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This chapter reviews the experience of one country from the European periphery, Spain, in the period 1960 to 1990. It addresses the possibilities to build up an operative welfare state after recent democratization—past the golden age of economic growth in Western economies, and during the second globalization. The new context made it difficult to develop determined redistributive policies where they had been absent before. Economic distress, increasing capital mobility, and new tax ideas challenged the chances of progressive taxation. Furthermore, the recent dictatorship cast long-lasting shadows in the new representative institutions. This study of the Spanish experience is thus an analysis of time-specific and polity-specific constraints on redistribution, which other new democracies might have faced or could encounter in the near future.

Abstract Financialisation has been represented as a recent phenomenon linked to the deregulation and globalization of the international trade and payments system that has been in progress since the opening of the Chinese economy in the 1980s. It is often represented as the dominance of finance over production or of monetary over real variables. This essay challenges the usefulness of this dichotomy, arguing in the tradition of Keynes, Schumpeter and Minsky that it is impossible to separate the financing of production into separate categories since a production decision always requires finance to be implemented. It instead suggests that it is the process of innovation in the creation of liquidity by the financial system that provides a more insightful analysis of the implications of financialisation.

AbstractIt is widely believed that globalization increases the extent of employment and wage responses to economic shocks. In this paper, we investigate the effect of firms' exporting activities on the wage elasticity of labour demand. Using rich, administrative linked employer–employee panel data from Germany and destination‐specific industry‐level information on trade flows, we explicitly control for self‐selection into exporting and endogeneity concerns. Overall, we find that exporting has a significant positive effect on the (absolute value of the) unconditional wage elasticity of labour demand. In line with our hypothesis, we further show that the effect is particularly strong for those plants that export a significant share of their output to low‐ and medium‐income countries, hence face relatively more price‐elastic product demand.

Abstract
In 2014, a British journalist coined the term spornosexual to account for the emergence of a body-obsessed version of metrosexuality. While metrosexuals practice beautification rituals, spornosexuals are men obsessed with developing muscular bodies and self-objectifyingly flaunting them online. In an age of neoliberalism and globalization, this form of masculinity has now spread worldwide, including to Singapore, as a hegemonic ideal male figure. Using a multimodal analysis, we investigate four racially Chinese, Singapore-based Instagram users who represent prototypical spornosexual ideals through their bodies and fitness practices. We examine the way these Instagram users embody the personhood of a spornosexual through their construction of mediatized identities online. The meanings and values associated with the muscular body are also explored and subsequently compared with traditional notions of masculinity in Singapore.

The paper examines regional integration in Central Asia in the context of two types of knowledge, that is, knowing-that and knowing-how. While knowing-that prioritizes representational (i.e. "talking") practices of actors to explain region-building processes, knowing-how focuses on non-representational (i.e. "doing") practices. The article demonstrates that the orthodox scholars, who deal with the region of Central Asia, mostly employ knowing-that to explain region-building processes. The article criticizes knowing-that, assuming that this type of knowledge limits our understanding with regard to how regions get their boundaries and symbolism in the era of globalization and standardization of sectoral activities. Thus the article develops and introduces an alternative knowing-how framework to better understand the region-building processes in Central Asia and beyond it.

The article presents a review of a scientific seminar discussing the nature of modern economy and the specifics of the Russian economy. Scientific seminar is organized by the Problem group "Reproduction and growth" (headed by prof. V.N. Cherkovets) together with the Centre for socioeconomics, Department of political economy (headed by prof. A.V. Buzgalin), and Laboratory of comparative study of socio-economic systems of Economics Department (headed by prof. A.I. Kolganov). The discussion focused on the nature of modern capitalism in developed countries and peculiarities of Russian capitalism; the problem of monopoly capital; stages and content of its evolution; differences in monopoly capital in developed and developing economies and Russia; the changes in the globalization process; the contradictions of monopoly capital and modern process of production socialization.

Why have advanced democracies experienced a retreat of the interventionist state since 1980? This article provides evidence that in all relevant policy indicators (spending, subsidies, state-owned enterprises, regulation, capital taxation) government intervention has been scaled back across the OECD. An overview of the results of 130 quantitative studies analysing at least one of these indicators is provided. Focusing on five main explanatory variables – globalization, Europeanization, learning and emulation, socio-economic problems, and political parties – only limited agreement in the literature is found. The reasons for this disagreement are discussed. Ways forward are suggested for the theoretical models on which studies are based, how the dependent variable is chosen, the empirical approaches that may be applied, and how quantitative research and comparative case studies may be combined.

