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This paper presents a new methodology for evaluating the economic sustainability of countries energy systems. The aim of the work is to improve the support tools for policy makers as the scale and complexity of the global energy industry demands a country-by-country approach to managing change. The proposed participatory analytic network process model was applied to the five largest energy consumers in the European Union, namely France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK plus Turkey a candidate for the European Union. The criteria used for the evaluations were selected from the economic dimension of the energy indicators for sustainable development. Results show that the best performer country is the UK followed by France, Turkey, Germany, Spain and Italy. Finally, we want to highlight that the methodology is able to grant participated decisions through a multi-expert traceable and transparent assessment process. ; Aragonés-Beltrán, P. (2015). Measuring economic sustainability of energy use: an ANP-based evaluation of some European Union countries and Turkey. International Journal of Management and Decision Making. 14(3):205-223. doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2015.070759 ; S ; 205 ; 223 ; 14 ; 3

205 223 14 3 ; S ; This paper presents a new methodology for evaluating the economic sustainability of countries energy systems. The aim of the work is to improve the support tools for policy makers as the scale and complexity of the global energy industry demands a country-by-country approach to managing change. The proposed participatory analytic network process model was applied to the five largest energy consumers in the European Union, namely France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK plus Turkey a candidate for the European Union. The criteria used for the evaluations were selected from the economic dimension of the energy indicators for sustainable development. Results show that the best performer country is the UK followed by France, Turkey, Germany, Spain and Italy. Finally, we want to highlight that the methodology is able to grant participated decisions through a multi-expert traceable and transparent assessment process. Aragonés-Beltrán, P. (2015). Measuring economic sustainability of energy use: an ANP-based evaluation of some European Union countries and Turkey. International Journal of Management and Decision Making. 14(3):205-223. doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2015.070759

This study analyzes the relationship between the social factors and the economic growth. A summary of social and economic environment is presented for Romania. As such, the paper analyzes the global evolution of social and economic environment over time and establishes a direct correlation between human development and economic welfare. An econometric model and a clustering model are tested for European Union countries. The results of the paper reveal the social factors that are positively correlated with the economic growth (i.e. the expected years of schooling and the life expectancy) and, respectively, the factors that are negatively correlated with the economic growth (i.e. the population at risk of poverty and the unemployment rate).

Overall quality of human capital of a country is currently considered as one of the most important determinant of competitive position of economy. As a result the differences in that factor influence economic potential of a country. In order to form effective public policies and propose some strategies for improving this factor one needs to point some leaders in the field to learn from them and to know the countries whose mistakes should be avoided. Thus the subject of the article is to assess the differences in quality of human capital in European Union countries. Due to the fact that the quality of human capital is considered as ambiguous and multi-definable phenomena, some tools of statistical multivariate analysis were applied in the research. In this case, zero unitarization method was used. The statistical material needed to complete the study was obtained from a Eurostat database.

The aim of this article is to investigate the similarities between the EU countries in terms of achieving the Europe 2020 Strategy goals. Due to the latest data availability, the analysis is based on the year 2014. The study uses grouping methods, including the k-means algorithm. The results indicate the existence of a division between the "old" and "new" European Union Member States. However, as is shown, some of the Strategy's targets have already been achieved and some indicators have been nearly achieved, whereas among others, such as implementation of the headline indicator for investment in the R&D sector as a % of GDP is uncertain. The average performance of headline indicators for the EU-15 and EU-13 countries seems to be similar and exhibits the same trend of changes.

