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While efforts to engage in more 'bottom-up' planning in Myanmar are encouraging, most inputs and prioritization appear to occur at the upper levels of government, with local input and project monitoring occurring mainly through a small number of opaque mechanisms. This applies in many cases, despite subnational projects often being partially funded by community members and government entities through in-kind contributions and 'no-name taxes'. While the informality of such contributions may hold a number of advantages for local development as, typically, they are locally collected and utilized, they also present risks, not the least of which is that they operate outside of external monitoring mechanisms, such as the Audit Office. Given this, approaches that encourage the best use of in-kind and voluntary contributions should be investigated, both as an avenue for encouraging more community inputs into the budget process and to help ensure local contributions are used to the greatest effect and do not represent an excessive burden on local households.

Over the last few decades, dual nationalities worldwide have increased rapidly. This is astonishing when one considers that a few decades ago citizenship and political loyalty to a national political community were considered inseparable. Overall, there has been a bumpy-line trend towards increasing tolerance. Yet, the degree to which dual nationality is tolerated by states differs. Based on the findings of postnational and national perspectives, this analysis proposes to view tolerance and resistance towards dual nationality as a path-dependent process. The questions dealt with are: What are the factors encouraging the generally increasing tolerance towards multiple nationalities? How can cross-national differences regarding de jure and de facto tolerance towards dual nationality be explained? The main tendency over the past decades has been the growing emphasis on individual rights vis-à-vis state prerogatives in liberal democracies. The expansion of de jure tolerance towards dual nationality is due partly to inter-, supra- and national-level developments, which are connected to diverse factors such as gender equity, understandings of nationhood, immigrant incorporation and general characteristics of the political systems.

Introduction to Environment-Friendly Bioprocesses by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria -- CO2 Bio-capture by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Cultures -- Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Domestic Wastewater by Microalgal -- Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. The Reduction of the Contaminant Potential of Real Domestic Wastewater: A Case Study -- Phycoremediation of Industrial Wastewater -- Treatment of Industrial Wastewater with Microalgae -- Bio-fertilization by Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria, Nutrient Supplementation, and Growth Promotion -- Biodiesel Production by Microalgal Biomass and Strategies to Improve Its Quality -- Dark Fermentation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria for Hydrogen Production -- Induction of Carotenoid Synthesis in Microalgae with Reference to Their Production Outdoors -- Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Microalgae Biomass on Gastrointestinal Tract Health -- Sustainable Production of Diatom-Based Omega-3 Fatty Acids -- Metabolites from Microalgae Cultures as Potential Sources for Pharmaceutical Industrial -- Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Antioxidant Capacity under Stress Conditions -- Biogas Obtained from the Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgal Biomass -- Microalgal Biomass-Derived Biochars -- Process Integration via a Sustainable Biorefinery Approach Using Agro-Industrial Residues and Photosynthetic Consortia -- Attached Biofilm Cultivation (ABC) of Mixotrophic Microalgae for the Sustainable Supply of Innovative New Bioproducts -- Interactions Between Academia and Governmental Organizations Regarding to Management of River Water Basins at a Socially Vulnerable Context.

In the article researched development model innovation system of Ukraine, main problems of innovation processes, law, economic and organization basics to form the system of priority ways of development and realization innovation activity in Ukraine.Іnnovation development, innovation activity, innovation politic, government regulation, economic activity, science and technical progress, economic development.

Development is a complex process of negotiation over meanings, values, and social goals within the sphere of public action, not merely a question of project-based interventions, or of quantifiable inputs and outputs. This collection of papers draws on The Open University's path-breaking work in the field of development management, and includes in-depth accounts by academics and 'development managers' that range from civil society organisations in Brazil to NGO workers in Egypt, government departments in Tanzania and Poland, donor agencies in Bangladesh, and black feminist activists in the UK. Contributors include Simon Bell, Jo Chataway, Dorcas Robinson, Ramya Subrahmanian, Alan Thomas, David Wield, and Gordon Wilson, and guest-editors Tom Hewitt and Hazel Johnson, all of The Open University.' - Contributors. Preface. Introductory essay Development management and the aid chain: the case of NGO's. What makes good development management? Tools for project development within a public action. Institutional sustainability as learning. Managing institutional change: the science and technology systems of Eastern Europe and East Africa. Inclusive planning and allocation for rural services. Finding out rapidly: a soft systems approach to training needs analysis in Thailand. Matching services with local preferences: managing primary education services in a rural district of India. The development management task and reform of 'public' social services. An endogenous empowerment strategy: a case study of Nigerian women. Fundraising in Brazil: the major implications for civil society organisations and international NGO's. Routes of funding, roots of trust? Northern NGO's, Southern NGO's, donors, and the rise of direct funding. Relevance in the 21st century: the case for devolution and global association of international of NGO's. Northern words, Southern readings. Whose terms? Observations on 'development management' in an English city. Information Technology and the management of corruption. Petty corruption and development. The need for reliable systems: genedered work in Oxfam's Uganda programme. Domestic violence, deportation, and women's resistance: notes on managing inter-sectionality. A day in the life of a development manager. Funding preventive or curative care? The Assiut Burns Project. Small enterprise opportunities in municiple solid waste management. An innovative community-based waste disposal scheme in Hyderbad. Annotated Bibliography. Addresses of publishers and other organisations

