fatwās produced by the two institutions from the methodological and contextual standpoints. This demonstrates the existence of complex and diverse ideas around similar issues within contemporary Islamic legal opinions that is further complicated by the influence of international social, political, cultural and ideological contexts. The book thus unveils a more complicated range of interactive constituents in the process of the practice of iftā' and its outputs, fatwās"--

1. Introduction. - 2. Morocco. - 3. Egypt. - 4. Israel. - 5. Saudi Arabia. - 6. United Arab Emirates. - 7. Iran. - 8. Conclusion