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The Arctic is experiencing rapidly warming conditions, increasing predator abundance, and diminishing population cycles of keystone species such as lemmings. However, it is still not known how many Arctic animals will respond to a changing climate with altered trophic interactions. We studied clutch size, incubation duration and nest survival of 17 taxa of Arctic-breeding shorebirds at 16 field sites over 7years. We predicted that physiological benefits of higher temperatures and earlier snowmelt would increase reproductive effort and nest survival, and we expected increasing predator abundance and decreasing abundance of alternative prey (arvicoline rodents) to have a negative effect on reproduction. Although we observed wide ranges of conditions during our study, we found no effects of covariates on reproductive traits in 12 of 17 taxa. In the remaining taxa, most relationships agreed with our predictions. Earlier snowmelt increased the probability of laying a full clutch from 0.61 to 0.91 for Western Sandpipers, and shortened incubation by 1.42days for arcticola Dunlin and 0.77days for Red Phalaropes. Higher temperatures increased the probability of a full clutch from 0.60 to 0.93 for Western Sandpipers and from 0.76 to 0.97 for Red-necked Phalaropes, and increased daily nest survival rates from 0.9634 to 0.9890 for Semipalmated Sandpipers and 0.9546 to 0.9880 for Western Sandpipers. Higher abundance of predators (foxes) reduced daily nest survival rates only in Western Sandpipers (0.9821-0.9031). In contrast to our predictions, the probability of a full clutch was lowest (0.83) for Semipalmated Sandpipers at moderate abundance of alternative prey, rather than low abundance (0.90). Our findings suggest that in the short-term, climate warming may have neutral or positive effects on the nesting cycle of most Arctic-breeding shorebirds. ; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation [2010-0061-015, 2011-0032-014, 0801.12.032731, 0801.13.041129]; Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act [F11AP01040, F12AP00734, F13APO535, 4073]; Arctic Goose Joint Venture; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc.; Bureau of Land Management; Canada Fund for InnovationCanada Foundation for Innovation; Canada Research ChairsCanada Research Chairs; Cape Krusenstern National Monument grant; Centre for Wildlife Ecology at Simon Fraser University; Churchill Northern Studies Centre; Cornell University Graduate School Mellon Grant; Ducks Unlimited Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada; FQRNT (Quebec)FQRNT; Government of Nunavut; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Kansas State University; Kresge Foundation; Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation; Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences; Mississippi Flyway Council; Murie Science and Learning Center grants; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; National Park Service; National Science Foundation (Office of Polar Programs Grant) [ARC-1023396]; National Science Foundation (Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant)National Science Foundation (NSF) [1110444]; Natural Resources Canada (Polar Continental Shelf Program); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Northern Studies Training Program; Selawik National Wildlife Refuge; Trust for Mutual Understanding; Universite du Quebec a Rimouski; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Colorado Denver; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Moncton; US Fish and Wildlife Service (Migratory Bird Management Division, Survey, Monitoring and Assessment Program); US Fish and Wildlife Service (Alaska National Wildlife Refuge System's Challenge Cost Share Program); US Fish and Wildlife Service (Avian Influenza Health and Influenza programmes); US Geological Survey (USGS) (Changing Arctic Ecosystem Initiative, Wildlife Program of the USGS Ecosystem Mission Area); W. Garfield Weston Foundation; Alaska Department of Fish and Game ; E.L.W compiled the field data, designed and performed the statistical analyses and wrote the manuscript. B.K.S. assisted with design of analyses and preparation of the manuscript. R.B.L., S.C.B. and H.R.G. led development of standardized field protocols and coordinated field work. B.K.S., R.B.L., S.C.B., H.R.G. and all other authors, who are listed in alphabetical order, designed and conducted the field studies, contributed to interpreting the results and assisted with editing the manuscript. Major support for the ASDN was provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (grants 2010-0061-015, 2011-0032-014, 0801.12.032731 and 0801.13.041129), the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act (grants F11AP01040, F12AP00734 and F13APO535) and the Arctic Landscape Conservation Cooperative. Additional funding for participating field sites was provided by: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Arctic Goose Joint Venture, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Bureau of Land Management, Canada Fund for Innovation, Canada Research Chairs, Cape Krusenstern National Monument grant, Centre for Wildlife Ecology at Simon Fraser University, Churchill Northern Studies Centre, Cornell University Graduate School Mellon Grant, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, FQRNT (Quebec), Government of Nunavut, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Kansas State University, Kresge Foundation, Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation, Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Mississippi Flyway Council, Murie Science and Learning Center grants, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, National Park Service, National Science Foundation (Office of Polar Programs Grant ARC-1023396 and Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant 1110444), Natural Resources Canada (Polar Continental Shelf Program), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery Grant and Northern Supplement), Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act (grant 4073), Northern Studies Training Program, Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, Trust for Mutual Understanding, Universite du Quebec a Rimouski, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Colorado Denver, University of Missouri Columbia, University of Moncton, US Fish and Wildlife Service (Migratory Bird Management Division, Survey, Monitoring and Assessment Program, Alaska National Wildlife Refuge System's Challenge Cost Share Program and Avian Influenza Health and Influenza programmes), US Geological Survey (USGS) (Changing Arctic Ecosystem Initiative, Wildlife Program of the USGS Ecosystem Mission Area), and the W. Garfield Weston Foundation. Logistical support was provided by Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Barrow Arctic Science Consortium, BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Kinross Gold Corporation, Umiaq LLC, Selawik National Wildlife Refuge (USFWS), ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc., Cape Krusenstern National Monument (National Park Service) and Sirmilik National Park (Parks Canada). We thank local communities and landowners, including the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation, the people of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Sitnasuak Native Corporation, the Kuukpik Corporation and the North Slope Borough for permitting us to conduct research on their lands.; Animal handling, marking and monitoring procedures were approved by Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Nunavut, Kansas State University, National Park Service, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Moncton, US Fish & Wildlife Service and US Geological Survey. All applicable international, national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. We thank A. Tygart for assistance in compiling JAGS for use on the Beocat supercomputer at Kansas State University, D. Payer and S. Freeman for their work at Canning River, and H. Meltofte, P. Battley, B. Ross, J. Sutton, L. Martin and the Sandercock lab for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. We thank the many field assistants who were involved in data collection, especially field crew leaders K. Bennet, M. Burrell, J. Cunningham, E. D'Astous, S. Carvey, A. Doll, L. Pirie Dominix, K. Gold, A. Gottesman, K. Grond, P. Herzog, B. Hill, D. Hodgkinson, A. J. Johnson, D. Pavlik, M. Peck, L. Pollock, S. Sapora, B. Schwarz, F. Smith, H. M. Specht, M. VanderHeyden, B. M. Walker and B. Wilkinson. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e territorio ; Le aziende agrarie stanno affrontando un momento di particolare difficoltà, per l'aumento dei costi di produzione e le imprevedibili oscillazioni di mercato dei prodotti agricoli; esiste, inoltre, l'incertezza sulle scelte future di Politica Agricola Comunitaria. Le medio-grandi aziende estensive, poste in aree marginali, hanno basato il loro ordinamento su attività dipendenti dal regime di compensazioni comunitario. Le nuove prospettive della multifunzionalità, connesse con la capacità propria del settore agricolo di produrre Beni Pubblici, possono consentire alle aziende di fornire dei servizi diretti alla collettività. La fornitura di tali servizi può essere finanziata dal PSR ed altri strumenti di pianificazione (Life, POR, etc.) e sarà, probabilmente, integrata nella attesa Riforma della PAC. In tale ottica, sono stati analizzati gli aspetti della domanda di caccia e le tipologie di attività proposte, da parte di aziende agrarie. La caccia è un'attività di antica tradizione, che in Italia gode di un particolare ordinamento dell'attività venatoria. L'unica forma di istituto venatorio che consenta, secondo il nostro ordinamento giuridico, di trasformare la selvaggina cacciabile in risorsa del proprietario del fondo è l'Azienda agrituristica venatoria (o Aatv). Oggetto della tesi è l'indagine su di un gruppo di aziende agrituristico venatorie, attive in due province del Centro Italia e dotate, in quasi tutti i casi, di agriturismo, attivo sia per i cacciatori, sia per ospiti non praticanti la caccia. La metodologia applicata è stata basata sulla selezione, mediante interviste a testimoni privilegiati, di un gruppo di Aatv, attive nelle province di Terni e Grosseto. Dopo aver contattato gli imprenditori che gestiscono le aziende, gli stessi sono stati intervistati, presso l'azienda, compilando, insieme con loro, un modello, in cui venivano analizzati diversi aspetti aziendali: tipo ed entità di attività agricole esistenti, destinazione delle superfici, strutture venatorie realizzate ed investimenti relativi; sono stati elaborati dei conti economici, che tenessero conto dei costi di gestione medi e delle tipologie di caccia offerte. Nello stesso modello, sono stati esaminati gli aspetti basilari dell'agriturismo, soprattutto per le connessioni tra attività venatoria ed ospitalità. Sulla base delle interviste, sono stati elaborati dei sintetici conti economici, che hanno consentito di sviluppare degli indicatori di bilancio, quali incidenza dei singoli costi della gestione venatoria (sorveglianza, lavoro, alimentazione, acquisti di selvaggina, manutenzioni ed ammortamenti delle strutture), sulla produzione lorda vendibile. Per i ricavi medi stimati, sono state elaborate delle disaggregazioni per tipologie di caccia. Sono stati anche descritti gli effetti nella produzione di Public goods (mantenimento del paesaggio, tutela del territorio e delle strutture aziendali, diminuzione della pressione venatoria sul territorio a libera caccia e sulle specie migratorie, maggior controllo in generale delle attività venatorie), da parte delle aziende oggetto della tesi. Gli obiettivi dell'analisi erano, sostanzialmente, riconducibili alla valutazione dell'esistenza o meno di una redditività, nonché della trasferibilità di questa tipologia di aziende. I risultati considerati sono, in primo luogo, la minore redditività delle Aatv, rispetto gli anni passati, per maggiore concorrenza e per il momento economico. La redditività è legata alla figura dell'imprenditore, alla sua capacità relazionale e di saper attirare le tipologie di clienti, con possibilità di caccia non ordinarie. Anche la gestione dell'azienda agraria ha importanza, perché può fornire come produzione secondaria sostentamento per la fauna. Per l'agriturismo, la presenza dei cacciatori usa la struttura ad autunno-inverno, quando l'afflusso di agrituristi ordinari è minimo. In media, dalle 50-60 notti di impegno per singolo letto all'anno si può arrivare alle 70 - 80 notti, che consentono di incrementare sensibilmente il reddito aziendale. La conclusione è che le aziende che riescono a mantenere, anche in momenti di crisi, una certa redditività sono soprattutto quelle che ottengono delle sensibili sinergie ed economie di scopo tra i diversi settori aziendali. ; Agricultural farms are presently facing particular difficulties due to the increase of production costs on one hand and the occurrence of unpredictable fluctuations of agricultural products markets on the other; additionally, there exists also uncertainty of Common Agricultural Policy choices to be taken in the future. Medium and large sized farms, practicing extensive production and located in marginal areas have based their production patterns overall on activities benefiting from the European Community compensation scheme. New prospective of multifunctionality, related to the agricultural sector specific capacity to produce public goods, allows farms to provide direct services to the community. The provision of such services may be funded by the Rural Development Plan (RDP) and other planning tools (Life, ROP, etc.) and will probably be integrated into the pending reform of the CAP. In this context, the aspects of the application for hunting and the types of activities proposed by agricultural companies have been analyzed. Hunting is an activity of ancient tradition, which in Italy benefits from a particular ordering. The only formal possibility, according to italian legal system, to enable that game present on a farm's territory, become a resource for the same farm is the establishment of a Agri-Tourism and Fee Hunting Farm, "Azienda Agri-turistica Venatoria" (Aatv). Scope of the present Thesis is a research implemented on a group of Aatv, located in two provinces of central Italy and having, in almost all cases, agri-tourism facilities, open for both active hunters and guests who do not practice hunting. The methodology used has been based on the selection, made by interviews with privileged witnesses, of a group of Aatv active in the province of Terni and Grosseto. Entrepreneurs who run businesses were contacted and interviewed in the respective farms. In occasion of interviews and together with the entrepreneurs, a model of their farm was built permitting hence to analyze various aspects of business: type and extent of existing agricultural activities, land use pattern, hunting structures and related investments; economic accounts, which took into account average costs and types of hunting opportunities, have been accordingly developed. In the same model were also investigated some basic aspects of the farm, and, in particular, inter-relations between agritourism and hunting activities. On the basis of the interviews synthetic economic accounts have been developed, permitting hence to develop budget related indicators, such as the impact of costs related to different aspects/elements of hunting management (security, workforce, food, game purchase, maintenance and depreciation of structures) on gross marketable production. Average revenue estimates were drawn up by type of hunting. Effects on the production of public goods (landscape conservation, protection of land and corporate structures, reduced hunting pressure on the territory, better control of hunting in general) by subject farms were also described. The objectives of the analysis were substantially related to the assessment of the level of profitability, as well as to the replicability potential of the identified models. The results have indicated that current level of profitability of Aatv, which is currently lower than in the past years, is due to, on one hand, to increased competition and, on the other, to the current economic climate. It has also been observed that the level of profitability is linked to ability of the entrepreneur in relating with and attracting the customers with hunting possibility, which may be out of ordinary. Also the farm management is important, as it can provide inputs/support for wildlife production. Regarding agri-tourism, the presence of hunters is concentrated mainly in autumn-winter season, when the presence of other guests is minimal. On average, the presence of hunters results in an increased number of overnights, raising hence from about 50-60 nights per bed per year to about 70 - 80 nights/bed/year, which permits to substantially increase the farm income. The conclusion shows that farms which are able to maintain, even in times of crisis, a certain profitability are primarily those that are able to create significant synergies and economies of scope among the different farm branches.

