Suchergebnisse

When I first arrived in Australia as a backpacker in the mid-1980s my job possibilities included negotiating a job as a governess on a remote station through an agency, and, when a café proprietor offered me a job, just a few minutes later finding myself alone in her house confronting a vast mound of laundry and other housework with no terms discussed and no prospect of lunch. I had applied to be a waitress but I felt like a slave. I did not know much about Australia or service jobs at that stage and neither of these positions stuck. I never worked in a bar although the Aussie barmaid might best illustrate the Australian stereotype of female service as Dianne Kirkby has shown in her recent work (Barmaids: A History of Women's Work in Pubs, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997). It is interesting to place such experiences in the context of Barry Higman's excellent new book. For all the male and macho impressions of the pioneering male conquering the alien landscape of the outback, in fact colonial Australia had a very high proportion of women in the workforce. Yet the concept of service somehow sits oddly with the egalitarianism of Australian culture.

Original and useful ideas are infrequent in both economics and history. Most of us have to make do by appropriating from others and repackaging. But this book develops an idea that is both novel and ingenious. The author deserves much praise. The idea is to extract information on time use in Industrial Revolution England from witness statements in criminal trials. His central conclusion is that average hours of work for male workers increased by 30 percent between the 1750s and 1800, and by 20 percent between the 1750s and 1830. Indeed, his estimate of 3,500 hours per male worker in 1800 is the all-time high for England. Thus Voth finds evidence that the Industrious Revolution posited by Jan de Vries did accompany the Industrial Revolution. He concludes that even the meager productivity growth reported by Nick Crafts is still too high, since some increase in output was due to increased labor inputs. This reviewer has doubts, explained below, whether he has large enough samples of the appropriate types of workers to convincingly assert this central finding. But his method is correct in principle, and if extra data can be secured they will tell us a lot.

The significant place of credit in everyday business is not a new phenomenon. If the last few centuries have witnessed a rapid development in the character and extent of credit facilities, it is still far from certain that the relative importance of credit is today greater than it was in the medieval period, or during the intervening centuries. In any case it is undeniable that the business affairs of men, from paupers to princes, have frequently required credit in one form or another. The king with his wars and splendid court, the noble with his extravagant ways, and the merchant with his speculative ventures have been the colorful debtors of history and fiction alike. The Jew, the Lombard, the Medici or Fugger, the goldsmith, and finally the modern professional banker have appeared as the masters of credit. But credit transactions have not been limited to these groups alone. As R. H. Tawney has pointed out, such a society as that of Elizabethan England was composed largely of small property holders, chiefly farmers and artisans. These yeomen, artisans, and small businessmen were often in need of loans to expand or retrieve their estates. Where did they find the credit they required?

It is necessary to indicate at the outset the general character of the historical material with which this paper deals. I have been able to discover in this period of Georgia's history almost no advocacy or discussion of the doctrine of laissez faire as such. On the other hand, one finds much discussion of private and public enterprise which, if removed from the context of events, would seem to involve most of the commonly accepted tenets of laissez faire. Lastly, there are the main currents of social action, which, upon investigation, are found to have comprised a varying mixture of private and public activities. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the logic of the social policy which directed these currents simply by observing the varying proportions of private and public action; it would be necessary first to go behind the action and study both the ends and the means. In the limited space allotted to this paper, it is possible to present only the barest outlines of the more important events and discussions in which the issue of public interference or of private versus public action arose. Interpretations and evaluations must be left, for the most part, to additional studies

Schleppendes Wachstum, anhaltende Massenarbeitslosigkeit, globale Finanzkrisen mit wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen in vielen Ländern, wachsende Ungleichheit zwischen Arm und Reich, fortschreitende Umweltzerstörung und Klimawandel – ein unabwendbares Schicksal? Der Wirtschaftshistoriker Plumpe meint, dass sich die Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929ff. als Blaupause für das Post-Corona-Zeitalter 2020ff. nur bedingt eigne, weil die »Goldenen Zwanziger Jahre« eine Scheinblüte waren. Andere Ökonomen vertreten eher die Meinung, dass sich gerade deshalb ein Vergleich anbietet, weil die Europäische Union versucht, die Folgen der Corona-Krise mit Billionen schweren Finanzprogrammen zu bekämpfen. -- Das Buch bietet einen Überblick über gesellschaftliche, ökonomische und zeithistorische Zusammenhänge. Der interdisziplinäre Ansatz steht dabei grundsätzlich im Vordergrund. / In his work, the author explores the question: Is history repeating itself? It is an interdisciplinary comparison of various world economic crises in the 19th and 20th centuries, par example: the world economic crisis in the Weimar Republic 1929 ff. in comparison with the second or third (?) world economic crisis, the Coronavirus Pandemic 2020 ff. -- A meaningful comparison can only be made by means of an interdisciplinary analysis, namely by linking economics, history and political science. -- The newly edited book is based on two fundamental guidelines: »Everything is connected to everything« and »Those who do not learn from economic history cannot shape the future«.

