Suchergebnisse

The catastrophic collapse in the once booming Irish economy has led to swingeing budgets, huge falls in property prices, rising unemployment, cut backs in public services, and the ignominy of a bailout financed by the International Monetary Fund, the European Union and the European Central Bank. As has been the case for all aspects of public expenditure, prison policy-makers are now regularly using the language of efficiency and value for money when discussing plans for Ireland's prisons. The state's current economic woes are having some interesting effects on the direction of prison policy. Plans are afoot to reduce the prison population, after decades of growth, and despite the straitened financial circumstances, investment is forthcoming for the improvement of long-neglected prison conditions. Perhaps reflecting the public mood concerning the causes of recession, the sentencing of fraud offences is becoming more high profile, and, it appears, more harsh. This article examines the effect of the current recession on Irish prison policy. To do so, it explores the ways in which previous times of economic crisis played out in Irish prisons. It assesses the impact of the 'Celtic Tiger' years of economic growth on prison policy before examining how current austerity policies are affecting the numbers in prisons, prison conditions, and sentencing.

Abstract After the interruption of the Territories of Citizenship (TC) Program by the Brazilian federal government, Bahia was one of the few Brazilian states that maintained the territorial approach, the "Territories of Identity". The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of territorial management for the TC-Bahia (treatment group) in comparison to TC-Brazil (control group). A Rural Development Index for Family Agriculture (RDI-FA) was developed for two time periods to calculate its evolution for each group. The results showed that the RDI-FA had a significantly higher evolution for TC-Bahia in relation to TC-Brazil (p-value < 0.01). In ten years, TC-Bahia index increased by 0.07 while the rest of TC-Brazil grew by 0.04. We concluded that institutionalization and improvements of Bahian territorial approach has benefited family farmers, especially in the institutional dimension of territorial heritage.

In light of the ongoing educational shift from favoring men to favoring women, this study contributes to the literature on fertility by investigating the relationship between educational pairings and fertility intentions. To test two competing hypotheses, nationally representative data from the latest wave (2015–2017) of the National Survey of Family Growth were used, and four generalized estimating equation models were estimated. Results indicate that women's intentions for additional children were influenced by educational pairings. Specifically, when highly educated women had a highly educated partner, their fertility intentions were higher than lower-educated women, but this difference disappeared if those women were in hypogamous relationships; when lower-educated women had lower- or medium-educated partners, their intentions for additional children were significantly lower than highly educated women, but the difference disappeared when she had a highly educated partner. Findings from this study provide new insights into fertility intentions by taking into account both partners' education.

AbstractEquity is considered a key element to ensure universal access to high‐quality education and equal treatment in the higher education system. This study investigates the construction of equity in Ecuadorian higher education through two sets of policy documents—higher education and language policies, both relevant in considering the direction and structure of the higher education sector. The coherence or deficiencies in the construction of equity are important for this concept to be exercised and properly enacted. To this end, five national policy documents related to higher education were selected to be analyzed through a critical discourse analysis lens to determine whether the policy documents are framed with a limited or more expansive interpretation in relation to theoretical elements of equity. Critical discourse analysis was chosen as the main analysis tool since it permits the identification and critical examination of similarities and differences in two or more sets of documents. The study identifies autonomy, identity, and equality as prevalent elements of equity in the general laws regulating higher education and the national educational plan, whereas the language policy documents are more focused on competitiveness and aspects of globalization. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of coherence in policy documents to achieve more equitable practices.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Agricultural Foundations -- 2. Making the Land Flourish -- 3. Stretching Nature's Limits -- 4. Federal Engagement in Agriculture -- 5. Advances in Productivity -- 6. The Specter of Nature's Limits -- 7. Organic by Choice -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Authors.

