Suchergebnisse

April 2014 marked twenty years since the beginning of the genocide of the Tutsi of Rwanda; organized by the Hutu and practically ignored by the key international actors and the UN it went on for three months to shape the future of Rwanda and echoed across the vast Great Lakes region, first and foremost in the Republic of Zaire (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC, since May 1997) Hundreds of thousands of refugees, both Tutsi and Hutu, created a big seat of tension in the country's east; in 1997, the Mobutu regime fell victim to this tension fanned by inner ethnic and political contradictions which in 1996 had developed into an armed conflict still going on in the east of the DR Congo. Here, Ilyshev determines the development course of 2016 presidential elections in DR Congo. Adapted from the source document.

Klep, Christ, Somalië, Rwanda, Srebrenica. De nasleep van drie ontspoorde vredesmissies (Dissertatie Utrecht 2008; Amsterdam: Boom, 2008, 385 blz., ISBN 978 90 8506 668 2).ResponseThe validity of my comparative approach (Somalia-Rwanda-Srebrenica) still stands, in my opinion. At the level of political responsibility and the process of coming to terms with events, the similarities are stronger than the differences. My estimation that the Inquiry reports were 'hijacked' by almost all of the stakeholders involved (especially the Canadian, Belgian and Dutch governments) is more of a matter of fact and a political reality than a reproach that ought to have legal implications. Finally, the question of how far the three governments that were involved learned lessons from the three affairs is difficult to answer. Was it not also the wider developments (for example, the switch from the 'blue' missions to the more robust 'green' missions) that compelled the lessons to be drawn out? This response is part of the discussion forum 'Somalië, Rwanda, Srebrenica' (Christ Klep).

Prosecutor v. Akayesu. Case ICTR-96-4-T.International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, September 2, 1998.This pioneering opinion marks the first time an international criminal tribunal has tried and convicted an individual for genocide and international crimes of sexual violence. The case arose out of the massacres of perhaps a million Tutsi in Rwanda in 1994. At least two thousand died in Taba, a rural commune where defendant Jean-Paul Akayesu was mayor. A trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda concluded that, although Akayesu may at first have tried to prevent killings, he eventually donned a military jacket and participated in or ordered atrocities. The Tribunal found him guilty of one count each of genocide and incitement to commit genocide and seven counts of crimes against humanity. It acquitted Akayesu of five counts brought under common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Protocol Additional II to those Conventions on the ground that he was not within the class of perpetrators contemplated by them.

This article investigates the causes for instrumental variation in EU democracy promotion in Africa. Can instrumental variation better be explained from a realist or from an idealist perspective? Realism would predict that sanctions are more likely in the absence of historical, security or commercial interests. Idealism would suggest that sanctions are more likely in the case of grave violations of democracy and human rights, in countries that are unstable and economically underperforming, and when there is pressure from regional organizations and domestic actors. Empirically, the article compares two cases (Guinea and Niger) where the EU imposed sanctions and two non-cases (Ethiopia and Rwanda) where the EU was reluctant to do so. Contrary to the prevalent thesis in the literature, the article finds stronger evidence for idealism (which is confirmed in all the cases) than for realism (which is only confirmed in the cases of Guinea and Ethiopia). Adapted from the source document.

In this exclusive interview with Isabelle Lasserre, the anti-terrorist judge Marc Trevidic talks openly about the daily work involved in the major international cases he has handled, spanning Palestinian terrorism in the 1980s, opponents of the Iranian regime, Lebanese cases involving Hezbollah and Rwanda. Trevidic addresses the full range of issues in his work, including political pressures, administrative problems, red tape and the difficulties of collaboration with foreign organizations. And yet after all these years, he maintains his enthusiasm. In the past two decades he has seen a fundamental change in terrorism, as the rise of the Internet has revolutionized recruitment and propaganda. Today, the Net has become essential for investigators and police, as well as the terrorists. As for the actual terror methods and the manner in which the attacks are carried out, they remain the same, although they have become increasingly sophisticated. Adapted from the source document.

Reactions of the international community to the waves of atrocities and genocidal acts of recent years; focus on the International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and proposals for a permanent international court to try crimes against humanity.

Challenges to the credibility of the tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, due to the lack of resources for rapid investigation and sentencing, and need to satisfy national standards of justice and retribution.

Focuses on the historical role of ethnic differences in the conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi, as opposed to the emphasis of the international community on political and economic aspects of the conflict; Rwanda and Burundi. Summary in English p. 209.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES TWO BOOKS, WHICH, ON THE SURFACE, DEAL WITH VERY SIMILAR SUBJECTS. THESE BOOKS ARE "BURUNDI: ETHNOCIDE AS DISCOURSE AND PRACTICE", AND "RWANDA: DEATH, DESPAIR AND DEFIANCE". THESE TWO BOOKS FOCUS ON A FORM OF INTER-COMMUNAL VIOLENCE, SOMETIMES TERMED "TRIBALISM" WHEN REFERRING TO THE AFRICAN VARIETY. THE VIOLENCE IN RWANDA AND BURUNDI IS PRACTICED BY POPULATION GROUPS WHICH BEAR THE SAME NAME IN TWO COMPARABLY DEVELOPED NEIGHBORING STATES. IT MIGHT EVEN BE WRONGLY SURMISED THAT THE TWO STATES WERE A ONE-TIME COUNTRY NOW DIVIDED--YET ANOTHER MANIFESTATION OF THE GEO-POLITICAL VAGARIES OF THE COLONIAL LEGACY. BOTH BOOKS SEEK TO RID US OF SOME OF OUR MYTHS AND PRECONCEPTIONS AND TO CAUSE US TO INTERROGATE OUR INFORMATION MORE CLOSELY. YET THEY HAVE VERY DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES AND REPRESENT VERY DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE SUBJECT.

Contemporary processes of autocratization attract growing attention, but their trajectories and modes remain relatively understudied. To contribute filling this gap, we offer one of the first case-oriented comparative analyses of twenty-first century autocratization. First, we examine a global set of cases. Hence, we focus on four typical cases from different regions – namely, Ecuador, Moldova, Thailand and Rwanda – representing different forms of contemporary autocratization. The analysis confirms that autocratization is an empirically relevant phenomenon in this historical phase. Moreover, an evolution is occurring in how this political syndrome unfolds, in the regimes it tends to hit, and in its outcomes. More specifically, the main threat that liberal democracies currently face is a process of sequential autocratization, perpetrated by elected rulers wishing to expand and prolong their power through the loosening of the mechanisms of horizontal accountability and the manipulation of the electoral process. However, we also highlight that an ongoing process of autocratization could be interrupted or reversed. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Introduction: Seized of Sorrow -- Genocide and Global/World History -- Genocide and Holocaust -- Genocide in the Long Nineteenth Century: Motivations and Justifications -- Genocide and the West -- Religion, Genocide, and Islamic State -- The Bangladeshi Genocide in Comparative Perspective -- The Rohingya Genocide -- Challenges of Genocide Intervention -- Chomsky and Genocide -- The Great Lakes Genocides: Hidden Histories, Hidden Precedents -- Denying Rwanda, Denying Congo -- Gender, Genocide and Gendercide -- Gendering Rwanda -- Masculinities and Vulnerabilities in the Rwandan and Congolese Genocides -- Sexual Violence against Males -- Interview by Noah Berlatsky -- Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Men -- Interview with CBC Unreserved -- What Leads to Genocide?