For this Handbook authors known to have different views regarding the nature of development economics have been selected. The Handbook is organised around the implications of different sets of assumptions and their associated research programs. It is divided into three volumes, each with three parts which focus on the broad processes of development. This third volume of the Handbook of Development Economics employs rigorous theoretical and empirical frameworks. It focuses on policy and includes material from unpublished and not generally available sources. In particular, it covers analytical and policy issues arising from the collapse of the paradigm of development based on import-substituting-industrialization in most developing countries; and the demise of centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The volume also deals with the increasing recognition of the importance of micro behavioral responses to a range of incentives and unobserved factors both for analysis and for policy formulation. It discusses the ongoing process of economic reforms in developing countries by reducing state involvement in the economy through privatization, opening up the economy much more to foreign trade and investment and allowing market forces and the private sector to guide resource allocation to a much greater extent. As well as updating developments on topics which were included in the earlier volumes, this Handbook also includes different topics, such as econometric and other empirical modeling tools for development analysis and the role of technology in the development process. As in the previous volumes of the series, the chapters in this Handbook provide self-contained surveys summarizing not only received knowledge but also recent developments. Each chapter is also a definitive source, reference and teaching supplement for use by researchers and advanced graduate students

The triumph of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which has an absolute majority in Turkish Parliament, is not a sudden incidence. It is worth exploring the roots of this triumph within the democratisation process of the country. During the Turkish democratisation process, several breakdowns and restorations have occurred and military regimes have attempted to change the Turkish party and election system in accordance with their expectations. However, many of these interventions, which were imposed by the military regimes, have had positive affects on the recent rise of the Justice and Development Party.

Europe set challenging targets for its growth and expansion in the new millennium. The "Lisbon strategy" launched in March 2000 focused all efforts on making of the Union the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based society in the world by 2010. Different strategies were deployed in several areas to ensure success. This book focuses on the process developed in accordance with the general plan to reform modern European bankruptcy systems at the local and cross-border level. The ultimate goal of these reforms was to bring changes which could become pillars in insolvency law, thus reaching the grand objectives set in Lisbon. This process is defined in the book as a "refoundation", since the modifications sought were a radpical departure from the path followed for centuries by local European systems. The master plan of the European Union focused on increasing levels of entrepreneurialism and the number of small- and medium-sized enterprises within its market. The status quo of European bankruptcy systems at the beginning of the new millennium was found to be obsolete and harmful. Major modifications were planned of systems that worked in the exact opposite direction of the Lisbon strategy. Local European insolvency laws at the time heavily punished and stigmatized bankrupts: they labeled them as criminals, excluded them from commerce, preferred liquidations over reorganizations, and imposed numerous harsh penalties. In order to make swift changes, the Union promoted the adoption of new approaches. It favored the transplant of foreign "debtor-friendly" tools into more punitive local systems, borrowing mainly from the US Bankruptcy Code. The American bankruptcy system was deemed to be the perfect source of inspiration, as it had succeeded in making a similar shift a few decades earlier and supporting an economy that became the most competitive and dynamic in the world. This study analyzes how this complex and ambitious process has been structured, starting from its origins. It discusses the theories and studies which supported its development and the significant challenges that have caused the failure, described as an "impasse", which has impeded the Union from making necessary progress. In its conclusions, it suggests improvements which can allow the European Union and its Member States to make progress in the future. The approach that is followed attempts to see things from a different angle. Several studies have gathered, compared, and analyzed information from all the systems enacted by the Member States and other relevant countries such as the United States. The massive amount of information made available by this method, though, means that although these studies excel at giving a broad, big-picture view, smaller details disappear. This book follows a different method, which allows it to integrate previous research. It draws a more specific path, using a selection of local and international models from contemporary years and past centuries. The discussion shows specific weaknesses that have damaged European strategies and provides alternatives.

In Sweden as in many other countries new demands have led to the set-up of public committees and research projects for scrutinizing the construction sector. The main conclusions are that traditional models for managing the building process do not match the nature of today's fast-track, uncertain and complex projects. Since 2004 there is also a government appointed Committee in Sweden dealing with these matters. It is interesting to notice that the Committee has already given prominence to Lean Construction ideas and concepts as a model for the future of the Swedish construction sector. New ideas and innovative concepts for the development of the construction process in huge projects which are extremely quick, uncertain and complex have been tested by the Swedish mining company LKAB at a pelletizing plant project described in this paper. The project is procured as a partnering project on DB (Design and Build) basis and with transparent remuneration form. The expectations and demands from the client concerning targets regarding time, cost and functions are set high. Advanced design models such as 3D, 4D and VR has been used to support a concurrent engineering design and construction process. This paper will mainly deal with the relational contracting aspects. Especially, how the contracting model affects the process design. The results of the study presented are based on a field survey case study carried through by the authors. ; Godkänd; 2006; 20070104 (ysko)

Abstract
The December 7, 2020 General Election was the 8th milestone in Ghana's electoral politics. It was keenly competitive for several reasons, including the fact that the two key contenders had a sense of unfinished agenda and wanted to capture or hold on to power to complete what had been initiated. The flag bearer of the main opposition party was voted out after one term in power, in a manner that challenged the creeping belief that all regimes in Ghana, since 1992, serve two terms in office. Whereas the ruling party did all it could to maintain the two-term tradition, the main opposition party also did its best to drum home the message that, the two-term tradition is not yet institutionalized. It was also widely believed that a defeat of any of the two main contenders, may mark the end of their respective political careers, as the two main political parties would file completely new candidates in future elections. This paper seeks to examine the journey and processes towards the 2020 General Elections within the context of the global pandemic, COVID-19. The paper highlights and fleshes out all the major issues before and during the elections and proffers possible explanations on the outcome of the elections.