Social entrepreneurs create value. Global problems such as poverty have been heightened by the economic crisis lately and continue to affect the lives of many people all over the world and bring a great deal of interest to the social economy. Social entrepreneurship is an important determinant of the social economy and describes a set of exceptional behaviors. This paper analyzes the notion, perception, and degree of social-economic development with an emphasis on social entrepreneurship in the selected countries of the European Union and Croatia. The analysis encompasses the concept and development of selected older members of the European Union and relies on post-socialist countries at the same time as the newest members of the European Union. By analyzing the facts it is trying to prove that the social economy and social entrepreneurship are more developed and more fragmented in the older and more developed countries of the European Union. Further evidence of this fact is the level of employment in the social economy in the European Union, where the post-socialist countries lag behind the more developed countries of the European Union. ; Društveni poduzetnici stvaraju vrijednost. Globalni problemi poput siromaštva u posljednje su vrijeme intenzivirani uslijed gospodarske krize te i dalje imaju velik utjecaj na život mnogih ljudi diljem svijeta i predstavljaju velik interes društvenoj ekonomiji. Društveno poduzetništvo je važna odrednica društvene ekonomije i opisuje skup iznimnih ponašanja. Ovaj rad analizira pojam, percepciju i stupanj društveno-gospodarskog razvoja s naglaskom na društveno poduzetništvo u odabranim zemljama Europske unije i u Hrvatskoj. Analiza obuhvaća koncept i razvoj odabranih starijih članica Europske unije i oslanja se na postsocijalističke zemlje, kao najmlađe članice Europske unije. Analiziranjem činjenica članak pokušava dokazati da su društvena ekonomija i društveno poduzetništvo razvijeniji i rascjepkaniji u starijim i razvijenijim zemljama članicama Europske unije. Dodatni dokaz ...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the determinants of the development of migration policy in Poland and the activities implemented so far in this field, to analyse the migration policies of selected European Union countries in terms of examining the similarities and differences in migration processes, and finally to indicate the possibility of using their experiences in the system of Polish migration policy that is being created. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main research methods include the desk research method, secondary data analysis as well as publications and expertise prepared in the field of migration policy, while comparative analysis constitutes a complementary research method. Findings: Poland has two options when it comes to regulating immigration. First, similarly to Germany, it may try to use mechanisms created within the European Union to attract qualified employees, including in particular the Blue Card and partnerships with third countries. Second, like in the Czech Republic, separate procedures for the influx of immigrants from specific countries can be created. Practical Implications: Poland should create mechanisms facilitating obtaining the status of long-term resident and ensuring the real socio-economic and political integration of immigrants. Originality/Value: The conducted research allowed for the identification of factors influencing the situation on migration policies in Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. ; peer-reviewed

In the paper we evaluate the quality of life in European Union countries. The introductory database is made up of 19 variables which, in our view, appropriately capture numerous spheres of human life. The reference date for this data, taken from the Eurostat database is April 10, 2021. The Principal Component Analysis that we have used in this paper is not rare in the conditions of multivariate statistics, however, when evaluating the quality of life, it is not much used. Many authors dealing with the topic take advantage of the traditional questionnaire survey and the points-based approach when analysing data. Our objective was to demonstrate that the Principal Component Analysis can be used in evaluating quality of life, especially if it is necessary to evaluate a significant number of variables and select factors with the highest impact. Apart from the main objective-the identification of factors most impacting the quality of life in European Union countries, we also focused on the comparison of countries as per particular main factors and searched for what caused differences between them. Quality of life is also reflected in the subjective perception of responders' happiness. We were concerned to know whether the evaluated data would indicate that the feeling of happiness increases along with prosperity , or does not depend on growing prosperity at a certain stage.

PURPOSE: With better access to early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, cervical cancer (CC) burden decreased in several European countries. In Eastern European (EE) countries, which accessed European Union in 2004, CC survival was worse than in the rest of Europe. The present study investigates CC survival differences across five European regions, considering stage at diagnosis (local, regional and metastatic), morphology (mainly squamous versus glandular tumours) and patients' age. METHODS: We analysed 101,714 CC women diagnosed in 2000-2007 and followed-up to December 2008. Age-standardised 5-year relative survival (RS) and the excess risks of cancer death in the 5 years after diagnosis were computed. RESULTS: EE women were older and less commonly diagnosed with glandular tumours. Proportions of local stage cancers were similar across Europe, while morphology- and stage-specific RS (especially for non-metastatic disease) were lower in Eastern Europe. Adjusting for age and morphology, excess risk of local stage CC death for EE patients remained higher than that for other European women. CONCLUSION: Stage, age and morphology alone do not explain worse survival in Eastern Europe: less effective care may play a role, probably partly due to fewer or inadequate resources being allocated to health care in this area, compared to the rest of Europe.