Background In 2001, the California Legislature passed the California Oak Woodland Conservation Act. This Act grew out of concern that California's oak woodland habitats were threatened and that the State was continuing to lose oaks to development, firewood harvesting, and agricultural conversions. Such losses could critically impact a wide range of wildlife species that are so dependent on this habitat type since oak woodlands are home to more than 300 species of terrestrial vertebrates, as well thousands of invertebrates. In addition, woodlands moderate temperatures, reduce soil erosion, facilitate nutrient cycling, and sustain water quality. The Act recognized the importance of California's oak woodlands -- how they enhance the natural and scenic beauty of this great State, the critical role of the private landowner, and the importance of private land stewardship. The Act further acknowledged how oak woodlands increase the monetary and ecological value of real property and promote ecological balance. As a result of the Act, the Oak Woodland Conservation Program was established. This Program, administered by the Wildlife Conservation Board (WCB), is designed to provide $10 million to help local jurisdictions protect and enhance their oak woodland resources. It offers landowners, conservation organizations, and cities and counties an opportunity to obtain funding for projects designed to conserve and restore California's oak woodlands. It authorizes the WCB to purchase oak woodland conservation easements and provide grants for land improvements and oak restoration efforts. While the Program is statewide in nature, it is designed to address oak woodland issues on a regional priority basis. Most importantly, this Program provides a mechanism to bring ranchers and conservationists together in a manner that simultaneously allows both to achieve that which is so valued -- sustainable ranch and farming operations, along with healthy oak woodlands. The Legislature created the Oak Woodlands Conservation Program with the expressed intent to accomplish the following: • Support and encourage voluntary, long-term private stewardship and conservation of California oak woodlands by offering landowners financial incentives to protect and promote biologically functional oak woodlands; • Provide incentives to protect and encourage farming and ranching operations that are operated in a manner that protect and promote healthy oak woodlands; • Provide incentives for the protection of oak trees, providing superior wildlife values on private land, and; • Encourage planning that is consistent with oak woodland preservation. The WCB is authorized to award cost-share incentive payments to private landowners who enter into long-term agreements. Such agreements will be structured to include management practices that benefit oak woodlands and promote the economic sustainability of the farming or ranching operations. The Act requires that at least 80 percent of the money be used for grants for the purchase of easements, for restoration activities, or for enhancement projects. In addition, the funds may be used for grants that provide cost-share incentive payments and long-term agreements. The remaining 20 percent of the funds may be used for public education and outreach efforts by local governments, park and open space districts, resource conservation districts, and nonprofit organizations. Within this 20 percent category, funds may also be used for grants designed to provide technical assistance and to develop and implement oak conservation elements in local general plans. In order to qualify for funding, the county or city where applicants are applying for funding from, must have an Oak Woodland Management Plan. Once the city or county has demonstrated that an Oak Woodland Management Plan exists, landowners are eligible to participate in the Program. The Oak Woodlands Management Plan The Act requires that Plans include a description of all native oak species located within the County's or city's jurisdiction. To assist with the preparation of the Plan, the Act allows nonprofit organizations, park or open space districts, resources conservation districts, or other local government entities to apply to the Wildlife Conservation Board for funds to develop an Oak Woodlands Management Plan for a county or city. However, the county or city shall maintain ultimate authority to approve the Oak Woodlands Management Plan. If two or more entities seek grant funding from the WCB to prepare an Oak Woodlands Management Plan for the same jurisdiction, the county or city shall designate which entity shall lead the efforts to prepare the necessary document. To participate in the Oak Woodlands Conservation Program, a county or city shall adopt an Oak Woodlands Management Plan in the form of a Resolution. The Resolution does not have to be part of the General Plan. If a county or city currently has a plan in place that meets the minimum requirements of the Oak Woodlands Management Plan, a resolution by the governing body certifying such compliance is sufficient. The Resolution adopted by the local jurisdiction shall contain at least the following elements: • The county or city agrees to adopt a Resolution to offer private landowners the opportunity to participate in the Oak Woodlands Conservation Program. The Oak Woodlands Management Plan and Resolution is adopted pursuant to the requirements of California Fish and Game Code Section 1366 (a). Previously adopted resolutions are acceptable if they meet the minimum requirements of the Resolution. • The county or city shall prepare statements that describe the status of oak woodlands in their jurisdiction. Such statements shall include a description of all native oak species, estimates of the current and historical distribution of oak woodlands, existing threats, status of natural regeneration and growth trends. To the extent possible, local jurisdictions shall prepare maps displaying the current distribution of oak woodlands. • The county or city shall prepare statements recognizing the economic value of oak woodlands to landowners and the community at large. These statements shall encourages and support farming, ranching, and grazing operations that are compatible with oak woodland conservation. • The county or city shall prepare statements recognizing the natural resource values of oak woodlands, including the critical role oak woodlands play relative to the health and function of local watersheds, soil and water retention, wildlife habitat, open space, and the reproduction or reduction of fuel loads. • The county or city shall prepare statements recognizing that the loss of oak woodlands has serious effects on wildlife habitat, retention of soil and water and that planning decisions for oak woodlands should take into account potential effects of fragmentation of oak woodlands. • The county or city shall prepare statements expressing support for landowners that participate in the Oak Woodlands Conservation Program. To qualify for funding consideration by the Wildlife Conservation Board, the county or city agree, pursuant to Section 1366 (f) of the Act, to certify that individual proposals are consistent with the county or city Oak Woodlands Management Plan. • The county or city shall prepare statements that support and encourage education and outreach efforts designed to demonstrate the economic, social, and ecological values associated with oak woodlands. • The county or city shall review and update as necessary, the Oak Woodlands Management Plan. Eligible Participants The Oak Woodlands Conservation Program is designed to consider grant proposals from the following participants: private landowners, local government entities, park and open space districts, resource conservation districts, and nonprofit organizations. Participants are encouraged to develop partnerships with interested individuals or organizations that are designed to leverage available technical and financial resources. In addition, the county or city shall certify that proposed grant requests are consistent with the Oak Woodlands Management Plan of the county or city. As such, eligible participants must consult with the local county or city and obtain a certification that the proposal is consistent. Applicants are encouraged to seek input from the local Fish and Game Biologist or other resource professionals when developing proposals that request funding for conservation easements, development of management plans, or long-term agreements. To learn more about this Program, or to download an application package, please visit the WCB web site at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wcb/, or contact Marilyn Cundiff, the Program Administrator, at email: MCundiff@dfg.ca.gov., or phone: (916) 445-1079.

This book examines the destinations and sites that are being created for tourists, as well as for local people within an urban regeneration context, with a particular focus on tourism's relationship to urban regeneration and cultural development. It examines the impact of such developments on a local sense of place, heritage and identity. It examines how far, arts and artistic quality/integrity is compromised by being used as a tool for regeneration. It examines if global/local debates can be resolved within the context of regeneration, and how. These issues and others are exemplified using a number of international case studies in North and South America, as well as in Europe and the UK. Chapter 1 examines the issues and problems inherent in implementing urban regeneration projects and highlights the increasingly important role that culture and tourism play in the process. Chapter 2 examines the increasingly important role of creativity in urban regeneration. Chapter 3 examines the regeneration of new or less familiar areas of cities, and their development for tourism purposes. Chapter 4 examines mixed-use developments in city fringe areas, especially those with culturally diverse or ethnic populations. Chapter 5 examines the development of ethnoscapes or those areas of cities with a high concentration of ethnic minorities, and analyses the way in which multiculturalism has become an increasingly attractive selling point for city tourism. Chapter 6 examines some of the difficulties of interpreting and commemorating spaces of dissonant heritage in black heritage sites in New Jersey, USA. Chapter 7 examines the complexities that exist within large-scale, mixed-use development projects through the example of the newly developed Waterfront City of Odaiba in Tokyo, Japan. Chapter 8 examines the role of major sporting events in urban regeneration, tourism development, image enhancement and social inclusion. Chapter 9 examines the role of the Olympic Games in the regeneration of U.S. cities. Chapter 10 examines the role of the cultural industries in the regeneration of former industrial cities, focusing in particular on Lowell, Massachusetts in New England, USA. Chapter 11 examines how Chicago, a city in the USA that previously was dependent on the manufacturing industry, has sought to improve its economic position and raises its national and international profile via locally-driven strategies focused on facilitating the physical, economic and cultural restructuring of its downtown area. Chapter 12 examines the Avenue of the Arts in Philadelphia, USA, as an example of a project that has been largely successful due to charismatic leadership, dynamic fund-raising campaigns and coordinated public and private partnerships. Chapter 13 examines the problems and the potential benefits of waterfront developments in the context of regeneration. Chapter 14 examines the changing role of dockland cities and urban regeneration strategies, focusing in particular on case studies of Liverpool and Cardiff in the UK. Chapter 15 examines the use of interpretative planning in the context of Recife, Brazil. In conclusion, the richness, creativity, innovation and ambition of regeneration projects is indicated in a wide range of contexts. But cultural, tourism or urban development, cannot compensate for economic decline, environmental decay or social unrest. They can only alleviate some of the problems and tensions, and give new hope to cities. It would be misguided to suggest that there could be a 'checklist' for all cities hoping to embark on a 'successful' regeneration scheme, especially given that similar schemes can easily fail in different contexts. However, several factors seem to emerge as being rather critical to the future of regeneration. Whatever the context - be it Europe, the USA, Asia, Australasia - the issues and dilemmas surrounding cultural regeneration are broadly similar. Pessimists might conclude that regeneration is just another 'flash-in-the-pan' phenomenon that has helped to plug the gaps in economic and social decline. However, it is argued that within the academic/practitioner community, there is excitement, dynamism and great hope in the future for the phenomenon of regeneratio

I, May, 1897, PUBLISHED BY THE STUDENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA (GETTYSBURG) COLLEGE. £^& HIMHH1 ADVERTISEMENTS. fflf I{., fmfft iillP»•I* 8ifffl® Importers and JODUOI'N of «r.l removed ? The Freshie was a little mixed irl his chronology. He referred to Paul. Photographing seems to be taking the place! of studies. A collection of pictures is a goal thing, but a man will never be able to gel through life on it. The Sophomore class has elected its Spedrm\ staff as follows : Editor-in-chief, W. H. Carney ; Associate Editors, W. J. Klinefelterl S. W. Herman, Henry Albers, J. N. Hickl man, L. S. Weaver; Business Manager, J. W.I Weeter; Assistant Bus. Managers, J. H| Beerits, G. N. Lauffer, J. D. Snyder, J. deK-j Keith, A. St.C. Brumbaugh, Artist Corps, Cl H. Spayd, H. M. Cumbler, T. J. Reisch. From Dr. Stahley's room comes the startliui -1 :w si ti THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 5o atenient that the brain is a chemical com-uncl. These Freshmen will revolutionize lence. |payd of '99 has been compelled to go home cause of severe illness. He will not return College this session. There have been further additions to Prepa-tory. The number of students has almost ached the hundred mark. The Omego Delta fraternity, of the Fresh-an class, will take its first annual outing jay 8th. The MERCURY extends to them its st wishes for a good time. The "Ineligibles" of the college have or-anized under the management of J. E. Meis-nhelder. They are a bona fide team .and are eady for games. The boys from Baltimore have been moving bout among us lately with a rather woe-begone expression. W., '97, is authority on Hie scores of the League games. [ Z., '98, wants to make hydrochloric solution Kith Hs SO, and is very much disappointed Bheu corrected. L., '00, says that D., '00, is an anarchist, j^cause he is a firer of bombs ("bums"). L., 98, just about to make a declamation in nglish, startles us with the statement ^Beelzebub is making a speech." I We ought to congratulate ourselves on the success of our team in the recent relay races at Philadelphia. We took second place, as every Due knows, and were ahead of Dickinson, our old time rivals. There was rejoicing in the camp of the Pennsylvanians when the result of the races came over the wire:;. We |;asonably hope to be first next year. The Bible Society of College and Seminary et on