Suchergebnisse

this paper develops the idea of taking into account the systemic effects of public mitigation policies in the planning of sustainable transport scenarios in the long term. Taking these effects into account is particularly important in order to identify potential imbalances and to build strategies to adapt to mitigation policies with the aim of increasing the acceptability of a number of measures on which greenhouse gas reduction depends. ; This paper develops the idea of taking into account the systemic effects of public policies for sustainable transport in long-term scenarios. A comprehensive assessment of these effects is a particularly important factor in identifying potential unbalancing elements and building adaptation strategies to mitigation policies in view of increasing acceptability to different measures on which GHG reductions depend. ; this paper develops the idea of taking into account the systemic effects of public mitigation policies in the planning of sustainable transport scenarios in the long term. Taking these effects into account is particularly important in order to identify potential imbalances and to build strategies to adapt to mitigation policies with the aim of increasing the acceptability of a number of measures on which greenhouse gas reduction depends. ; Ce papier développe l'idée de la prise en compte des effets systémiques des politiques publiques de mitigation dans la planification des scénarios de transport soutenable à long terme. La prise en compte de ces effets apparaît comme particulièrement importante afin d'identifier les potentiels éléments de déséquilibre et de construire des stratégies d'adaptation aux politiques de mitigation dans l'objectif d'augmenter l'acceptabilité d'un certain nombre de mesures dont la réduction des gaz à effet de serre dépend.

Using daily price quotes from about 8,000 French gas stations, this paper empirically analyses whether the level of competition determines the degree of price stickiness on the retail gasoline market. The degree of price rigidity is measured by the frequency of price changes, while the distance to the nearest station and the number of gas stations within a given radius are considered as proxies for local competition. The results confirm that local competition is an important determinant of the price-setting behavior of gas stations. Indeed, considering Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and spatial regression models, we find that the degree of price rigidity is positively related to the distance to the nearest station, and negatively related to the concentration of firms in a given geographical area. This result can be notably explained by the fact that gas stations facing a high competitive pressure are more likely to adjust their prices more quickly and more frequently in response to crude oil price decreases than stations enjoying market power.

This work proposes to study the emergence of aggregate instability, in the form of macroeconomic fluctuations due to the volatility of agents' expectations, caused by imperfect competition on the labor market. We consider that firms have some monopsony power which is introduced by a) considering that firms face a finite elasticity of labor supply, b) there is a finite number of firms operating under Cournot competition on the labor market. We show that given a free-entry and zero profit conditions, we obtain local indeterminacy when the elasticity of the sectoral labor supply is sufficiently low and factors are substitutable enough. We illustrate numerically our results with some empirical estimates for OECD countries and we conclude that expectation-driven fluctuations is obtained for plausible values.

Telematics of the number: Ten years ago, the SRU law opened an ambivalent reform of the rail passenger transport system in France. It preserves the operating monopoly of the incumbent operator, but entrusts the regions with the responsibility of organising authority. Economic theory suggests that the monopoly leads to a revenue capture. Using the surplus accounts method, which we use on the SNCF-TER billing account, we show that, at this initial stage, RFF is the main beneficiary of the total surplus available, far from the passengers who tend to benefit from rail regionalisation. The effect on public authorities is more ambiguous. Although the regions were able to control the price boundary of the operating subsidy, excluding tolls, they had to give up significant advantages in connection with the modernisation of rolling stock. A more detailed approach shows how each region is a particular "RER economic model" governed by a specific governance mode. ; International audience Ten years ago, the SRU law initiated an ambivalent reform of the railway system of passenger transport in France. It preserves the monopoly of operation of the historical operator, but transfers the political responsibility for organizing the regional railway system to the regions. The economic theory suggests that the monopoly led to a revenue capture. With the surplus accounts method, which will be displayed on the SNCF-TER billing account, we can show that, on this initial stage, the Infrastructure Manager (RFF) has been the main beneficiary of the total available surplus, far ahead from the passenger who might benefit from the rail regionalization. The effect on local communities is more equivocal. If the regions have been able to control the border price of the operating subsidy, tolls excepted, they had to yield significant benefits for the rolling stock modernization. A more detailed approach shows how each region is a particular "TER economic model" ruled by a specific mode of governance. ; Telematics of the number: Ten years ago, ...

