Suchergebnisse

The contemporary development of socialist economy is featured not only by high dynamics, but also by essential structural and qualitative changes. The economic policy and the socialist planning in particular tendtowards optimalization of economic growth, then to engage for its proper directions, structure and rythmicality. The every year growing national product ought to be, as it is possible, most suitable and useful for implementation of threefold objective: 1° the better satisfaction with the necessities of population, 2° the quicker modernization of the national economy, and 3° the effective development of the foreign trade as well as the international cooperation.The superiority of a set of social criteria is becoming the general assumption of economic policy. A vision of the future human being and the mature society is determining prospective objectives and aims of the development as well is indicating ways and means for their realization by economic policy.The economic growth is not objective by itself, but has to serve for a comprehensive social advancement. At the same time the factors of social advancement advantageously impact the labour productivity and otherwisethey perform a role of additional stimulatives of the economic growth.The objectives of social advancement should be realized gradually basing on staging patterns of systematic raise of the living standards of the population. A hierarchy and a sequence of satisfaction with the both individual and collective necessities demand a skillful application of the criteria of the economic and social choice. We are using here the principle of social and economic rationality.Hence the factors of social advancement, involving the scientific and technical progress, belang to the fundumatel elements of the present economic and social policy. At the same time objectives and means of modern economic and social advancement are here strictly interlaced.

Alarming plastic production growth worldwide reinforces the public debate about the prevailing environmental crisis, whereby single-use-plastic (SUP) items are considered as by far the most harmful to the environment and public health. Accordingly, European environmental policy aims at eliminating SUP. Recently, we presented a model of plastic governance that derives from a circular economy approach identifying and taking into consideration perspectives of different actors in the plastic governance, such as producers, wholesalers, shop keepers, consumers, citizen scientists, and academia. Our results illustrate that the vast majority of stakeholders cared for the natural environment and understood the need to phase out SUP from the global economy. We proposed that a knowledge brokerage, undertaken by scientists via means of citizen science, as the most effective method to implement elimination policy, as it provides stakeholders with knowledge on why and how to handle SUP issues. However, at the time of the global COVID-19 pandemic, a plastic governance model required a re-assessment. The perceived role of SUP has changed, as it reflects the health emergency. Namely, due to the health safety reasons stakeholders and consumers are requesting even more SUP than previously. Following up on our data gathered prior to the pandemic, we suggest that under the new circumstances health concerns outweigh the environmental concerns being determined by a shift in the value hierarchization. The paper discusses preliminary results.

Between the 1980s and the late 1990s, France and Belgium introduced two long‐leave schemes and several measures to support childcare at home. Although this change was presented under the umbrella of the 'free‐choice‐for‐women' rhetoric, it moved both countries towards a more familistic model. To evaluate the impact of this reform phase on female labour force participation, the present study employed the synthetic control method. This approach made it possible to contrast the evolution of the French and Belgian female labour force participation rates, observed in consequence of the implementation of the policies under investigation, with the corresponding evolution of the same rates reconstructed in the absence of such family programmes. The results of this exercise suggest that if France and Belgium had not undergone this policy treatment, their female labour market participation rates would have been higher than those actually measured.Key Practitioner Message: • Combining long‐leave schemes with low incentives to support employment of a childminder obstructs female labour force participation.

"This book is a collection of autobiographical narratives by leading social scientists working across South Asia. It explores the linkages between their personal experiences and academic pursuits, and analyses how personal, political and professional choices shape knowledge production and effect social transformation. The narratives revisit long standing debates on objectivity, subjectivity, self and other, and attempt to collapse the binaries that have informed the social sciences till now. Highlighting the state of research and pedagogy in the social sciences in the region, the book questions the conventional understanding of the task of the social scientist, and in doing so, blurs the distinction between theory, research, pedagogy and activism. A unique and compelling contribution, this volume will be indispensable to students and researchers of sociology, anthropology, history, creative writing, education, politics, biography studies, and South Asian studies. It will also be of interest to general readers"--

How does race influence the housing choices of Hispanic households who have recently moved? Results of this study demonstrate that white Hispanics are more successful than black Hispanics and other-race Hispanics in gaining access to predominantly Anglo subareas, apparently by virtue of their nonblack status. These findings reveal the individual-level processes underlying aggregate patterns of racial segregation among Hispanics and provide evidence of the influence of social and market forces that isolate not only Anglos from African-Americans and Hispanics but also, increasingly, African-Americans and black Hispanics from all persons of nonblack status.