the evening of the twenty-first, inst. The society is very modest and unassuming, but ffi is nevertheless doing a good work. Every student is a member, let him do his share of work. The following officers were elected : Pres., J. W. Richard, D. D.; V. Pres., E Huber, D. D., P. M. Bikle, D. D., T. C. Bill-heimer, D. D.; Rec. Sec, C. Brown Cox- Treas., I. O. Moser; Cor. Sec, G. Z. Stup. Tuesday evening, April 27th, we had the pleasure of hearing Mary Kolbe again. She was the Mary of some weeks ago. except that |he seemed to us to surpass her work of that time. She is graceful, charming and a genius. may Such perfection of elocution could never be ob-tained by mere training. Shall we say in which of her moods we liked her best? We cannot. She is sweet as the daisy of which she read ; free as the little bird of which she sang. The only regret that we have is that we shall have to feed on the memories of the two entertainments for a year until we see her again. We wish to make mention of the singing of the Glee Club at the Kolbe concert. It was good beyond any possibility of doubt. The harmony was excellent, and the boys sing in perfect tune. This organization of the col-lege, as some others, is not appreciated as it should be. We are very ready to find fault with the music, and very rarely do we give any praise. We have a good musical organi-zation, and we ought to be willing to be pleased by the excellent rendition of their music We offer this as a suggestion to some "growlers." Our first game of base-ball resulted in a vic-tory for us. May it be portentous. During the Easter recess, the boys who had to remain here amused themselves in various ways, boring the vegetables in the gardens nearby, and visiting neighboring hen-roosts. Fun was rampant from all accounts. We have heard very little of the oratorical contest. From present indications it will be a dry affair. Inasmuch as there are only four weeks until Commencement week it is time for the Juniors to be stirring. The prize of thirty dollars is not to be despised. ALUIVINI. R. I,. SMITH and J. H. BEERITS Editors. '39. Rev. W. F. Esyter, D. D., Crete, Neb., preaches as often as his health will per-mit for vacant congregations within the Ne-braska Synod. He read a paper on "Immor-tality," atthe South Platte Conference, said by many to be the finest thing they had ever heard on that subject. '44. A brother of the late Right Rev. R. H. Clarkson, D. D., ED- D., Major T. S. Clark-son, of Omaha, Neb., is Commander-in-Chief of the G. A. R. Major Clarkson is doubtless known to the older residents of Gettysburg. '44. The following is taken from the edi-torial columns of the Baltimore Sun concern- 5i THE COLLEGE MERCURY. ing John T. Morris, Esq.: There will be gen-eral regret that Mr. John T. Morris, for twenty-five years president of the school board, has declined re-election. His long experience in the position from which he retires has given him a familiarity with public school affairs possessed by comparatively few others, and which has proved of practical value to the community in many ways and on many occa-sions. His honorable, independent and non partisan discharge of his duties gained for him the respect and confidence of the public, and forms a record that should inspire the emula-tion and imitation of others connected with our public school system. 46. Rev. W. M. Baum, D. D., pastor of St. Matthew's church, Philadelphia, added 27 members to his congregation at Easter. 47. Rev. Luther E. Albert, D. D., pastor of Trinity church, Philadelphia, held by far the largest Communion in the history of the con-gregation on Easter morning. Forty new members were enrolled. '48. Rev. A. \V. Lilly, D. D., of York, Pa., is slowly gaining strength after a very severe attack of La Grippe. Since Palm Sunday Rev. C. R. Trowbridge, '82, has been doing the work of a pastor helper. The Christian Hndeavor of Rev. Lilly's church enjoy edify-ing services and full attendance. '49. Rev. Elias S. Henry, pastor of St. John's church, Pine Grove, died on Monday, April 26th, after a long illness. Rev. Henry was ordained 44 years ago in the church of which he was pastor when he died. In that time he preached 10,010 sermons, baptized 6371 children and 105 adults, confirmed i68r new members, married 1232 couples and offi-ciated at 2466 funerals. The funeral took place on Friday at Pine Grove. Geo. C. Henry, '76, is a son of the deceased. '53. Rev. Bergstresser, of Rockwood, Pa., is enjoying the blessings of a working congrega-tion, the accessions to membership at Easter being very large. The annual Sunday School Convention of Somerset county will be held in his church about June 10th. '54. Rev. E. Unangst, D. D., is visiting for a season at Oakland, Cal., where he is a faith-ful and regular attendant at and sometimes a participant in the services of our Lutheran congregation there. '56. Rev. H. W. Knhris, D. D., and Les-nord Groh, '61, of Omaha, and President Clutz, D. D., '67, of Midland College, Ate son, Kansas, are delegates to the next General Synod. '57. Rumor has it that Rev. H. L. Baugher, D. D., editor of the Lutheran World, is smit-ten with an affliction^the wheel fever. U wheel is in sight and a speedy relief is hopecl for. '61. Rev. J. H. A. Kitzmiller, Treasurer oil the Pittsburg Synod of the General CouncilI has not been preaching regularly for somtl time on account of ill health, bnt he often sup! plies vacant pulpits in Pittsburg and vicinity! and thus helps on the good work. '61. Rev. M. C. Horine, D. D., of Reading. is as earnest and active in his work as eve and is meeting with deserved success. '61. We are glad to note that Rev. J. P Hentz, who resides at Dayton, O., and Id been in poor health for several years, is noq improving. He is a devoted sou of his Aim Mater. '61. Rev. H. C. Holloway, D. D., of Hail risburg, has an interesting article in the Lm eran Observer of April 16th, on "Death is C01 quered." '62. Rev. D. M. Kemerer, Secretary ofttj Pittsburg Synod, leads a very active life in tu discharge of his pastoral duties at Sherodviltl O., where he has a large territory to serve! He is meeting with the success he merits a well. '62. Rev. M. L. Culler, of Apolla, PaJ spent a few days with his son Robert, '9I From all accounts Rev. Culler, is meeting will unusual success in his present pastorate. '62. Rev. F. Klinefelter, pastor of St. Paul's congregation at Linville, Pa., has changed hi residence *.o the new parsonage, the property | the congregation through the legacies Misses Rebecca and Sarah Acker. '63. Rev. W. H. Steck, of Trinity ehurcl Coatesville, Pa., received 16 new members id his congregation at Easter. '63. Rev. E. J. Wolf, D. D., of Seminal] assisted at the Easter service of the Unt congregation of York, Pa., Rev. A. G. Fai nacht, pastor. '63. Rev. J. L. Smith, D. D., pastor Christ's English Lutheran church, of Pit' burg, added 37 members at Easter to his lai and constantly growing congregation. HH^^^H ^^n^B^^H ^^H|r THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 52 '63. Rev. S. A. Hedges, of Jefferson, Md., jreached the sermon at the re-dedication of the lyersville church on April nth. The church iad been very badly injured by a storm last September, but has been repaired and is naw in good condition. . '65. Dr. T. C. Billheimer, of the Theolog-ical Seminary, delivered an address to a large number of students at Annville, on Friday evening last. The General Synod has few speakers more attractive and fluent than Dr. Bllheimer. '66. Rev. L. Groh, of Omaha, who has been collecting statistics concerning the Swed-ish Mormons, makes the following interesting statement: "Of all Swedes perverted to Mor-aonism, one in four came from the Lutherans, vhile in Sweden 97 of 100 per cent, of the Dopulation are Lutherans. Three in four of le Swedish Mormon perverts have before seen Baptists or Methodists and some of them lave been both." '67. Rev. W. E. Parson, D. D., of Wash-gton, D. C, was one of the speakers at the lird annual dinner of the Lutheran Social jnion of Philadelphia, April 22nd. '68. Preston K. Erdman, Esq., one of the eminent lawyers of Philadelphia, made a oug address, advocating closer church lion, at the third annual dinner of the Luth-an Social Union of Philadelphia, April 22nd. 68. Rev. A Stuart Hartman, D. D., Sec-tary of Home Missions, assisted in adminis-tering the Holy Communion at St. Paul's church, Baltimore, on Easter when unusually large congregations were present at both the morning and evening services. '68. W. C. Stoever. Esq., Secretary of the Luther League of America and President of the Philadelphia Central, has been appointed ne of the associate editors of the Luther League Review which begins its 9th year with the April number. ; '68. Dr. E. S. Breidenbaugh reports a pleas-ant visit, having spent Easter with his daugh-ter Mrs. Zaue, in Philadelphia. '69. Rev. E. T. Horn, D. D., of Charleston, C, who has recently accepted a call to ^Reading, Pa., will give the Baugher lecture on Christian Worship at the Seminary Com-mencement. '70. Rev. J. T. Gladhill's Easter work at Jersey Shore, Pa., was very successful, 24 members having been added to his congrega-tion. '70. Rev. A. G. Fastnacht, pastor of Union Lutheran church, York, Pa., found it neces-sary to secure assistance over Easter. Dr. E. J. Wolf, '63, of the Theological Seminary, ren-dered very acceptable assistance. '71. Rev. W. H. Dunbar, D. D., of Balti-more, addressed the seventh annual meeting of Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Societies of the Maryland Synod, April 22, on the subject, "The Christian's Duty to Mis-sions." '71. Dr. G. D. Stahley spent Easter vaca-tion with his mother at Easton. '71. Rev. D. Z. Fonlk, North Platte, Neb., reports encouraging progress in his church work. Mr. Foulk resigned from the Board of Education of North Platte, to which position he had been elected. He is deservedly popu-lar in. the community. We are glad to learn of his interest in public education. '72. Rev. F. W. E. Peschau, of Greensburg, Pa., was one of those who ministered at the funeral of Rev. Glasow, of Johnstown, Pa. '71. Rev. E. F. Bartholomew, D. D., Pro-fessor in Augustana College of Rock Island, 111., preached to the Lutheran congregation in Morristown, 111., on Palm Sunday morning. In the evening he gave them a lecture on his trip and sojourn in Europe. '72. The new church at Vandegrift, Pa., under the oversight of Rev. J. W. Poffin-berger, of Luchburg, will be dedicated some-time in June. '72. Rev. J. N. near Millard, Neb. Zimmer has a fruit farm S. '72. Rev. A. K. Felton, of the Messiah con-gregation, Baltimore, made 58 accessions at Easter. '73. Rev. J. F. Hartman, pastor of the Sec-ond Lutheran church, Altoona, Pa., has been appointed by the Ministerial Association of that city to discuss during their annual outing at Arch Springs, Blair county, "The Twen-tieth Call." '73. Rev. Wm. S. Freas, D. D., President of West Pennsylvania Synod, preached the funeral sermon and conducted the services at the burial of Rev. W. C. Wire, late of Littles-town. Eleven Lutheran ministers were pres- 53 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. ent at the services held in St. John's church, Littlestown. '73. Rev. J. A. Koser, of Trinity Lutheran church, of Sioux City, Iowa, is meeting with remarkable success, considering the numerous failures which have happened in the city, ow-ing to over-booming several years ago. Many improvements have been made without and within the church building and his congrega-tion is very earnest and active. '73. Rev. T. H. Weaver, Chaplain of the 10th U. S. Cavalry, stationed at Fort Custer, Montana, has been granted indefinite leave of absence and will soon be retired with honor on account of physical disability. He has served twenty-one years in the army, eighteen of them in his present capacity as chaplain. '74. Rev. J. A. Wirt, D. D., Des Moines, la., is making extensive improvements in St. John's church of which he is pastor, and the money was all provided in advance. '74. The church of Rev. W. L. Remsberg, which had been so badly wrecked by a storm last September, was rededicated on April nth. Rev. J. L- Metzger, '82, of Bloserville, Pa., assisted in the services. '74. Prof. John Marshall, Dean of the Medi-cal Faculty, of the University of Pennsylvania, is completing the course of lectures on Medical Chemistry, interrupted by the death of Dr. Wormley. '74. Rev. Chas. M. Stock, of Hanover, was in town last week. '76. Rev. J. C. Jacoby, D. D., gives a very encouraging account of the work of the Board of Church Extension for the Iowa Synod in the Lutheian Observer ol M.a.y 16th. '78. Rev. O. C. Roth, of Grace church, Bal-timore, made 76 accessions at Easter. '78. Hon. George J. Benner, of Gettysburg, will deliver the address to the graduating class of the Hanover High School, at the Commen-cement exercises, on the evening of June 10th. '78. Rev. G. W. McSherry, of Tancytown, attended the funeral of Rev. W. C. Wire, act-ing as one of the honorary pall-bearers. Rev. McSherry will preach the opening sermon in the dedicatory services of the Lutheran church in Taneytown. '78. Rev. A. K. Bell, pastor of St. Luke's church, of York, Pa., received 7 new members at Easter. In the evening the Sunday School conducted a very beautiful special service. '80. Rev. C. W. Heisler, Denver, Col., re-cently dedicated a handsome pipe organ of most excellent quality which had been places in the Trinity church of which he is pastor. '82. Rev. M. H. Valentine, pastor of Mes-siah church, Philadelphia, made 8 accessions to his congregation on Easter morning. In the evening the Sunday School and congrega-tion united in a special service. '82. Rev. H. H. Weber, of York, Pa., preached the sermon at the dedication of the Second Lutheran church, of Sunbury, Pa. '82. Rev. Horace L. Jacobs, the popular pastor of the M. E. church, of Tyrone, Pa., has been returned for another year by the M. E. Conference which met at Clearfield ii March. '82. Prof. Allen J. Smith, of the University of Texas, presented the Biological Department with a Zentmayer microscope recently. The instrument is a fine one and we hope other generous Alumni will follow Prof. Smith's example. '82. Warren W. Weaver, M. D., of Pm¥ delphia, one of our veteran ball players, still manifests great interest in Gettysburg's pres-tige on the diamond and watches closely the records of her victories. '82. Among the many loyal Alumni in Phil-adelphia who called upon our relay runners a: the recent meet was Luther M. Weaver, D. D, S. Dr. Weaver expects to be nunibere: among the visitors at the coming Commence rnent. '83. Rev. Luther M. Kuhus, Omaha, Nt braska, delivered the annual address befon the Y. M. C. A. of Midland College, Atchison Kansas. '83. Milton C. Remsberg is living at Sioui City, Iowa. Mrs. Remsberg is a most accoa plished musician. '83. R. M. Linton, editor of the Sotnen Democrat, attended a meeting of the Dei» cratic State Committe which met in Hurrs burg about twelve days ago. '83. Rev. P. Livingstone, of York, Pi pastor of a rapidly growing congregation working hard to reduce the debt and is snd ceeding notwithstanding the dull times. Tt accessions to his church since New Year nuc ber 35. tl n al THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 54 the i '85. Rev. H, J. Hapeman, Dakota City, Kb., has a pastorate consisting of four hurches and his parish represents almost an □tire county. - '86. The congregation of Rev. J. E. Bittle, IF Turtle Creek, Pa., became self-sustaining on -]\ April 1st. '87. Rev. Amos A. Parr, Spring Grove, is it present undergoing the very painful opera-tion of throat treatment, under Dr. Spahr, of ^Rork, but feels much encouraged. '87. Rev. Herbert C. Allemau, pastor of the College chin'ch, recently spent a week in Phila-elphia ; also a few days with his parents in Lancaster. 