La enseñanza de la Historia en la Licenciatura en Diseño Industrial supone varios desafíos: uno es instalar un proceso de reflexión sobre una práctica donde predomina el perfil técnico; otro implica trabajar con alumnos ingresantes universitarios, en una carrera creada recientemente (2013) en la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Nuestra propuesta plantea un abordaje cultural de la historia occidental, desde la Antigüedad a la primera Modernidad, en sus múltiples dimensiones: el contexto histórico en sus aspectos políticos, sociales y económicos; el pensamiento en el campo de la forma y sus representaciones; las transformaciones materiales y técnicas; y el énfasis en la producción material, como ?objeto? o ?producto industrial?. Es así que se han practicado diferentes estrategias para mejorar el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje: una de desarrollo cronológico y otra que plantea una mirada retrospectiva. Estos ensayos, implementados durante dos cuatrimestres en cada caso, permiten exponer distintos enfoques en cuanto al dictado de clases, el encuadre de los debates seminariales, el diseño de los trabajos prácticos y el modo de aproximación a las fuentes; y se constituyen en el objetivo de este artículo ; Teaching History in Industrial Design degree presents several challenges. One of them is installing a process of reflection, given the dominant technical profile. Another one is teach to the incoming students, in a career recently created (2013) in School of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning of the National University of the Litoral. Our course proposes a cultural approach of the western history, from the Ancient Age to the first Modernity (according to Eric Hobsbawm). This includes the historical context in its political, social and economic aspects; the thought in the field of form and its representations; the material and technical transformations; and the emphasis in the material production, as a "crafted object" or an "industrial product". Thus, different strategies have been practiced to improve the teaching-learning process: one of chronological development and the other that raises a retrospective. This methods were implemented, each one, for two semesters. In comparison, we were able to employ different points of view regarding the classes, the framing of the seminar debates, the design of the practical activities and the approximation to the bibliography. These points are the purpose of this paper

La enseñanza de la Historia en la Licenciatura en Diseño Industrial supone varios desafíos: uno es instalar un proceso de reflexión sobre una práctica donde predomina el perfil técnico; otro implica trabajar con alumnos ingresantes universitarios, en una carrera creada recientemente (2013) en la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Nuestra propuesta plantea un abordaje cultural de la historia occidental, desde la Antigüedad a la primera Modernidad, en sus múltiples dimensiones: el contexto histórico en sus aspectos políticos, sociales y económicos; el pensamiento en el campo de la forma y sus representaciones; las transformaciones materiales y técnicas; y el énfasis en la producción material, como ?objeto? o ?producto industrial?. Es así que se han practicado diferentes estrategias para mejorar el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje: una de desarrollo cronológico y otra que plantea una mirada retrospectiva. Estos ensayos, implementados durante dos cuatrimestres en cada caso, permiten exponer distintos enfoques en cuanto al dictado de clases, el encuadre de los debates seminariales, el diseño de los trabajos prácticos y el modo de aproximación a las fuentes; y se constituyen en el objetivo de este artículo ; Teaching History in Industrial Design degree presents several challenges. One of them is installing a process of reflection, given the dominant technical profile. Another one is teach to the incoming students, in a career recently created (2013) in School of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning of the National University of the Litoral. Our course proposes a cultural approach of the western history, from the Ancient Age to the first Modernity (according to Eric Hobsbawm). This includes the historical context in its political, social and economic aspects; the thought in the field of form and its representations; the material and technical transformations; and the emphasis in the material production, as a "crafted object" or an "industrial product". Thus, different strategies have been practiced to improve the teaching-learning process: one of chronological development and the other that raises a retrospective. This methods were implemented, each one, for two semesters. In comparison, we were able to employ different points of view regarding the classes, the framing of the seminar debates, the design of the practical activities and the approximation to the bibliography. These points are the purpose of this paper