Introduction -- A people of the land, a land for the people : Yuma -- Beach encounters : indigenous people and the age of exploration, 1540-1769 : San Diego -- "Our country before the Fernandino arrived was a forest" : native towns and Spanish missions in colonial California, 1769-1810 : Rome -- Working the land : entrepreneurial Indians and the markets of power, 1811-1849 : Sacramento -- "The white man would spoil everything" : indigenous people and the California gold rush, 1846-1873 : Ukiah -- Working for land: rancherias, reservations, and labor, 1870-1904 : Ishi Wilderness -- Friends and enemies : reframing progress, and fighting for sovereignty, 1905-1928 : Riverside -- Becoming the Indians of California : reorganization and justice, 1928-1954 : Los Angeles -- Reoccupying California : resistance and reclaiming the land, 1953-1985 : Berkeley and the East Bay -- Returning to the land : sovereignty, self-determination and revitalization since -- Conclusion : returns

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Tables and Illustrations -- Preface -- 1. São Paulo Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century -- 2. Government and Public Finance in the Empire, 1850-1889 -- 3. Government and Public Finance in the Old Republic, 1889-1930 -- 4. Paulista Agriculture, 1899-1950 -- 5. Crisis of the Paulista State and the Loss of Hegemony of the Paulista Elite -- 6. The State in National and International Commerce -- 7. Industrial Growth in São Paulo -- 8. Infrastructure and Urbanization of the State -- 9. Population Growth and Structure -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I -- Chapter 1 The Road to the Tokyo Trials -- 1 Major Allies' Stances on Trials Against Japan -- 1.1 Declarations Issued by the Allies' Leaders -- 1.2 America's Stance on Trials Against Japan -- 1.3 Britain's Stance on Trials Against Japan -- 1.4 China's Stance on Trials Against Japan -- 1.5 The Soviet Union's Stance on Trials Against Japan -- 1.6 Australia's Stance on Trials Against Japan -- 2 The United Nation's War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War -- 2.1 The Commission's Responsibilities -- 2.2 Restrictions on the Commission from Britain and the United States -- 2.3 China's Persistence -- 2.4 The Far Eastern and Pacific Subcommittee -- 3 Preparatory Work Ahead of the Tokyo Trials -- 3.1 The Arrest of War Criminal Suspects -- 3.2 The International Prosecution Section -- 3.3 Issuance of the Charter and the Creation of the Tribunal -- 3.4 Determining a List for the Trials -- 3.5 An Introduction to the Far East's International Military Tribunal -- 4 Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 The Dispute Over Jurisdiction Prior to the Court Opening -- 1 Questions from the Defense -- 1.1 The "Ex Post Facto" Law -- 1.2 The Unconditional Surrender -- 1.3 Trials by Neutral Nations -- 2 The Prosecution's Reply -- 2.1 Objections to the Argument of "Unconditional Surrender" -- 2.2 Objections to the "Ex Post Facto" Law -- 3 Debate Continues -- 4 Related Continuing Debates -- 4.1 Early Attitudes Toward the Tokyo Trials Were Quite Positive -- 4.2 The Opinion of "Victor's Trial" Prevails in Japan -- 4.3 Criticism from Japanese Leftists -- 4.4 Further Negation Over the Tokyo Trials in Japan -- 5 Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 The Trials -- 1 Trial Procedures -- 1.1 Indictments and Arraignments -- 1.2 Evidence and Witness.

National indifference is one of the most innovative notions historians have brought to the study of nationalism in recent years. The concept questions the mass character of nationalism in East Central Europe at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Ordinary people were not in thrall to the nation; they were often indifferent, ambivalent or opportunistic when dealing with issues of nationhood. As with all ground-breaking research, the literature on national indifference has not only revolutionized how we understand nationalism, over time, it has also revealed a new set of challenges. This volume brings together experienced scholars with the next generation, in a collaborative effort to push the geographic, historical, and conceptual boundaries of national indifference 2.0.

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Dedication -- Foreword, by Fred Karm -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- The Birth of an Industry -- The George J. Renner Brewing Company -- The M. Burkhardt Brewing Company -- The Akron Brewing Company -- The Dry Years -- Happy Days Are Here Again! -- The Postwar Years -- The Industry Is Reborn -- Craft Brewing in Akron Starts Over -- Craft Brewing in Akron Today -- About the Author.