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AbstractShakespeare's most innovative genre was the history play, because it has no precedent in either classical or medieval tradition. In contrast to the focused teleology of Christian medieval drama, Shakespeare's history plays manifest an implicit idea of history that was secular, political, and open-ended. They emphasize human action in a political arena, where the criterion for success is the ability to act in time, without regard to one's spiritual state. Time determines royal succession, which is the focus of all Shakespeare's history plays, as it was the focus of political concern in England in the 1590s, when the plays were written. His emphasis on time and royal succession distinguishes his implied political theory from the moralism and authoritarianism of official Tudor state doctrine on one hand and from the pragmatism of Machiavelli on the other.

SEVERAL years ago, Wilfred Whiteley, the linguist and Africanist, argued that 'to some extent the nature of political action… may be related to people's conception of what constitutes politics'.1Formulated in this way, Whiteley's argument seems to assume that all people havesomeconception of what constitutes politics—the only difference being what kind of conception. But can this be taken for granted? In 1952— to take an example almost at random—Nnamdi Azikiwe, the Nigerian leader, referred in a speech at Port Harcourt to 'the growth of political consciousness' in Nigeria. What did he mean? Had the Africans of Nigeria known no political activity until then? If they had, had they not been 'conscious' that the activity was 'political'? Or was it a case of having no special name for this kind of activity as something distinct? If none of these hypotheses apply, what then was meant by this kind of reference to 'political consciousness' as if it was something new among Africans?2

Edited by Grace F. Caldwell. ; Taft, W.H. English political genius.--Larned, J.N. English leadings in modern history.--Smith, D.E. The geographic factor in English history.--Caldwell, G.F. English contributions to scientific thought.--Caldwell, G.F. The English gift to world literature. ; Mode of access: Internet.

There are many studies on euphemisms. The scientific literature has given different descriptions of this phenomenon. The main reason for the multifaceted, changing nature of euphemism is the diversity of its lexical-grammatical form, the presence of emotional colourlessness, methodological neutrality, and features of variability. For a word to work as a euphemism, its interpretation must remain vague in relation to the listener. They interpret it literally or euphemistically. As the scope of euphemism expands, it becomes more synonymous with the original term than a euphemism. The purpose of this article is to identify the most effective and common forms of political euphemisms, as well as the specific features of terminological changes.