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- One. Self-Enforcing Political Systems and Economic Growth: Late Medieval Genoa -- Two. The Political Economy of Absolutism Reconsidered -- Three. Conscription: The Price of Citizenship -- Four. Political Stability and Civil War: Institutions, Commitment, and American Democracy -- Five. The International Coffee Organization: An International Institution -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Index

Most scholarship on the nineteenth and early twentieth century Constitutional Revolution in Iran has focused on the role of two groups, intellectuals and the clergy. The role of women has largely been ignored, despite their widespread participation in the Revolution, and existing research on women has mainly focused on their achievements in the realm of women's rights, which means that other aspects of women's activism remain un-investigated. The aim of this book is twofold: first, it presents one of the very first studies of women's resistance strategies and their resistance to consumerism in Iran; second, and in relation to the first objective, it attempts to demonstrate the biased nature of knowledge production in the studies of women in past societies, particularly the role of women in economics. This book therefore explores the public role of women and their efforts to revive Iran's economy during and after the Constitutional Revolution

Der Wirtschaftsraum in der EuRegio zwischen Aachen und Verviers wächst heute wieder zusammen. Migration über die Grenzen hinweg ist dabei ein bestimmendes Element. Solche kleinräumige Wanderungsbewegungen sind im Dreiländereck jedoch keineswegs ein neues Phänomen. Schon vor 200 Jahren waren sie ein Garant für den Erfolg der Entwicklung, etwa der Tuchindustrie.Die von belgischen und deutschen Wissenschaftlern gemeinsam erstellte Studie untersucht neben den Rahmenbedingungen unterschiedlichste Aspekte dieser Gesellschaft von Migranten. Immer haben die Autoren dabei die Menschen, ihre Chancen und Schicksale im Blick. Sie zeigen, dass vor und nach 1800 im Raum zwischen Aachen und Verviers nicht vordringlich Grenzen und nationalstaatliche Ressentiments bestimmend waren, sondern viel stärker mikro- und makroökonomische Bedingungen das Leben der Menschen beeinflussten.Doch die Geschichte soll nicht abstrakt bleiben: Das Buch wird ergänzt durch eine Reiseroute auf den Spuren der Migration. Vorgestellt werden zudem die wichtigsten Archive in Belgien und Deutschland.

The Industrial Removal Office funded 39,000 Jewish households to leave enclave neighborhoods in New York City from 1900 to 1922. Compared to neighbors with the same baseline occupation, program participants earned 4 percent more ten years after relocation. These gains persisted to the next generation. Benefits increased with more years spent outside of an enclave. Participants were more likely to speak English, and married spouses with less Jewish names. More Jewishly-identified men (as measured by own names) were more likely to return to the city. We contextualize these results with new national evidence on Jewish economic and cultural assimilation.

This paper investigates the evolution of gender equality in Sweden during a phase characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and demographic transition. To this end, we build a database with quantitative indicators to construct a spatial Historical Gender Gap Index. We find that after a period of stagnation, Sweden made significant progress in closing the gender gap from the 1940s onward to reach the high level of gender equality that it is now famous for. The empirical exploration of the relationship between gender equality and economic development reveals that regions displaying higher gender equality performed economically better than less gender-equal regions.

Religious communities are important providers of social insurance. We show that risk associated with oil dependence facilitated the proliferation of religious communities throughout the U.S. South during the twentieth century. Known oil abundance predicts higher rates of church membership, which are not driven by selective migration or local economic development. Consistent with a social insurance channel, greater oil price volatility increases effects, while greater access to credit, state-level social insurance, and private insurance crowd out effects. Religious communities limit spillovers of oil price shocks across sectors, reducing increases in unemployment following a negative shock by about 30 percent.

Secure property rights are usually considered to be essential for sustained economic development. In England, it is debated whether property rights have been secure since the medieval period or if they were only established after the Glorious Revolution. In this context, the paper examines the Court of Wards, which from 1540 to 1646 administered the Crown's right to take custody of children and their lands when these were held by feudal-military tenures. The paper shows that wardship was a common occurrence, its exactions arbitrary but often heavy, and that it reduced the value of lands held by these tenures.

We study the impact of the 1907 Panic, the most severe economic crisis before the Great Depression, on the selection of Mexican immigration. We find that migrants were positively selected on height before the crisis. This pattern changed to negative selection during the crisis but returned to positive selection afterward. Adjustments in selection were partially mediated by theenganche, a historical labor-recruiting system that reduced migration costs but only for taller laborers with above-average earnings potential. We document that labor recruiting contributed to maintaining the relatively constant height profile of the migration flow in the short run.