8. Rev. S. D. Daugherty's work in Al- 0011a, Pa., is very successful. A fine lot has een purchased and a handsome church will be erected thereon in the near future. '88. Rev. L. S. Black, ofJohnstown, N. Y., here for a short time among his friends and embers of his former charge. Mrs. Black .nd son are also with him, and are visiting at 'resident McKnight's. 1. The new Lutheran church at Taney- :owu served by Rev. D. Frank Garland, will IE dedicated May 9th. It has been pronounced be the finest church in the State outside the y. It will have one of the best pipe organs this section of country, presented by Dr. iamuel Swope, who is now in his ninety-second year. '89. Prof. IraL. Tipton, of Pottstown, spent part of his Easter vacation at his home in Get-tysburg. As a teacher he is meeting with grand success and stands very high in his vocation. '89. Rev. T. B. Thomas, York, ires full and excellent comments on iy School lessons for the Lutheran '90. Dr. W. B. Small is serving upon the surgical staffs at the Hospital of the University of Pa., and the Polytechnic. '90. Rev. N. E. Yeiser, of Narasarowpet, India, is the happy father of two hearty boys, who are beginning to manifest an interest in their father's Alma Mate?. The MERCURY is a 1 monthly visitor in their distant home and keeps all in touch with thino-s rr>1WiQ+«/ Pa., pre-the Sun- World. id ID al! things collegiate. 11 u:I 90. Rev. E. E. Blint, pastor of St. Paul's church Littlestown, Pa., is deservedly popular 1 his congregation and the people of the town. He has been very successful in his first pastorate thus far. '90. Rev. Chas. L. Ritter and his congrega-tion at Burkittsville, will entertain the Middle Conference of the Maryland Synod in session at that place May io-i2th. Pastor Ritter has been successful in many lines of work in this charge but especially in the repairs and im-provements recently made on the church build-ing. '90. "The Evening Record of Allegheny, Pa., devotes a column and a half to a descrip-tion of Grace Lutheran church, on Troy Hill, of that city, giving a full account of its prog-ress and prosperity, its Sunday school and young people's societies along with a brief sketch of a sermon preached by the pastor Rev. S. T. Nicholas. The Sunday school of this young congregation has reached the 400 mark."--77;,? Lutheran Wo?ld. '90. Rev. Henry Anstadt, of York, was with us over Easter, while visiting Rev. Chas Huber, Principal of the Preparatory Depart-ment. '90. Rev. H. C. Bixler, Manchester, York county, will have the pleasure of entertaining the York County Conference, May 24-26. '90. Rev. U. S. Grant Rupp has taken hold of new work in Baltimore and is doing well. The Eastern Conference of the Maryland Synod will meet in his church, the Church of the Reformation, on May 4th. '90. The Bethany Lutheran church of New York City, Rev. J. F. W. Kitzmeyer, pastor, was presented with a beautiful altar cross and two candelabras by the Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society of St. John's church. '91. Rev. Stanley Billheimer is writing the history of Lutherauism in West Washington. He goes back for data even into the last cen-tury. He has under his charge a valuable lot with a chapel and is successful in his work. '91. There is a very interesting "Letter from Africa" from Rev. A. Pohlman in the Luth-eran Observe? of April 16. It contains a very interesting narrative of his trip and various experiences. '91. Rev. Edward J. Wolf, principal of the public schools at Center Hall, Pa., was an Easter visitor at Dr. E. J. Wolf's. '92. Rev. Geo. Beiswanger presided at the evening session of the seventh annual meeting of the Woman's Home and Foreign Missonary 55 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. Societies in Trinity church, Reisterstown. Md., on April 22nd. '93. Rev. G. M. Diffenderfer and wife, of Newport, Pa., are visiting friends in town. '93. Rev. John C. Bowers, of Washington, D. C, was in Gettysburg last week renewing his old acquaintances in College and Seminary. '93. Rev. A. A. Kelly, of Trindle Springs, Pa., was in Gettysburg a few days ago. He made 32 accessions to his congregation at Eas-ter. '93. George C. Baum, 630 North Broad St., is one of the supervising architects constructing the new buildings for the Medico-chirurgical College of Philadelphia. '93. H. E. Gettier now adds M. D. to his name. He was graduated from Maryland University on the thirteenth of April. '93. Rev. G. M. K. Diffenderfer, of New-port, Pa., will exchange pulpits with Rev. A. G. Fastnacht, of York, Pa., on Sunday, May 2nd. '93. Rev. Flavins Hilton, of Martin's Creek, is in town visiting his many friends. From all accounts Rev. Hilton is very popular in his congregation and is meeting with much suc-cess. '94. W. B. Duttera was graduated from Heidleburg Theological Seminary, Tiffin, Ohio, on April 21st. '94. Fred. H. Bloomhardt, of the University ofPenn'a, spent the Easter holidays with his father in Altoona. '94. Wm. F. Lutz, of Bedford, was in town during the past week to see some of his old friends. '95. Moritz G. L. Rietz, of Amsterdam, N. Y., a Senior in the Hartwick Theological Sem-inary, has received and accepted a call to the Lutheran church at Chatham, N. Y. '96. D. E. Rice, Professor in the Harris-burg High School, arrived in Gettysburg last week and spent Easter with his town and col-lege friends. Our Philadelphia Alumni and friends always show great interest in anything pertaining to Gettysburg, and at the recent Track Meet there paid considerable attention to our team. Among these who visited them and encour-aged them in different ways were W. E. Stahler, '80; H. L. Stahler, '82; Fichthorn, I Hoover, '95; 1^ Herr, ex-'97, J '84; Lutz, '94; Erb, '95; don, '96; Ennis, ex-'97; Yeiser, ex-'98. Revs. E. J. Metzler, '73, of St. Paul1 church; S. D. Daugherty, '88, of Grac church, and W. W. Anstadt, '83, of Hoi; daysburg, preached for Rev. A. M. Han« D. D., pastor of the First Lutheran church t Altoona, the week previous to Passion weet All observed Passion and Communion Easter and report encouraging accessions. TOWN /\ND SEWJINARY NOTES. R. W. WOODS, Editor. TOWN. A very nice wedding took place at the hoc of Mr. and Mrs. John M. Minnigh, on Balb more street, on Wednesday, Apr. 7. Tls house was filled with many guests to witne the marriage of their daughter, Miss ( Blanche, to Frank Daugherty, both of tl: town. Rev. Steck, pastor of St. James Lull eran congregation, of which they are memboi performed the ceremony at 1.30. The wd ding march was rendered by Misses Eva Da; ner and Bessie Tipton. The parlors were ver beautifully decorated for the occasion and tl sacred nuptial knot was tied underneath, magnificently festooned arch. They spent the honey-moon at Philadelphia and Atlantic Citj The marriage of Mr. M. M. Musselman: Miss Eves, of Chester, Pa., took place atth home of the bride last Wednesday, Apr. 2: They were very gladly welcomed to this plaa of their future abode by the Gettysburg 1!. and a jolly crowd of lively calithumpiaus, ffi had made special preparation. They will i side in one of J. M. Blocher's houses on Qj lisle street. The entertainment of Prof. Ford in the A-sembly Room of the new High School buildil on Tuesday evening, April 14, was a M success. A large, appreciative audience w present to hear him. The proceeds go tow;' a library fund of the school. The Prohibition County Convention met the Pitzer House on Saturday, April 24th. \ mass meeting was held in the Court House the evening. The Gettysburg Base-Ball team was orja ized April 15. It is composed mostly ofd college men. They have sent off for ni THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 56 aits and will begin hard practice as soon as suits arrive. During the summer they ex-sct to play with teams from neighboring ipwns. The Gettysburg Horse-Back and Bicycle Jub had a very splendid supper at the Eagle Dtel last Tuesday evening, April 20. The proprietor of the Eagle Hotel is putting Cafe in the basement. It will be completed a few weeks. Mrs. Jennie Croll, who has been teaching in Miss Stevens' school. Germantown, spent the Easter vacation at her home on Carlisle street. [ Miss Elsie Croll, of Smith College, Mass., and Miss Ethel Wolf, of Hotchkiss School, Conn., spent their Easter holidays at their homes. Congressman Geo. J. Benner will deliver e address to the graduating class of the Han-over High School on the evening of June 10. Hon. William II. Tipton has been appointed y Governor Hastings one of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition Commissioners from Pennsylvania. I Rev. A. R. Steck preached a sermon to the order of Odd Fellows, of this place last Sunday evening. The members formed at the Lodge and went in a bodv. SEMINARY. Jr. Richard jermany. expects to spend the summer Washington, iev. P. W. Roller supplied Rev. H B. Stock's pulpit last Sunday. Rev. Hafer preached at Ft. \pr. 18. . Rev. Stock was visiting at Emmitsburg last week. Rev. Sebach supplied the pulpit at Ouiucv Apr. 18. * y' English is now quite ill at his home in Har-risburg. Messrs. Fulper and Longanecker held servi-ces at Cold Spring Mission over Easter. Streamer preached at Round Top, Apr. 25. Rev. Lantz has been appointed agent for the olumbia Encyclopedia in College and Semi-iarjr. Rev. Meyer preached in Christ church Apr 25th. v • Among recent visitors to the Seminary were : Revs. Diffenderfer, Kelly, Kistler, and Hilton. Brosius spent Easter holidays with Rev. L. F. Meyers and assisted him on Easter Day. Rev. Kemp has returned home on account of sickness. Fifty young trees have been planted in Sem-inary grove to replace those destroyed by last fall's storm. The varieties are oak, maple and ash. ATHLETICS. H. C ROEHNER. Editor. game This hence some Our base-ball season opened with a with Balto. City College on the 24th. team defeated us last year 4-0, and the game was looked forward to with anxiety, but the anxiety was unfounded, as this game was undoubtedly the easiest that we shall have this year. The game opened with Gettysburg at the bat. One run was scored in this inning for Gettysburg. Balto. City in their half were unable to connect with the curves of Burns, and hence were unable to score. For five innings the game was very close, the score standing 2-1 in favor of Gettys-burg ; but from the fifth inning on, Gettys-burg scored almost at will. Balto. City College was compelled to leave at the ending of the 7th inning in order to catch the train. Good batting by Gettysburg marked the game Following is the tabulated score : GETTYSBURG. A] White. 3b 4 Gladfelter, ss. 4 Tate, c 3 Leisenring. ib 3 London, rf 4 Dale, 2b 3 Roehner. cf. 3 Burns,(cap.)p 4 Woll, If 3 R H TO A E Totals 31 10 10 19 7 BALTO. CITY. AB R H PO A E Doty, rf 300201 Snyder, ss 000122 Seltzer, 3b 300100 Connors. If. 100200 Williams, ib. 301720 Bevans, p 3 1 o 1 3 2 Maden.lcp) 2b 2 o o 3 1 1 Kelly, c 300430 Faithful, cf. 100000 Totals 19 1 Earned runs-Gettysburg 1. Two-base hits—Burns, Leisen- S1& ^il )ainutli, '92, of Topeka, Kansas, intends ting the Chapter at Commencement. PHI DELTA THETA. /e were glad to see the familiar face of lev. L. S. Black in Gettysburg. Rev. Ed. J. Wolf visited Gettysburg re-entlv. He is Priucipal of the Schools in Cen- Hall, Pa. Chester Ziegler spent Easter Sunday with |s parents. St. John McClean has left Gettysburg to en-ter the College of St. James, near Hagerstown, Maryland. Beerits was elected one of the assistant busi-ess managers of the '99 Spectrum. E. C. Henderson was in town last week rep-resenting D. L. Auld the Fraternity jeweler. bile here Brother Henderson was the guest the Chapter. ALPHA TATI OMEGA. Chas. H. Spayd, '99, returned to his home in Harrisburg April 22, on account of sickness. Chas. B. Erb, '97, spent his vacation with William E. Wheeler, '97, at his home in Bal-timore. George A. Kyner, '86, visited the Chapter April 3d. Chas. B. Erb, '97, and Harvey F. Grazier, 98, represented Gettysburg in the relav races held by the U. of Penna., April 24th. John W. Cable, Jr., ex-'97, who is attend-ing Franklin and Marshall, passed through Gettysburg on his way home to spend his Easter vacation. LITEFJARY SOCIETIES. R. E. CLARE, Editor. We notice with regret the poor attendance ;- which is to be seen in the meetings of both so-cieties. This is a great draw-back in the work, f detracting from the interest and beneficial re-sults of the meetings in many ways. It is dif-ficult for us to understand how any one, espe- ■ daily one with the desire for self-improvement which a college student is supposed to possess, can fail to realize the great value and import-ance of literary work. It is true that a man can go through college without identifying himself with the literary movement, but in so doing he robs himself of one of the pleasantest and most profitable departments of college life It is to be hoped that this careless and leth-argic spirit will soon disappear, and that the student body will come to look upon the work, which the literary societies expect of it, not as unimportant and merely optional, but as a pleasant duty and a grand privilege. A question that has, for some time past, been provocative of much serious discussion in the societies, is "What shall be done with the reading-rooms?" We briefly mention a few of the conditions which have given rise to this problem. In the first place, the disorderly conduct of many who frequent the rooms is a source of great annoyance to those who go there to spend a few quiet moments in perus-ing the papers and magazines. Amidst loud talk, laughter, and general confusion it is next to impossible to read with any degree of satis-faction. Moreover, the old law, which would tax all non-society men for the privilege of using the reading-rooms, is not enforced," and consequently they enjoy this privilege at the expense of the societies. At a recent joint meeting of the societies, called for a considera-tion of this question, a committee was ap-pointed to confer with the Faculty, and devise, if possible, some means by which these trou-bles can be removed. This committee acted, and a plan, which met with the approval of the societies, was suggested, and will be sub-mitted to the Board of Trustees for final ap-proval or rejection. PHILO. Since the last number of the MERCURY the following officers have been elected: President, Erb ; V. President, Fite ; Rec. Sec, Stametz ;' Cor. Sec, Grazier; Treas., R. L. Smith- Critic, Miss Sieber ; Asst. Eib., Tawney. On April 23d, Mr. Meyer of Sophomore class was elected member of the Endowment Com-mittee. This committee composed of Messrs. G. F. Abel, C. J. Fite and J. H. Meyer will soon make their selection of books for the Library. Considerable effort is being put forth by them to secure the best and most valuable books that can be had for the money. We can feel sure that their duty will be well done. PHRENA. The following have been elected as officers of Phrena Society : Pres., Meisenhelder. J. E Vice Pres., Woods ; Rec. Sec, Brandt ; Chap-lain, Clare ; Treasurer, Meisenhelder, E. W. • Monitor, Staley, Sr.; Asst. librarian, Gilbert ' Critics, Wolf, Stahl, Roehner and Enders 59 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. J. Singmaster has been elected to member-ship in Phrena. It is gratifying to note the interest which has been manifested by the members in the pro-grams during the last month. Comparatively few have failed to take their parts. Particu-larly has this been the case with the debates which have been of a lively, spirited character. SPALDING'S BASE BALL GUIDE for 1897, which has just been published, is especially interesting to college men, as it contains a complete record of all the games played by the leading colleges during 1896, and portraits of the most prominent college base ball teams of the country. The new playing rules have the alterations and amendments printed in italics, which is a decided improvement, and the Ijj of averages of all the leagues and associatioj are very complete. Besides the college ml I traits, the book contains pictures of all ftl leading teams of the country, embracing alt! gether nearly 500 separate photos. The Giiiol will be sent on receipt of 10 cents to any jl dress in the United States or Canada by ft! American Sports Publishing Co., 241 Broai way, New York. Matthew S. Kemp, Manage. Gettysburg Theological Seminar}. Ministerial supplies. Books of all kinds. Sole Agen::' Dr. Val-ntina's Theoretical Ethics, n:w in print. c 2 GARDEN STREET. CO., INDIANAPOLIS, IND. OUR FINE POSTER CATALOGUE MAILED FOR TWO 2-CENT STAMPS. 