In this empirical article based on micro economic choices of households, we use the hedonic price method to define the urban shape of Nantes Métropole. The number of centres should guide the second generation of transport policies for agglomerations subject to the Laure Law. Thus, if accessibility gains are capitalised in real estate values close to public transport, then the current incentive policy for collective networks and soft modes seems appropriate in order to continue to limit the negative externalities caused by urban car travel. On the other hand, if these accessibility gains are capitalised near the main roads, then a more stringent urban toll policy can take over: it will generate the necessary revenues for the further improvement of the collective transport network. In fact, the Spatial Error Econometric Model (SEM) shows that Nantes' situation does not appear to correspond to either of these situations. In line with theoretical literature, an action on travel costs would nevertheless lead to a higher demand for centrality by home buyers. It is therefore a prior policy of land management and land densification at all points in the city, coupled with an opportunity study on the introduction of an urban toll, which could be the major element of local environmental policy. ; In this paper based on empirical microeconomic choices of households, we use the hedonic pricing method to define the urban form of Nantes Métropole. The number of Central Business Districts (CBDs) should guide the second generation of transport policies in agglomerations subject to the LAURE law (law on air and the rational use of energy). Thus, if improved accessibility is capitalized into residential property values close to public transport, then strengthening the current incentive policy in favor of public transport networks and clean modes seems appropriate to continue to limit the negative externalities generated by car trips in urban areas. Conversely, if improved accessibility is capitalized close to major roads, then a ...

This article investigates the long-term historical impact of missionary activity on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. On the one hand, missionaries were among the first to invest in modern medicine in a number of countries. On the other hand, Christianity influenced sexual beliefs and behaviors. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant and Catholic missions in the early 20th century, as well as their health investments. Using a number of different empirical strategies to address selection in missionary locations and into health investments, we show that missionary presence has conflicting effects on HIV today. Regions close to historical mission stations exhibit higher HIV prevalence. This negative impact is robust to multiple specifications accounting for urbanization, and we provide evidence that it is specific to STDs. Less knowledge about condom use is a likely channel. On the contrary, among regions historically close to missionary settlements, proximity to a mission with a health investment is associated with lower HIV prevalence nowadays. Safer sexual behaviors around these missions are a possible explanatory channel.

addressed the problem of the liquidity trap, a number of industrialised countries, including the United States, implemented from 2008 onwards Quantitative Easing (QE) measures to improve financing conditions in the economy as a whole. Although mainly affecting long-term interest rates and asset prices, quantitative easing policies also have side effects on the exchange rate. In a context of 'currency war', some industrialised countries could then be tempted to use the QE as a protectionist weapon in order to obtain a depreciation of the exchange rate. After identifying the channels for transmitting the QE at the exchange rate, this article proposes an empirical analysis based on stylised facts and econometric tests relating to the United States. ; Facing liquidity trap problems, a number of industrialised countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, have since 2008 implemented Quantitative Easing (QE) measures in an attempt to improve financing conditions in their overall economy. Although Quantitative Easing policies primarily act upon long-term interest rates and asset prices, they also have secondary effects on exchange rates. In a "currency war" context, some countries might be tempted to use QE as a protectionist weapon in a bid to achieve exchange rate depreciation. After identifying which QE transmission channels affect exchange rates, the paper proposes an empirical analysis of stylized facts and econometric tests on the United States. ; addressed the problem of the liquidity trap, a number of industrialised countries, including the United States, implemented from 2008 onwards Quantitative Easing (QE) measures to improve financing conditions in the economy as a whole. Although mainly affecting long-term interest rates and asset prices, quantitative easing policies also have side effects on the exchange rate. In a context of 'currency war', some industrialised countries could then be tempted to use the QE as a protectionist weapon in order to obtain a depreciation of the exchange rate. ...

This paper aims at giving an explanation of the changes in the number of bankruptcies during the second part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. We wonder in particular whether changes in bankruptcy law, which are substantial during the period, suffice to explain the rise in the proportion of bankrupted firms. We first describe the main features and changes of French insolvency law and show that they contradict the evolution observed at the aggregate level. We then show that existing statistics, which include a regional dimension, allow for a better test of the impact of legal changes. We show that some legal changes had a significant impact, but not all. We also observe that regional variations in bankruptcies are huge and do not correspond to French economic geography, but may rather be understood as a diffusion process from the Paris Court towards the provinces. The major differences among regions also suggest that, even in a civil law country, the letter the law is much less important than local practices.