AbstractDespite nearly 100 years of international organization and practice, international refugee law is confronted today with the critical challenges of globalization, securitization and an increasingly mobile world. Large-scale movements have exposed serious cracks in the European project; the EU's stated policy goal seems simply to keep refugees away. Elsewhere, numerous refugee situations are "protracted," while persistent underdevelopment continues to drive the movement of people between States, in a context in which States appear unable to manage "irregular" migration. If a generous asylum policy is in practice, contingent on well-controlled external borders, can the basic rules of protection survive? Or are asylum and the principle of non-return to persecution (non-refoulement) at risk in a new international legal order? These are the issues addressed below.

Abstract
The economic crisis in Europe has generated a context of increasing uncertainty along with new forms of globalization through a wave of migration from Europe to more thriving OECD economies, including Australia. This article examines how particular transnational senses of belonging are generated in this context through the example of how Catalan migrants generate what we refer to as an 'entangled sense of belonging' between Melbourne and Barcelona. In doing so, we draw on semi-structured interviews and photographic research methods undertaken with such migrants living in Melbourne. We argue that the transient nature of migration becomes contingent in this context. As such, it is not a measurable state or status, but something more qualitative and experiential, and therefore needs to be attended to through an approach that accounts for this.

International audience ; Globalization increased calls for corporations to use firms' resources to alleviate a wide variety of social problems taking into consideration that existing governments are unable or unwilling to deal with such problems. In this context, corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the banking sector became a strategic tool of legitimacy in parallel to the recognition of stakeholders' interests keeping the primacy of shareholders' interests. This article studies CSR in the Lebanese banking sector through Suchman's (1995) legitimacy approach to the shareholders' and stakeholders' debate. Using a qualitative approach, this paper discloses how the banking strategy in terms of CSR could respond to the process of legitimacy within the debate: " creating value for stakeholders creates value for shareholders " ; and reveals how normative considerations are likely to modify substantially banks' behavior and practices.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the securitization of rental streams, a new investment and finance product introduced in the USA in 2013 that enables fundraising from large residential portfolios owned by major investment funds and investment banking. The securities are made up of non-performance loans as well as real estate portfolios of financial entities. REO-to-rental securitization is a step forward toward the democratization of finance through the globalization of the residential market, improving risk sharing for major and retail investors. The securitization of rental streams in Europe has not taken off, despite several issuances in the USA since 2013 with significant success where first tranches obtained a credit qualification of triple-A from the majority of the main rating agencies. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

The literature on higher education policy points to changes in the dominant discourse over the years. In particular, the ascendance of a discourse marked by concepts of new public management, using language inspired by neoclassical economic theory which characterizes education as a marketplace where students are customers, has led scholars to critically question the foundations of modern higher education policy. This paper uses critical discourse analysis to trace the development of higher education policy discourse in Denmark from the late 1970s until today. The authors find that the discourse has moved from a pluralistic one embracing not only the economic benefits of education, but also emphasizing on democracy, citizenship, and equality, towards a predominantly economic one, focused squarely on notions of globalization and competitiveness in a knowledge society.

In the context of increasing globalization, global competition and rapid change the EU sees innovation and its commercialization as an effective way to build long-term global competitive advantage. Innovation policy is a link between research and technological development policy and industrial policy and makes it possible to create conditions conducive to bringing ideas to the market. It is also closely linked to other EU policies regarding e.g. employment, competitiveness, environment, industry and energy. This paper presents the evolution, conditions and objectives of the innovation policy of the European, and describes the main assumptions of the Lisbon and Europe 2020 strategies. Additionally it indicates possible ways of assessing the measures undertaken within the above-mentioned policies and of determining the tools necessary to implement the strategies.

This paper explores the recent rise in populism on both sides of the Atlantic by looking at three cases where populism has been successful including in the election of Donald Trump, the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, and the rise of the Alternative for Deutschland in German elections. While populism is not a new phenomenon to Europe or America, these recent success cases lead us to wonder whether populism is on the rise and if this is perhaps part of a popular backlash to the effects of globalization and modernization. This paper will examine the common themes of these populist movements and suggest that perhaps the real motivator of transatlantic populism lies beyond the White House, 10 Downing Street, or the German Chancellery.

The socio-political transformation, globalization of the world, the intensifying process of people's mobility: migration, exile, tourism, give rise to multinational and multicultural nations. In response to these changes there is emerging a new current in pedagogy called intercultural education that runs simultaneously across the plane of culture and the one of citizenship. The intercultural education and civil education constitute the subject matter of the present paper.Key words: democracy; civil education; intercultural education; responsibility; selfgovernment, cooperation; multicultural character. ; Розглянуто соціополітичні трансформації, глобалізаційні процеси у світі, інтенсивні процеси людської мобільності: еміграція, імміграція, туризм, мультикультуралізм. Звернено увагу на новий напрям у розвитку педагогіки – імильтикультурна освіта, що охоплює культуру і захищає громадянські права кожної людини. Висвітлено суть мультикультурної і громадянської освіти.Ключові слова: демократія, громадянська освіта, мультикультурна освіта, відповідальність, самоврядування, співробітництво; мультикультуралізм.