Suchergebnisse

AbstractSurvey of the economic theory of technical standards in international trade. Institutional arrangements and GATT code on technical barriers to trade. Canada's performance under GATT code. Standards policy in regional integration: Europe 1992, Canada‐US free trade agreement. Results of two original surveys: (1) Impact of Canadian standards on prices of imported goods in Canada. (2) Impact of foreign standards on Canadian exports.RésuméUn survol de la théorie économique des normes techniques dans le commerce international. Les arrangements institutionnels et le code du GATT concernant les barrières techniques du commerce. La performance du Canada par rapport au code du GATT. La politique de normalisation dans l'intégration régionale: Europe 1992, l'entente sur le libre‐échange entre le Canada et les Etats‐Unis. Présentation des résultats de deux enquêtes originales (1) L'impact des normes canadiennes sur les prix des biens importés au Canada (2) L'effet des normes étrangères sur les exportations canadiennes.

International law has assumed that states are independent and free to vary their national cultures and institutions at will. It permits them to organize their domestic economy, culture, opinion, and polity in a totalitarian way if they see fit. In fact, however, international law developed among states which had many cultural characteristics in common. It was originally the law governing the relations of the Christian states of Europe, all with a tradition reaching back into medieval Christendom and classical antiquity, and united by practices of maritime trade, and by commercial, religious, and educational institutions. The potential totalitarianism which the law allowed was not in fact realized because of moral and practical inhibitions. Governments wished to observe the universal mores, and even if they had not, they lacked the technical, administrative, and political means which modern despots have utilized so effectively to override these mores in the interests of concentrated power.