0 to P ADVKRTISKMKNTS. Manufacturers and Importers of c a BMIGALS 05, 507, 500 & 5/7 7%i>d derate, Corner of 18th street, ^^9/ew 2/or/c City. nest Bohemian and German Glassware. Royal . lin and Meissen Porcelain, Purest Hammered Platinum, Balances and Weights, Zeiss Micro-scopes, and Bacteriological Apparatus, Chemically Pure Acids, and Assay Goods. Calvin F. Solt, 2nd Floor Spangler Building, dfhe fashionable dfailop. Satisfaction Guaranteed, Prices to Suit the Times. 2fou will find a full line of Pure *Druys 6c J'ine Stationery Sreo/jte'a *Drug Store. Jrescriptiona a 'aste1'chfnaand ueimau and l«rench languages taught and -DokenOil Painting, Specialattention paid co°Elocution and VoiceCulture ^,' ",l;,! r?e wllu Ull'loma for teaching. uul™,e- KM Mi■e?on?r|1u S,^r,'1i>;slc'11, Soolal anfl Ke«g'ous culture. .eauVim'clty^^a/people.111 am0St a"rac"^, retlned, and SBND FOK CATALOGUE AND JOURNAL TO Bev. C. L. KEEDY, A. 1!., M. D., President, Hagemtown, Hd. G. ©. SPANGLEB, Successor to J. W. Eicholtz & Co., DEALER IN AND £>tateimt*f cStfaflonaryj yffialefy. '^icfe^^^rf^j^;^ % 'JfpvWffgriJlRi i^ A temperance house. Pleasant and home-like. Teams and Guides to all points of interest on the battle-field. ^=%SJE;gSQ«YaB£>E giiWMS. No. 127 Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG, PA. JOHN E. PITZER, MEMBER POST g, G. A. R. GETTYSBURG, PA., - - - Main street. 4 m FREE BUS TO AND FROM ALL TRAINS, RATES &SL PER W- 3Q) S©eo,[tjO]§ Walik ftoettt I6tEi©[r ©©p@t» DINNER WITH DRIVE OVER FIEID WITH 4 OR MORE $1,35, J> E> HUGHES; PROPR. ADVERTISEMENTS. £NIS % L 5 AHA COILEGlV ) I. Classical Course for the Degree of A. B. II. Scientific Course for the Degree of B. S. III. Post-Graduate Course for the Degree of Ph. D. IV. Special Course in all Departments. V. Elective Studies in Junior and Senior Years. VI. New Testament Greek and Hebrew in English Bible Departmei Observatory, Laboratories and new Gymnasium. Four large buildings. All buildinj heated with steam from central plant. Libraries, 25,000 volumes. Fine Museum. ExpenJ low. Department of Hygiene and Physical Culture in charge of an experienced physida Accessible by frequent railroad trains. Location, on BATTLEFIELD of Gettysburg; fflj pleasant and healthy. PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT, in separate buildings, for and young men preparing for business or college, under special care of the principal and I assistants, residing with students in the building. For full particulars, apply for catalogue! HARVEY w. MCKNIGHT, D. D., LL. D" PRES'T., ADVERTISEMENTS. L. D. NjlLLER, zp Main St., GETTYSBURG, [Qrooer, (Confectioner and ffiruiierer. Ice Cream and Oysters in season. SAMUEL FABER. ^OTHIER AND GENTS' FURNISHER, J. M, MM% N°-oE?S^nG, PA. 8@~Overcoats and Winter Suits at a Big Sacrifice. Call on . Mark Bream, 1 iiiiiiii iimi iiim, Who always has on hand a full line of fine Groceries. JOHN L. SHErtDS. NEW GIGAR STORE Wexl door to W. M. H HI ypYork Street. ©OTO ♦•HOTEL GETTYSBURg-^- -*fiAfiBBfi SH0P.K-Centre Square. ^ B. M. SEFTON. tap and enfind indcp MMMMMMMMH

Natürliche Ressourcen bilden die Lebensgrundlage vieler ländlicher Haushalte in Entwicklungsländern. Die Auswirkungen unklarer Eigentumsrechte, extremer Armut, nicht funktionierender Märkte und Institutionen trägt dazu bei, dass natürliche Ressourcen, mit samt den Gemeinschaften, die von ihnen abhängen, dem Risiko der Gemeingüter-Tragik ausgesetzt sind. Gemeinschaftliches Management natürlicher Ressourcen (CBNRM) ist ein Ansatz, der es Gemeinschaften ermöglicht, ihre natürlichen Ressourcen nachhaltig zu nutzen, und damit ökonomische Entwicklung und soziale Gleichheit verbessert. CBNRM erfreut sich immer größerer Beliebtheit in Afrika südlich der Sahara, und sowohl Regierungs- als auch Nichtregierungsorganisationen fördern die Vorteile des Programms. Die wenigen empirischen Studien, die sich mit den ökonomischen und ökologischen Auswirkungen CBNRMs beschäftigen, kommen allerdings zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen hinsichtlich positiver oder negativer Programmauswirkungen. Diese Arbeit verfolgt daher einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz. Mit Hilfe einer detaillierten Fallstudie in einem CBNRM Gebiet (das Sikunga Naturschutzgebiet) in der nordöstlichen Sambesi Region Namibias werden drei spezifische Forschungsziele verfolgt. Es geht konkret darum, (1) unterschiedliche Existenzstrategien innerhalb der Gemeinschaft zu identifizieren, die jeweiligen Unterschiede in der Ressourcennutzung zu erkennen, und zu analysieren, wie diese Unterschiede die ökonomische Gleichheit in der Gemeinschaft bedingen, (2) die ökonomischen Verbindungen zwischen den verschiedenen ökologischen und nicht-ökologischen Aktivitäten innerhalb der CBNRM-Wirtschaft zu untersuchen; und (3) zu analysieren, wie individuelle und ökologische Faktoren Kooperation zum Schutz der natürlichen Ressourcen schwächen. Die ersten beiden Zielstellungen wurden anhand einer Befragung von 200 Haushalten aus dem Sikunga Naturschutzgebiet untersucht, die im September und Oktober 2012 durchgeführt wurde. Der Datensatz umfasst detaillierte Informationen über Einkommensquellen, Zeitallokation, Konsum und Ausgaben, Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen, Viehwirtschaft und Pflanzenproduktion. Außerdem wurden Informationen zu sozio-demographischen Haushaltseigenschaften und Sozialkapital gesammelt. Für die Analyse des Datensatzes wurden zwei aufeinander aufbauende empirische Strategien genutzt. Entsprechend der ersten Zielstellung, wurde eine zweistufige Clusteranalyse durchgeführt, die die Haushalte anhand ihrer jeweiligen Existenzstrategie in unikale Gruppen (Cluster) kategorisiert. Diese Haushaltscluster wurden dann benutzt, um eine ökologisch-erweiterte Social Accounting Matrix (ESAM) zu entwickeln. Diese ESAM diente als Grundlage zur Durchführung unbeschränkter und beschränkter Multiplikatoranalysen, um, entsprechend der zweiten Zielstellung, die Verbindungen zwischen ökologischen und nicht-ökologischen Aktivitäten innerhalb der Gemeinschaft zu identifizieren. Zur Bearbeitung der dritten Zielstellung wurde eine Serie von Lab-in-the-Field-Experimenten zur Eruierung des Kollektivgut-Verhaltens der Gemeinschaftsmitglieder im Sikunga Naturschutzgebiet im September und Oktober 2014 durchgeführt, wobei die Haushalte nur teilweise mit denen aus der vorangegangen Welle übereinstimmen. Die experimentellen Daten sind in Paneldatenform und erlauben daher die Anwendung von Generalized Least Squares Random Effects und Poisson Random Effects Modellen. Methodisch trägt diese Arbeit zum gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand in der Verhaltensökonomie in der Literatur zu öffentlichen Gütern auf verschiedene Weise bei. Erstens beinhaltet das Kollektivgut-Experiment tatsächliche Anstrengungen seitens der Teilnehmer, welche sowohl im Feld als auch im Labor durchgeführt werden können. Während tatsächliche Anstrengungen im Labor im Laufe der Zeit zum Standard geworden sind, steht die Umsetzung im Feld vor allerlei Herausforderungen. Zum Beispiel hängen diese Aufgaben von Fähigkeiten zu rechnen und zu lesen, oder von einfachen physischen Eigenschaften wie der Sehstärke, ab. Besonders in ländlichen Gebieten Afrikas südlich der Sahara sind diese Fähigkeiten unter dem Niveau der westlichen Welt. In dieser Arbeit wird eine tatsächliche Anstrengung so modelliert, dass diese Fallstricke überwunden werden können. Zweitens, ist dies die erste empirische Studie, die konsistent die Auswirkungen von Risiko in einem Kollektivgutexperiment untersucht, indem Risiko simultan auf das private und das öffentliche Gut angewandt wird. Durch den Vergleich des Teilnehmerverhaltens in einem risiko-neutralen und in einem risiko-behafteten Kontext in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Experimenten, ist es möglich, den Effekt von Risikoaversion und Wahrscheinlichkeitsgewichtung zu kontrollieren und letztlich den Einfluss von Risiko auf Kooperationsverhalten zu identifizieren. Auf diese Weise trägt diese Arbeit eine neue Dimension zum, von Ostrom entwickelten, Teufelskreis der Kooperation bei. Drittens ermöglicht das Experiment die Quantifizierung des Risikoeffekts auf das Anstrengungslevel in einer kontrollierten Umgebung. Während viele Studien quasi-experimentelle Methoden anwendeten, erfolgt in dieser Arbeit die Quantifizierung des Risikoeffekts zum ersten Mal in einer kontrollierten Umgebung. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit liefern neue Erkenntnisse in der Verhaltensökonomie zu Kollektivgütern und können zu einer Verbesserung der Programmgestaltung von CBNRMs beitragen. Erstens ist die Wirtschaftsstruktur in der Studienregion zugunsten der wohlhabenderen Haushalte ausgerichtet und zu denen, die näher an den Hauptinfrastrukturen leben, wie Straßen und Elektrizität. Mit Hilfe des Programms konnten Eigentumsrechte auf die Gemeinschaft übertragen werden, aber ohne Entwicklungsstrategien, die speziell die verletzlichen Haushalte in der Gemeinschaft unterstützen, konnte die Elite durch kommerziellen Abbau und Handel größere Renditen aus den natürlichen Ressourcen ziehen. Ärmere Haushalte sind dagegen weiterhin auf die natürlichen Ressourcen zur Deckung ihres Eigenbedarfs angewiesen. Zweitens, unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen Grenzen des Naturschutzgebietes, gibt es nur wenig ökonomische Integration zwischen den ökologischen und nicht-ökologischen Aktivitäten innerhalb der Dorfgemeinschaft. Im Gegensatz dazu, gibt es starke Verbindungen zwischen verschiedenen ökonomischen Aktivitäten mit erhöhter Nachfrage für eine bestimmte Ressource. Dies führt zu erhöhter Nachfrage für die meisten anderen Rohstoffe, anstatt zur Stimulation anderer Sektoren außerhalb des Rohstoffabbaus in der Dorfgemeinschaft. Daher dürfte es für die Gemeinschaft schwer sein, ihr Einkommen aus dem CBNRM-Programm zur Diversifizierung ihrer wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten zu nutzen und langfristig aus der Ressourcennutzung herauszukommen. Drittens identifiziert diese Arbeit potentielle verhaltensökonomische Faktoren, die die positiven Auswirkungen des CBNRMs beschränken könnten. Die Ergebnisse des Lab-in-the-Field-Experiments zeigen, dass Risiko Aufwands- und Kooperationsbereitschaft negativ beeinflusst. In einem risiko-neutralen Kontext waren Haushalte eher bereit, in öffentliche Güter zu investieren als in einem risiko-behafteten Kontext. Weiterhin wurde belegt, dass gemeinsame Strategien zur Verbesserung der Kooperation und Kommunikation in Gegenwart von Risiko nicht effektiv sind. Dies hebt eine potentielle Schwachstelle des CBNRM Programmdesigns hervor, wobei die Risiken des gemeinschaftlichen Vermögens und Unternehmen weder abgemildert noch versichert sind. Diese nicht versicherten Risiken könnten für Haushalte Anreiz sein, sich von der Gemeinschaft abzusetzen und in ihr eigenes Unternehmen zu investieren, zum Beispiel in die Umwandlung von gemeinschaftseigenen Lebensraum für Wildtiere in privates landwirtschaftliches Eigentum. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Fallstudie, dass das CBNRM Programm wahrscheinlich nur begrenzt Vorteile für die Forschungsregion haben wird. In Hinsicht auf die Literatur deuten die Ergebnisse an, warum die ökonomischen Effekte von CBNRM bisher nicht eindeutig sind. Es wird empfohlen, verschiedene Methoden und empirische Strategien, die sowohl individuelle Haushalte als auch ihre Überlebensstrategien ins Zentrum stellen, in der Analyse zu berücksichtigen. Letztlich suggerieren die Ergebnisse des Experiments, dass die Gegenwart ungemilderter Risiken eine Bedrohung für Gemeinschaftsprojekte, die auf Kooperation bauen, darstellt. Akteure aus der Entwicklungspraxis könnten daher in Betracht ziehen, wie Gemeinschaften gegenüber Risiken, wie Niederschlagsveränderungen oder Konflikte zwischen Wildtieren und Menschen, versichert werden können. ; In remote areas of developing countries, the livelihoods of many rural households are highly dependent on natural resources. However, the impact of poorly defined property rights, extreme levels of poverty, dysfunctional markets and government institutions place the natural resources, and the communities that depend on them, at risk of becoming another tale of the "tragedy of the commons". Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) was promoted as an approach that would enable communities to sustainably manage their natural resources which would also enhance economic development and economic and social equality. CBRNM has become increasingly popular in sub-Saharan Africa, and governments and NGOs alike continue to promote the perceived benefits of CBNRM programmes. The few extant empirical studies, however, that investigate economic and environmental impacts of CBNRM derive inconsistent conclusions whether CBNRM impacts are positive or negative. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the role of social, natural, physical, human and financial capital in influencing the impact of CBNRMs. This thesis therefore takes a holistic approach by means of a detailed case study on a single CBNRM area (the Sikunga Conservancy) in the north-eastern Zambezi region of Namibia, this thesis focuses on three specific research objectives: (1) to identify the different livelihood strategies within the community, to investigate the extent to which different strategies utilize natural resources, and to analyse how this improves economic equality within the community; (2) to examine the economic linkages between the different environmental and non-environmental activities within the CBNRM-economy; and (3) to investigate how individual and environmental factors may degrade cooperation to protect natural resources. The first two objectives are met using household survey data from 200 households in the Sikunga Conservancy collected in September and October 2012. The data set contains detailed information on income sources, time-use, consumption and expenditure data, harvesting of natural resources, livestock and crop management. Information on each household's socio-demographics and social capital was also collected. The survey data is utilized in two different empirical strategies that build upon each other. To meet the first research objective, a two-step cluster analysis is conducted, identifying the unique groups of households within the study area which adopt similar livelihood strategies. The household clusters were 9 then used to develop an environmentally extended village social accounting matrix (ESAM). According to the second objective, the ESAM serves as a basis to conduct a series of unconstrained and constrained multiplier analyses to identify the linkages between environmental and non-environment based activities, and the different household groups and other institutions within the community. The third objective is addressed via a series of artefactual lab-in-the-field experiments to elicit community members' behaviour towards public goods that were conducted in the same community, with a partial overlap between households, in September and October 2014. The lab-in-the-field experiment data follows the form of panel data. As such, a series of Generalized Least Squares Random Effects and Poisson Random Effects models are applied. Methodologically, the thesis makes several contributions to the current research of behavioural economics in public good literature. First, it provides a real-effort based public good game which can be implemented in the field as well as in laboratories. Whilst laboratory real-effort tasks are common place and have been relatively standardized over time, the conduct in the field has several challenges. For example, these tasks are heavily biased towards basic levels of numeracy, literacy or even simple physical characteristics such as level of sight. Especially in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa where numeracy and literacy levels may be well below the western world, and simple things such as sight or hearing deprivation remain untreated. This thesis details a real-effort task which overcomes these constraints by utilising a simple physical sorting task. Second, it is the first empirical study of its kind to consistently examine the impact of risk in a public good game; by simultaneously applying risk to the private and public goods. By comparing participants' behaviours in a risk neutral and risky setting in two sequential public good games the experiment is able to limit the impact of risk aversion and probability weighting and finally, identify the impacts of risk on cooperative behaviour. In this way, it adds a new dimension to the virtuous circle of cooperation developed by Ostrom. Furthermore, by utilising a real-effort based experiment, it also quantifies the impact of risk on exertion levels in a controlled environment. Whilst many studies have used quasi-experimental methods and econometrics to quantify the impact of risk on effort levels, this is the first time that it has been quantified in a controlled environment. Empirically, the results obtained in this thesis contribute to existing knowledge and help improve CBNRM programme designs. Firstly, in the study area, the structure of the economy is heavily biased towards the wealthier households, and those located near the main infrastructure such as roads and electricity. CBNRM has transferred property rights for natural resources to the community, but without development policies that specifically target vulnerable households within the community the elite and wealthy households have been able to extract greater rents from the natural resources via more commercial harvesting and trading. Poorer households largely continue to rely on natural resources for subsistence. Secondly, when the biological limits of the conservancy are taken into consideration, there is little economic integration between the environmental and non-environmental activities within the village economy. Conversely, there are strong interlinkages within different environmental activities, with increased demand for natural resources, leading to increased demand for most other environmental resources, rather than stimulating other off-farm sectors within the village economy. Therefore, communities may struggle to use income derived from CBNRM to diversify their economy and shift away from natural resource consumption. Thirdly, as well as highlighting the importance of the local underlying economic structures when designing CBNRM programmes, this study also identifies potential behavioural factors which may limit the positive impact of CBNRM. The results of the lab-in-the-field experiment show that risk negatively impacts on effort and cooperation levels. Faced with pay-off equivalent situations, households were more likely to invest in public goods in risk neutral contexts than in risky contexts. Furthermore, common strategies to enhance cooperation such as communication and observation proved to be ineffective in the presence of risk. This highlights a potential flaw in the design of many CBNRM programmes where the risk to community owned assets and enterprises are unmitigated and uninsured. The uninsured risks in community assets may create the incentive for households to reduce their contributions to public goods and invest in their own private assets and enterprises, to the detriment of community-owned ones such as the conversion of community-owned wildlife grazing lands to private land for agriculture. Overall the results of the case study show that the CBNRM programme in the study area is likely to have limited benefits. With respect to the literature they may help to explain why the literature to date onthe economic impacts of CBNRM has been inconclusive. It is recommended to consider multiple methods and empirical strategies that consider individual households and livelihood strategies at the centre of analysis. Finally, the experiment results suggest that the presence of unmitigated risk poses a threat to community projects that are dependent on cooperation. Development practitioners may need to consider ways of insuring community projects against risks such as weather and wild-life conflicts.

Introduction -- Chapter 1 - The BRI in Historical Perspective: PRC Economic Statecraft Since 1949 -- Chapter 2 - China, the BRI, and the New Vocabulary of Global Governance -- Chapter 3 - The Globalizing Discourse of the Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 4 - The BRI in Xi's China "Grand Strategy": an instrument to restore Chinese centrality in a New Era -- Chapter 5 - People-to-People Exchanges: A Cluster of Narratives to Advance Purposeful Constructivism -- Chapter 6 - The Belt and Road Initiative in Global Governance: Impact on the International World Order -- Chapter 7 - Glocalization of Belt and Road Initiatives: The Importance of Local Agency -- Chapter 8 - The Chinese Agenda on the World Economic Forum. Assessing Political Evidence Between Rhetoric and Practice -- Chapter 9 - COVID-19 Pandemic, China and Global Power Shifts: Understanding the Interplay and Implications -- Chapter 10 - Enacting inclusive globalization in a VUCA context whilst emerging from Covid-19 -- Chapter 11 - China's Ambition in Promoting Green Finance for Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 12 - Liability of emergingness of emerging market banks internationalizing to advanced economies -- Chapter 13 - Chinese health strategy: a tool towards global governance -- Chapter 14 - Digital China: Governance, Power Politics and the Social Game -- Chapter 15 - The New Face of Multilateralism: The Case of "Chinese" Forums -- Chapter 16 - Secular Stagnation and World Leadership: China´s rising path -- Chapter 17 - Visuality and Infrastructure: the case of the Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 18 - The Belt and Road Initiative: can it signalize a new pendulum movement? -- Chapter 19 - The EU-China Geo-Economic Equilibrium in a World of Uncertainty -- Chapter 20 - A shifting current: Europe's changing approaches vis-à-vis China, the Belt and Road Initiative and the COVID-19 pandemic -- Chapter 21 - China in Central and Eastern Europe: New opportunities for small states -- Chapter 22 - China and the European Union - Inside the economic dynamics of a challenging relationship -- Chapter 23 - A review of China's contribution to the sustainable development of the European tourism industry: A case study of economic effects and sustainability issues in Albania -- Chapter 24 - A greater Eurasian Partnership? Xi and Putin's Road to integrate and lead -- Chapter 25 - Health, Road, and Russia: Perspectives on Russian Involvement with China' s Health Silk Road -- Chapter 26 - India's Challenge to the BRI: Shaping the Global Normative Consensus -- Chapter 27 - China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): India's Conundrum and Policy Options -- Chapter 28 - China in Latin America: to BRI or not to BRI -- Chapter 29 - Why America Opposes the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) -- Chapter 30 - The Belt and Road Initiative's Security Challenges: The Chinese Globalization Project and Sino-American Rivalry -- Chapter 31 - Sino-Iranian cooperation in Artificial Intelligence: a potential countering against the US hegemony -- Chapter 32 - China and the wave of Globalization focusing on the Middle East -- Chapter 33 - China-Iran's 25-Years deal: The Implication for the Belt and Road Initiative and Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) -- Chapter 34 - China's New Maritime Silk Road Cooperation: Why Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines are Clings in Disagreement? -- Chapter 35 - The Belt and Road Initiative and the Uneven Triangle of Latvia, Belarus, and China -- Chapter 36 - The Impact of Belt and Road Initiative on Asian Economies along the Route -- Chapter 37 - The Belt and Road in the Kyrgyz Republic: Mapping economic risks and risk perceptions -- Chapter 38 - Belt and Road Initiative's economic impact on Central Asia. The cases of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan -- Chapter 39 - How Does BRI Affect the Degree of Globalisation in Southeast Asia? -- Chapter 40 - Vietnam's Attitude Toward China's Belt and Road Initiative Amid Globalization -- Chapter 41 - The South Atlantic in China's Global Policy: Why It Matters? -- Chapter 42 - Belt and Road Initiative: Impact and Implications for Africa-China Relations -- Chapter 43 - The unequal modalities of China's intervention in Africa -- Chapter 444 - Africa's thirst for infrastructure: Contemporary phenomenon that makes China the trading partner -- Chapter 45 - Why is China Going Polar? Understanding Engagement and Implications for the Arctic and Antarctica.

Introduction -- Chapter 1 - The BRI in Historical Perspective: PRC Economic Statecraft Since 1949 -- Chapter 2 - China, the BRI, and the New Vocabulary of Global Governance -- Chapter 3 - The Globalizing Discourse of the Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 4 - The BRI in Xi's China "Grand Strategy": an instrument to restore Chinese centrality in a New Era -- Chapter 5 - People-to-People Exchanges: A Cluster of Narratives to Advance Purposeful Constructivism -- Chapter 6 - The Belt and Road Initiative in Global Governance: Impact on the International World Order -- Chapter 7 - Glocalization of Belt and Road Initiatives: The Importance of Local Agency -- Chapter 8 - The Chinese Agenda on the World Economic Forum. Assessing Political Evidence Between Rhetoric and Practice -- Chapter 9 - COVID-19 Pandemic, China and Global Power Shifts: Understanding the Interplay and Implications -- Chapter 10 - Enacting inclusive globalization in a VUCA context whilst emerging from Covid-19 -- Chapter 11 - China's Ambition in Promoting Green Finance for Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 12 - Liability of emergingness of emerging market banks internationalizing to advanced economies -- Chapter 13 - Chinese health strategy: a tool towards global governance -- Chapter 14 - Digital China: Governance, Power Politics and the Social Game -- Chapter 15 - The New Face of Multilateralism: The Case of "Chinese" Forums -- Chapter 16 - Secular Stagnation and World Leadership: China´s rising path -- Chapter 17 - Visuality and Infrastructure: the case of the Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 18 - The Belt and Road Initiative: can it signalize a new pendulum movement? -- Chapter 19 – The EU-China Geo-Economic Equilibrium in a World of Uncertainty -- Chapter 20 - A shifting current: Europe's changing approaches vis-à-vis China, the Belt and Road Initiative and the COVID-19 pandemic -- Chapter 21 - China in Central and Eastern Europe: New opportunities for small states -- Chapter 22 – China and the European Union – Inside the economic dynamics of a challenging relationship -- Chapter 23 – A review of China's contribution to the sustainable development of the European tourism industry: A case study of economic effects and sustainability issues in Albania -- Chapter 24 – A greater Eurasian Partnership? Xi and Putin's Road to integrate and lead -- Chapter 25 - Health, Road, and Russia: Perspectives on Russian Involvement with China' s Health Silk Road -- Chapter 26 – India's Challenge to the BRI: Shaping the Global Normative Consensus -- Chapter 27 – China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): India's Conundrum and Policy Options -- Chapter 28 - China in Latin America: to BRI or not to BRI -- Chapter 29 - Why America Opposes the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) -- Chapter 30 - The Belt and Road Initiative's Security Challenges: The Chinese Globalization Project and Sino-American Rivalry -- Chapter 31 - Sino-Iranian cooperation in Artificial Intelligence: a potential countering against the US hegemony -- Chapter 32 - China and the wave of Globalization focusing on the Middle East -- Chapter 33 - China-Iran's 25-Years deal: The Implication for the Belt and Road Initiative and Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) -- Chapter 34 - China's New Maritime Silk Road Cooperation: Why Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines are Clings in Disagreement? -- Chapter 35 - The Belt and Road Initiative and the Uneven Triangle of Latvia, Belarus, and China -- Chapter 36 - The Impact of Belt and Road Initiative on Asian Economies along the Route -- Chapter 37 - The Belt and Road in the Kyrgyz Republic: Mapping economic risks and risk perceptions -- Chapter 38 - Belt and Road Initiative's economic impact on Central Asia. The cases of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan -- Chapter 39 – How Does BRI Affect the Degree of Globalisation in Southeast Asia? -- Chapter 40 – Vietnam's Attitude Toward China's Belt and Road Initiative Amid Globalization -- Chapter 41 – The South Atlantic in China's Global Policy: Why It Matters? -- Chapter 42 – Belt and Road Initiative: Impact and Implications for Africa-China Relations -- Chapter 43 – The unequal modalities of China's intervention in Africa -- Chapter 444 – Africa's thirst for infrastructure: Contemporary phenomenon that makes China the trading partner -- Chapter 45 – Why is China Going Polar? Understanding Engagement and Implications for the Arctic and Antarctica.