Social values are central to people's lives, guiding behaviors, and judgments, and defining who we are. This book advances understanding of consumer social values and their roles in the global marketplace by refining and directing existing knowledge of consumer behaviors. With a diverse set of contributors from different parts of the world, this engaging collection provides a unique examination of social values through cross-cultural research. It incorporates input from researchers with varying academic backgrounds from marketing to psychology and philosophy, and also focuses on a range of methodological approaches including surveys, ethnography, interviews, semantic analysis, and neuroscience. The book introduces innovative concepts and provides comprehensive coverage of several specialized areas, to offer an important contribution to values research and discussion. Key topics include values and choice; means-end chains; relations among goals; motives; religion and personality; value measurement and values related to specific services and industries. Consumer Social Values is an essential resource for scholars, students, and practitioners of consumer psychology and marketing communications

This paper explores the reasons why women who are themselves fertile might consent to undergo in vitro fertilization (1VF) with an infertile male partner. The reasons often given are desire to have that particular man's child, or altruism, giving a gift to the partner. Although ethically, the decision should be completely woman's prerogative, because IVF programs usually treat the couple as a unit, she may be offered few other options by the medical staff. In social terms, whether the woman is or is not infertile may be immaterial because in either situation, if she wants to try to have a biological child and maintain the relationship, she may have to make a patriarchal bargain and undergo in vitro fertilization.

Resumen: Introducción El objeto de este artículo es realizar un es-tudio crítico de algunos fundamentos y efectos posibles de las propuestas de "school choice" desde la tradición de la libertad de enseñanza. En concreto, se tratará de realizar una primera aproximación a las características centrales de ciertos mecanismos de mercado aplicados a la política educativa para comprender hasta dónde son neutros, favorecen o entorpecen la libertad de enseñanza. Es de destacar que el fenómeno de "school choice" tiene sustento en distintas perspectivas ideológicas aunque ha sido hegemonizado, y así se ha divulgado, como parte del programa neoliberal encabezado en general por economistas adscriptos a esta tendencia2. No descartamos la importancia de estudiar y destacar el mosaico de posiciones y programas diseñados con sus matices y divergencias para una comprensión integral y no reduccionista de esta corriente de opinión. Pero aclaramos que este artículo se centrará únicamente en esta perspectiva ciertamente economicista de las ideas sobre "elección de escuelas" o "elección educativa"3. Este escrito requiere ineludiblemente una primera advertencia o aclaración referida al contexto nacional, antes de otras tantas con-sideraciones introductorias específicas al tema que se desarrollará. En la situación actual de nuestro país -y por qué no de Latinoamérica- presentar y hacer una lectura crítica de las propuestas de "school choice" parece aseme-jarse más a un ejercicio académico e intelec-tual abstracto (y hasta un poco lujoso) que a un estudio de ideas que podrían plasmarse en nuestra realidad social y política.

The functioning of three engineering industries -- nuts & bolts, iron founding, & machine tools -- is analyzed to examine the relationship between scale of production, optimal choice of technique, & costs. Analysis of secondary data reveals that in all three industries, costs of production fell as scale of output increased, a result associated with changes in technique & the spread of fixed costs over a larger number of units. The capital-output ratio fell & labor productivity increased with increases in scale, but in most cases, the capital-labor ratio increased. Implications of these findings are briefly discussed. 3 Tables, 20 References. Adapted from the source document.

The Philippines remains the world's largest exporter of nurses, with over 22,000 employed in the NHS (Baker, 2020). In this article, we analyse the migratory rationales and choices of Filipino nurses either about to embark or already working in the UK's National Health Service (NHS), through an ontological security framework. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were undertaken with 24 nurses in the Philippines and UK one element of which set out to understand why, in the context of high global demand for overseas nurses the nurses had chosen the UK as their destination. Findings highlight how collective imageries of 'home' and of different overseas destinations are rooted in shared understandings of underlying social structures, and their perceived capacity to generate ontological security for their citizens. Social and institutional pressures in the Philippines engendered a generalised insecurity that was corrosive to the nurses' identity and sense of agency and undermined the ability to meet cultural norms of family support. The nurses favoured the UK due to the comparative ease of moving there; a prevailing perception of social stability and of its political and institutional structures as being based on transparency and meritocracy, facilitating professional development and social mobility. The findings extend 'culture of migration' perspectives by illuminating why nurses migrate to where they do by emphasising place as a source of ontological security, with migratory preferences influenced by the perceived capacity of different national systems to minimise social risks. This also implies that as global social risks and volatilities intensify, plugging nursing gaps in the economically developed world with nurses from the developing world will become increasingly unpredictable as the ability of governments in destination countries to guarantee ontological security becomes more uncertain.