The aim of the article is to identify a degree of inclusive growth and to examine the influence of determinants of inclusive growth in the European Union (EU-27) countries, with particular emphasis on factors related to the influence of governments and central banks. The study took advantage of the weight correlation method, which was used to build an inclusive growth measure for the EU-27 for the years 2000, 2008, and 2020. For the construction of the inclusive growth rate, 42 factors were selected that affect inclusive growth in the economic, financial, and non-wage area. These determinants are found in the area of the influence of economic authorities, and mainly in the area of authorities responsible for conducting monetary and fiscal policy and general governance. On the basis of the built-up indicator of inclusive growth, it was noticed that among the 27 EU countries in the studied three years, only four countries distinguished themselves with the highest inclusive growth over the last 21 years, these are: Denmark, Luxembourg, Sweden, and Finland. On the other hand, invariably, three countries recorded the lowest inclusive growth, i.e., Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania. The added value of the structure of the inclusive growth indicator was a possibility to observe which of the three areas: economic, financial, or non-wage, had a significant impact on the position of a given country in the compiled inclusive growth ranking.

INTRODUCTION:Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often promoted to assist with cigarette smoking cessation. In 2016-2017, the relationship between e-cigarette use and having stopped smoking among ever (current and former) smokers was assessed in the European Union and Great Britain by itself. METHODS:Cross-sectional logistic regression of the association between being a former smoker and e-cigarette use was applied to the 2014 Eurobarometer survey of 28 European Union countries controlling for demographics. RESULTS:Among all ever smokers, any regular ever use of nicotine e-cigarettes was associated with lower odds of being a former smoker (unadjusted OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.26, 0.43, AOR=0.43, 95% CI=0.32, 0.58) compared with smokers who had never used e-cigarettes. In unadjusted models, daily use (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.31, 0.56); occasional use (OR=0.25, 95% CI=0.18, 0.35); and experimentation (OR=0.24, 95% CI=0.19, 0.30) of nicotine e-cigarettes were associated with lower odds of being a former smoker compared with having never used nicotine-containing e-cigarettes. Comparable results were found in adjusted models. Results were similar in Great Britain alone. Among current smokers, daily cigarette consumption was 15.6 cigarettes/day (95% CI=14.5, 16.7) among those who also used e-cigarettes versus 14.4 cigarettes/day (95% CI=13.4, 15.4) for those who did not use them (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that e-cigarettes are associated with inhibiting rather than assisting in smoking cessation. On the population level, the net effect of the entry of e-cigarettes into the European Union (and Great Britain) is associated with depressed smoking cessation of conventional cigarettes.

Producción Científica ; Income distribution remains a crucial topic in economic analysis, among other reasons, due to the increase in inequality in recent years, as one of the effects of the Great Recession. In this context, proposing parametric models that represent the full distribution through a small number of parameters arouses great interest as an instrument for economic analysis. This paper studies the ability of log Student's t distribution to model the size distribution of income due to its potential to reproduce the effect of a mode around low-incomes as well as its precision in capturing the degree of kurtosis of empirical distributions. These characteristics make the log-t an ideal analysis tool, for instance, for exploring the effects of anti-poverty policies. The model has been fitted to income data for the EU25 and for several years. The conclusion is that the log Student's t distribution offers the best fit in the vast majority of cases. ; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project ECO2016-77900-P) ; Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (Project H2019/HUM-5793–OPINBI)

This paper contains the comparative analysis of some taxes and social security contributions which are of most importance having an impact on the decisions of the investors for investments and opening new jobs and sustainable economical development.This comparison of the tax rates and social insurances is made between the Republic of Kosovo and countries in the region and the European Union countries (Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia).The targets of the comparison are tax rates and social securities as follows:1. The tax on incomea) Corporate taxb) Taxed on individual – personal incomes2. Social securitya) Social security paid by employeesb) Social security paid by employersc) Health insurance paid by employeesd) Health insurance paid by employerse) Health insurance at workf) Social Security from unemployment paid by the employeesg) Social Security from unemployment paid by the employers3. VAT (Value Added Tax)