What is popular culture? / Shirley A. Fedorak -- Tourism and popular culture : socio-cultural considerations / Rodanthi Tzanelli -- Synontological spaces / Rhona Trauvitch -- Apocalypto and the end of days : basking in the Maya's shadow / O. Hugo Benavides -- The commodification of narco-violence through popular culture and tourism in Medellin, Colombia / Patrick Naef -- Popular culture tourism : films and tourist demand / Yuri Kork -- Film tourism in the golden age of television / Stefan Roesch -- Imagining the medieval in the modern world : film, fantasy and heritage / Jennifer Laing and Warwick Frost -- Tuning in : setting the scene for music tourism / S.L. Bolderman and S.L. Reijnders -- Fado as a popular culture expression in the context of a tourist city / Cláudia Henriques, Manuela Guerreiro, Júlio Mendes and Célia Ramos -- Transactional bodies : dance, tourism, and idea(l)s of Cubanness / Ruxandra Ana -- The voyeur at leisure : Flanery in a miniature city : the urban phenomena of Madurodam / Maranke Wieringa -- Technology adoption and popular culture sport tourism / Azizul Hassan -- Hunters, climbers, rlaneurs : how video games create and design tourism / Nicolle Lamerichs -- The peculiar attraction of royalty for tourism and the popular culture construction of "royal tourism" / Nicola Palmer and Philip Long -- Sun, surf, sex, and the everyday : subverting the tourist gaze with Gold Coast narrative fiction / Kelly Palmer -- Fandom and its afterlife : celebrity cemetery tourism / Linda Levitt -- Passing through : popular media tourism, pilgrimage and narratives of being a fan / Lincoln Geraghty -- A Thai star's appeal to Chinese fans and its impact on Thailand popular culture tourism / L. Yong and C. Phongpanichanan -- On the road again : revisiting pop music concert tourism / Carla Schriever -- Music fans as tourists : the mysterious ways of individual and social dimensions / Maria Lexhagen -- "There were only friendly people and love in the air" : fans, tourism and the Eurovision Song Contest / Henrik Linden and Sara Linden -- The (promotional) value of public-spiritedness : Irish football fans at Euro 2016 / Neil O'Boyle-- #LiteraryMe : the legacy of the Bloomsbury Group on London's literary village / Melanie Ramdarshan Bold -- "I went to India to find myself" : tracing world cinema's neoliberal Orientalisms / Rukmini Pande -- The force meets the Kittiwake : shooting Star Wars on Skellig / Michael Ruth Barton -- The narrative capital of the place : how the millennium narratives generate place-related values and attract tourists to Sweden / Joakim Lind and Bengt K. Uggla -- A "touristed landscape" : speculations about "consuming history", using a case study of an Australian folk hero / Michael Fagence -- Spain as the scenery of mass tourism phenomena : between elite tourism and popular culture tourism : the image of the Country through Cinema and Photography / Maria-Josep Mulet Gutiérrez, Joan Carles Oliver Torelló and María Sebastián Sebastián -- Playing at home : popular culture tourism and place-making in Japan / Paul Mason and Gregory L. Rohe -- Travelling to icons or icons on travel : displacement and representation of places in movies / Burcu Kaya and Medet Yolal -- The Indianization of Switzerland : destination transformations in the wake of Bollywood films / Szilvia Gyimóthy -- Film tourism stakeholders and impacts / W. Glen Croy, Marieke Kersten, Audrey Mélinon, and David Bowen -- Film tourism collaborations : a critical analysis of INTERREG destination development projects / Lena Eskilsson and Maria Månsson -- Growing competition for screen tourists activates new destination marketing tactics / Valeriya Radomskaya -- (G)A(i)ming at the throne : social media and the use of visitor-generated content in destination marketing / Tina Segota -- The Influence of culinary movies as a popular culture tourism phenomenon in shoot destinations / Sara Forgas-Serra, Joaquim Majó Fernández and Lluís Mundet i Cerdan -- Visitor experiences of popular culture museums in islands : a management and policy approach / Nikolaos Boukas and Myria Ioannou -- Lifestyle tourism : combining place attachment and involvement in a destination management approach / Michael J. Gross -- Destination development in the wake of popular culture tourism : proposing a comprehensive analytic framework / Kristina N. Lindström

Justice and home affairs research : introducing the state of the art and avenues for further research / Florian Trauner and Ariadna Ripoll Servent -- The governance of internal security : beyond functionalism and the finality of integration? / Raphael Bossong and Hendrik Hegemann -- Securitization : turning an approach into a framework for research on EU justice and home affairs / Christian Kaunert and Ikrom Yakubov -- Public policy approaches and the study of European Union justice and home affairs / Mark Rhinard -- Asylum and refugee protection : EU policies in crisis / Petra Bendel and Ariadna Ripoll Servent -- The irregular immigration policy conundrum : problematizing "effectiveness" as a frame for EU criminalization and expulsion policies / Sergio Carrera and Jennifer Allsopp -- Informalizing EU readmission policy / Jean-Pierre Cassarino -- Border management : the Schengen regime in times of turmoil / Ruben Zaiotti -- EU visa policy : decision-making dynamics and effects on migratory processes / Mathias Czaika and Florian Trauner -- EU labor immigration policy : from silence to salience / Georg Menz -- Organized crime : balancing national sensitivities with global necessities / Daniela Irrera -- Cyber crime as a fragmented policy field in the context of the area of freedom, security and justice / Helena Carrapico and Benjamin Farrand -- EU counter-terrorism : glass half-full or half-empty / Oldrich Bures -- Data protection policies in EU justice and home affairs : a multilayered and yet unexplored territory for legal research / Paul de Hert and Vagelis Papakonstantinou -- EU home affairs and technology : how to make sense of information and data processing / Julien Jeandesboz -- EU criminal law : an expanding field for research, with some unchartered territories / Anne Weyembergh and Chloe Briaere -- Judicial cooperation in civil matters : coming of age? / Eva Storskrubb and Anna Wallerman -- Family reunification and migrant integration policies in the EU : dynamics of inclusion and exclusion / Saskia Bonjour -- Europe's core member states : intended and unintended consequences of strong policy-shaping traditions / Andreas Ette -- Southern Europe : twenty-five years of immigration control on the waterfront / Claudia Finotelli -- Differentiated integration and the Brexit-process in EU justice and home affairs / Steve Peers -- Central and Eastern Europe : the EU's struggle for rule of law pre- and post-accession / Ramona Coman -- The western Balkans : decreasing EU external leverage meets increasing domestic reform needs / Florian Trauner and Zoran Nechev -- Justice and home affairs in EU-Turkey relations : mutual interests but much distrust / Alexander Burgin -- The Eastern Partnership countries and Russia : a migration-driven cooperation agenda with the European Union / Oleg Korneev and Peter Van Elsuwege -- The southern Mediterranean : a testing ground and a litmus test for EU JHA policies and research / Sarah Wolff and Patryk Pawlak -- Africa-EU relations on organized crime : between securitization and fragmentation / Judith Vorrath and Verena Zoppei -- The evolution of transatlantic legal integration : truly, madly, deeply? : EU-US justice and home affairs / Elaine Fahey -- EU cooperation in justice and home affairs with Australia and Canada : new ties that bind? / Agnieszka Weinar -- The EU and Latin America : a real security and development nexus or a superficial one? / Arantza Gomez Arana -- The EU-ASEAN relationship : cooperation on non-traditional security threats between discourse and practice / Angela Pennisi di Floristella -- The European Parliament in justice and home affairs : becoming more realistic at the expense of human rights? / Ariadna Ripoll Servent -- The European Court of Justice as a game changer : fiduciary obligations in the area of freedom, security and justice / Ester Herlin-Karnell -- The European Commission in justice and home affairs : pushing hard to be a motor of integration / Natascha Zaun -- The Council and European Council in EU justice and home affairs politics / Christof Roos -- The role of national parliaments in the area of freedom, security and justice : high normative expectations, low empirical results / Angela Tacea -- The EU's agencies : ever more important for the governance of the area of freedom, security and justice / Juan Santos Vara -- NGOs go to Brussels : challenges and opportunities for research and practice in AFSJ / Emek M. Ucarer -- International organizations and the area of freedom, security and justice / Claudio Matera.

Introduction / Maryanne L. Fisher -- Theory and overview -- Competition throughout women's lives / Bobbi Low -- Sexual competition among women : a review of the theory and supporting evidence / Steven Arnocky & Tracy Vaillancourt -- Female intrasexual competition in primates : why human's aren't as progressive as we think / Nicole Scott -- Social status and aggression -- Feminist and evolutionary perspectives of female-female competition, status seeking, and social network formation / Laurette T. Liesen -- Adolescent peer aggression and female reproductive competition / Andrew C. Gallup -- Cooperation drives competition among Tsimane women in the Bolivian Amazon / Stacey L. Rucas -- Competition between female friends / Chenthila Nagamuthu & Elizabeth Page-Gould -- The element of surprise: women of the dark triad / P. Lynne Honey -- Communication and gossip -- Competitive communication among women : the pretty prevail by means of indirect aggression / Grace Anderson -- Gossip and competition among women : how "the gossip" became a woman and how "gossip" became her weapon of choice / Francis T. McAndrew -- Women's talk? : exploring the relationship between gossip, sex, mate competition, and mate poaching / Katelin Sutton & Megan J. Oaten -- Informational warfare : coalitional gossiping as a strategy for within-group aggression / Nicole H. Hess -- Mate availability and mating relationships -- Do women compete for mates when men are scarce? : sex ratio imbalances and women's mate competition cross-culturally / Emily Stone -- Operational sex ratio and female competition : scarcity breeds intensity / Haley M. Dillon, Lora E. Adair, & Gary L. Brase -- The influence of women's mate value on intrasexual competition / Maryanne L. Fisher & Ana María Fernández -- Single and partnered women : competing to obtain and retain high quality men / Gayle Brewer -- I'll have who she's having : mate copying, mate poaching and mate retention / Lora E. Adair, Haley M. Dillon, & Gary L. Brase -- Intrasexual mate competition and breakups : who really wins? / Craig Morris, Melanie L. Beaussart, Chris Reiber, & Linda S. Krajewski -- Endocrinology and psychobiological considerations -- Psychobiological responses to competition in women / Raquel Costa, Miguel A. Serrano, & Alicia Salvador -- The endocrinology of female competition / Kelly Cobey, & Amanda Hahn -- The effect of fertility on women's intrasexual competition / Lambrianos Nikiforidis, Ashley Rae Arsena, & Kristina M. Durante -- Health and aging -- Social aggression, sleep and wellbeing among Sidama women of rural southwestern Ethiopia / Alissa A. Miller & Stacey L. Rucas -- Is female competition at the heart of reproductive suppression and eating disorders? / Catherine Salmon -- Moderation of female-female competition for matings by competitors' age and parity / Melanie MacEacheron & Lorne Campbell -- Motherhood and family -- Competitive motherhood from a comparative perspective / Katherine A. Valentine, Norman P. Li, & Jose C. Yong -- Cooperative and competitive mothering : from bonding to rivalry in the service of childrearing / Rosemarie I. Sokol-Chang, Rebecca L. Burch & Maryanne L. Fisher -- Conflicting tastes : conflict between female family members in choice of romantic partners / Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair & Robert Biegler -- Darwinian perspectives on women's progenicide / Alita J. Cousins & Theresa Porter -- Physical appearance -- The causes and consequences of women's competitive beautification / Danielle J. DelPriore, Marjorie L. Prokosch, & Sarah E. Hill -- Ravishing rivals : female intrasexual competition and cosmetic surgery / Shelli L. Dubbs, Ashleigh J. Kelly, & Fiona Kate Barlow -- Intrasexual competition among beauty pageant contestants / Rebecca Shaiber, Laura Johnsen & Glenn Geher -- Fashion as a set of signals in female intrasexual competition / Laura Johnsen & Glenn Geher -- Competition in virtual contexts -- Female virtual intrasexual competition and its consequences / Jose C. Yong, Norman P. Li, Katherine A. Valentine, & April R. Smith -- Facebook frenemies and selfie-promotion : women and competition in the digital age / Amanda E. Guitar & Rachael A. Carmen -- Women's use of computer games to practice intrasexual competition / Tami M. Meredith -- Competition in applied settings -- The buzz on the queen bee and other characterizations of women's intrasexual competition at work / Lucie Kocum, Delphine S. Courvoisier, & Saundra Vernon -- Food as a means for female power struggles / Charlotte J. S. De Backer, Liselot Hudders, & Maryanne L. Fisher -- Evolution of artistic and aesthetic propensities through female competitive ornamentation / Marco A. C. Varella, Jaroslava Varella Valentová, & Ana María Fernández -- "Playing like a girl" : women in competition in sport and physical activity / Hayley Russell, Julia Dutove, & Lori Dithurbide -- Conclusion -- Conclusion / Gregory Carter & Maryanne L. Fisher

Afghanistan talks. Experiential isomorphism in the military / Joseph L. Soeters -- Introduction / Gerhard Kmmel -- European civilmilitary relations in transition : the decline of conscription / Karl W. Haltiner, Tibor Szvircsev Tresch -- News from the home front : communities supporting military families / Ren(c)Øe Moelker, Gabri(c)Øella Poot, Manon Andres, Ljubica Jeluic, Jelena Juvan, Leena Parmar, Maren Tomforde -- Attitudes and opportunities : self-selection and anticipatory socialization effects in youth perceptions of the military / Stephen C. Trainor -- The military and civil society in Korea / Doo-Seung Hong -- Military organization and asymmetric conflicts : changing approach / Eraldo Olivetta -- Hidden agenda in Paraguay : the dilemma of external democratization through U.S. military co-operation / Anke Schnemann -- Military and politics in south and central America : the self-perceptions of the armed forces in Latin America / Tony Kr(c)·onert -- Introduction / Giuseppe Caforio -- Language matters in the military / Andrea van Dijk, Joseph L. Soeters -- Introduction / Bandana Purkayastha -- The impact of counterterrorism and strain on Palestinian terrorism / Maya Beasley -- Communal conflict, state failure, and peacebuilding : the case of Ambon, Indonesia / Iwan Gardono Sudjatmiko -- National business, civil war abatement and peacebuilding / Syed Mansoob Murshed -- National youth service : an institution for building and sustaining peace / Donald J. Eberly -- Building and sustaining the fabric of peace : notes from the field / Bandana Purkayastha -- The impact of asymmetric warfare on the military profession and structure : lessons learned from the Ottoman military / A. Kadir Varoglu, Mesut Uyar -- Dr. Strangelove or how I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb : suicide attacks in asymmetric warfare / Gerhard Kmmel -- The asymmetric warfare : in search of a symmetry / Giuseppe Caforio -- Use and impact of information-communication technology in modern conflict : the war in Iraq / Uro Svete -- Terrorism and security in the caribbean before and after 9/11 / Dion E. Phillips -- General Introduction / Giuseppe Caforio, Bandana Purkayastha, Gerhard Kmmel Editors. - The study of armed forces and conflict resolution has undergone important developments at the turn of the millennium, driven by emerging events. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of the Cold War, the resurgence of nationalism and religious wars, ethnic cleansing, September Eleven, the War on Terror, and asymmetric warfare, the United Nations' inability to manage and successfully conclude military operations, are so many flash points of how much things have changed since the Cold War. The action of militaries has become more important, more difficult, more controversial, and, at the same time, insufficient, without parallel methods and political actions for resolving conflicts.As scholars conceptions of conflicts have changed, so have their understanding of conflict resolution and peace. This latter scholarship now spans analyses of the role of governments, civil institutions, and organized groups. The studies of building and sustaining peace now span institutional, inter-actional, and interpersonal levels in order to conceptualize a more holistic, long-term vision of peace.This book brings together contributions from scholars of various social science disciplines on three themes that appeared significant for the study of the phenomenon of conflict and conflict resolution. The first theme is centered on the new aspects of war in the twenty-first century where asymmetric warfare has changed many rules of the game, imposing a profound transformation on the military, not only tactical, but also structural, preparatory, mental and ideological.The second theme regards the delicate relations between the armed forces and societies. The ever-greater technicality of military operations and their lower comprehensibility to the broad public as a result, together with increased sensitivity in many countries in regard to the use of violence and death, have created social situations and problems that deserve to be investigated. The third theme, building and sustaining peace, operationalizes different types and levels of violence and conflict. It assesses ongoing efforts, for instance, governments trying to contain or diffuse conflict, businesses and national service schemes building peaceful civil spheres, and the efforts of organized groups to claim, shape, and extend the spheres of life that are free of conflict

1: Econometric Decision Models: Introduction to the Conference and Survey of Some Recent Developments -- 1. Introduction to the conference on econometric decision models: for better balanced research and more interdisciplinary and international cooperation -- 2. Some recent developments in policy making with macroeconometric models -- 2: Optimal Control of Econometric Decision Models -- 3. Optimal stabilization with a macroeconometric model for Hungary: investigating the effects of different objective functions and time horizons -- 4. On causality and control in economic systems -- 5. Optimal control of nonlinear stochastic macroeconometric models: an algorithm and an economic example -- 6. Game theoretical approach to optimal control of economic systems -- 7. Nonlinear optimal control simulations of development strategies -- 8. On some properties of the solution of the optimal control problem for the original long-term macroeconomic model -- 3: Multiple Criteria Decision Making (Vector Optimization) with Econometric Models -- 9. Implementing the reference-point approach to multi-criteria decision making in econometric models in the computerprogram LOS -- 10. Optimal economic policy making with an econometric model using interactive methods of vector optimization -- 4: Constructing Objective Scalarvalued Functions for Econometric Decision Models -- 11. Public preferences and their role in the design of economic policy -- 12. Least squares estimation of quadratic preference functions for econometric decision models based on survey data -- 13. Operationalizing a macro-economic preference function -- 14. On constructing objective functions -- 15. Optimal dictatorial and multi-dictatorial choice in Arrow's model with applications to multicriteria decision making -- 5: Rational and Adaptive Expectations Models -- 16. Rational versus adaptive expectations in present value models -- 17. The Finnish rational expectations QMED model: estimation, dynamic properties and policy results -- 18. Qualms about the linearized expectations hypothesis and variance-bounds studies of the interest rate term structure -- 6: Cointegration: Estimators, Tests and Applications -- 19. The power function of the likelihood ratio test for cointegration -- 20. Long-run relations in a well-defined statistical model for the data generating process. Cointegration analysis of the PPP and the UIP relations for Denmark and Germany -- 21. Interest rate linkages between EC countries participating in the European monetary system: an application of cointegration -- 7: Econometric Estimators and Tests for Various Models and Their Properties -- 22. Estimating the second moments of random coefficients -- 23. Tighter bounds for the effects of ARMA disturbances on tests for regression coefficients -- 24. True vs. nominal size of the F-test in the linear regression model with autocorrelated disturbances -- 25. Asymptotic and small-sample properties of the fixpoint-estimator for rational expectations models -- 26. The analysis of non-metric endogenous variables in latent variable models: The MECOSA approach -- 27. Econometric modelling with interval coefficients — a non-stochastic approach -- 8: Analyzing the Structure and Sensitivity of Econometric Models -- 28. Optimal triangulation of a matrix and a measure of interdependence for a linear econometric equation system -- 29. Evaluating the number of zero eigenvalues in a dynamic model -- 30. Forecast and multiplier sensitivity analysis with respect to changes of structural equations and submodels in dynamic systems -- 31. Structural sensitivity analysis in econometric models: an application to the model of the West Germany textile and apparel industry -- 9: Econometric Modeling of Environmental and Energy Problems -- 32. The optimum price of energy: a thermoeconomic analysis -- 33. Energy resources depletion and economic growth -- 34. Econometric methods as an instrument for estimating external costs per unit of emission: the case of a groundwater model -- 10: Econometric Models of Countries, Markets Etc., Based on Microdata and Macrodata, and Their Performance in Policy Analyses -- 35. Microeconometric research at the Sonderforschungsbereich 3 -- 36. Income and price policy making with an econometric model of financial incomes and expenditures of Poland's population -- 37. Keynesian or classical unemployment in West Germany? — an empirical analysis with a disequilibrium model -- 38. A macroeconometric disequilibrium model for Poland -- 39. Evaluating econometric models: the 1988 forecast of the RWI-business cycle model in retrospect -- 40. The macroeconometric model of the Deutsche Bundesbank — a brief review -- Alphabetical list of authors.

 A few days ago, at a RAS-NSA conference on the Strategic Implications of the 2024 US election, one of the questions was whether Russia defeating Ukraine would break the international rules-based order, or what I used to know as the liberal international order.  My answer focused not on Russia but Gaza.  Let me explain:Aggression by revisionist great powers, such as Russia, has a lesser impact than the responses to it.  The League of Nations was not killed by Japan's aggression in the early 1930s, but by the lack of a response by the organization and its members.  Iraq's invasion of Kuwait actually strengthened the international rules-based order because most of the planet with a few key exceptions joined the effort to reverse this aggression.  These days, those who were most responsible for designing the post-World War II set of rules are responding pretty well to Russia's aggression.  Not perfectly, not consistently, but the sanctions have required extensive efforts and sacrifices to work around.  Rather than selling Ukraine out as UK/France did for Czechoslovakia in 1938, these countries and others are arming and assisting Ukraine.  Again, not as much as they should but far more.  So, the verdict here is either mixed or in favor of the rules--that the aggressor is paying a significant price.  The point here is that rules get violated whenever they exist--the question is whether there are consequences.It is also the cases where countries that were never really part of the rules violate them, it matters less. It matters far more when the countries that are supposed to be espousing and defending the rules don't.And this is where Gaza comes in.  Just as the US invasion of Iraq (but not Afghanistan) challenged the international rules-based order, the US (and Western) support for Israel's continued war crimes in Gaza do more damage to the rules.  The continued arming of the more powerful actor in a very disproportionate, indiscriminate (unless the attacks on kids, aid workers, professors, medical personnel, etc are deliberate) war and the reaction to the various international humanitarian tribunals undermines the rules-based order.Sure, the US has long violated some of the rules while promoting them, such as Nixon-Kissinger support for genocide when the Bengals seceded from Pakistan, but the juxtaposition of Ukraine and Gaza has been quite galling to those who see the US, the UK, and others as hypocrites.  The US did not sign onto the International Criminal Court because it did not want its troops under its jurisdiction [one of my last tasks in the Pentagon in 2002 was on memos and cables trying to get exceptions to ICC written into agreements with countries hosting US troops, like Bosnia at the time].  But the US did sign onto most of the post-World War II law-making against genocide and against war crimes.Similarly, US steps to treat international laws on asylum as a loophole needing to be closed will ultimately hurt not just those seeking asylum but American efforts to buttress the rules based international order  [What unifies some of this, of course, is racism and Islamophobia].So, it may suck that American hypocrisy has greater consequences than revisionist states violating norms, but this is not new.  The autocrats understand this and seek to impose hypocrisy costs on the liberal states as Kelly Greenhill persuasively argued.  It does behoove American leaders and their allies to think about the larger games.  I argued from my desk in the Pentagon that writing exceptions to ICC in the summer of 2002 would be harmful to any effort to get allies to help the US with the forthcoming invasion of Iraq, and I wasn't wrong about that.

Статья посвящена проблеме взаимоотношений лидеров и участников правых салонов и кружков столицы Российской империи с приближенным к царской семье крестьянином Г.Е. Распутиным. В предреволюционные годы определенную роль в политической системе страны продолжали играть салоны и кружки правоконсервативного направления, часть из которых возникла еще в конце XIX в. (салоны князя В.П. Мещерского, генерала Е.В. Богдановича, графини С.С. Игнатьевой), другие – активизировались в период Первой мировой войны (салоны князя М.М. Андроникова, митрополита Петроградского и Ладожского Питирима (Окнова), кружок Н.Ф. Бурдукова). Многие из этих объединений пытались использовать в своих целях Г.Е. Распутина. Они приглашали «старца» на салонные собрания, вели с ним «духовные беседы» и т.д. На основе комплекса исторических источников (дневники, письма, мемуары и др.) реконструирован процесс развития взаимоотношений лидеров и участников правых салонов и кружков Петербурга–Петрограда с Г.Е. Распутиным. В статье автор утверждает, что главной целью их общения с Распутиным были попытки с его помощью оказывать политическое влияние на императора. Сам же «старец», по свидетельству источников, выражал недоверие к лидерам салонов и кружков и не желал участвовать в их политических играх. В статье хронологически прослеживается эволюция указанных взаимоотношений и делается вывод о том, что постепенно они изменялись в сторону все большего недоверия, а подчас (как в случае с салоном М.М. Андроникова) и открытой неприязни. Подчеркивается, что никаких реальных фактовосуществления через Распутина влияния на царскую политику в источниках не зафиксировано. При этом утверждения о том, что якобы Распутин с подачи лидеров правых салонов и кружков давал императору самые разнообразные указания, содержались в многочисленных статьях и заметках либеральной периодической печати предреволюционного времени. Тем самым, по мнению автора, не только готовилась психологическая почва для убийства «старца», но и дискредитировалась в глазах общественности сама монархическая идея.
The article is devoted to the problem of relations between the leaders and members of right-wing salons and circles in the capital of the Russian Empire and Grigori Rasputin, a peasant who was then close to the royal family. In the pre-revolutionary years, conservative right-wing salons and circles continued to play a certain role in the political system of the country. Some of them appeared in the late 19th century (the salons of Prince V. Meshchersky, General E. Bogdanovich, and Countess S. Ignatieva), while others became active during the First World War (the salons of Prince M. Andronikov, Metropolitan Pitirim (Oknov) of Petrograd and Ladoga, the circle of N. Burdukov). Many of those associations tried to use Rasputin for their own purposes. They invited the "starets" to the salon meetings, held "spiritual conversations" with him, etc. Based on a set of historical sources (diaries, letters, memoirs, etc.), the author of the article has reconstructed the development of relations between the leaders and members of right-wing salons and circles of St Petersburg–Petrograd and Grigori Rasputin. The author concludes that their communication with Rasputin was mainly aimed at enlisting his support in exerting political influence on the Emperor. According to these sources, the "starets" was distrustful of the leaders of salons and circles and did not want to participate in their political games. The article chronologically retraces the evolution of those relations and concludes that the attitudes gradually changed towards greater distrust and sometimes towards open hostility (as was the case of the Petrograd right-wing monarchic salon of Prince M. Andronikov). It is emphasised that no real facts of influence on Tsarist policy through Rasputin were recorded in the sources. At the same time, allegations that Rasputin gave the Emperor various instructions at the suggestion of the leaders of right-wing salons and circles were published in numerous articles and news items of the liberal pre-revolutionary periodicals. In the author's opinion, in doing so, not only did the periodicals prepare the psychological ground for the murder of Rasputin, but they also discredited the monarchical idea itself.