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Sephardim, Ashkenazim and Non-Jewish Peoples: Encounters Across EuropeThe 9th issue of Colloquia Humanistica focuses in its entirety on Jewish/non-Jewish contacts. The papers, presentations of materials, discussions and reviews all share the theme of the entangled history of cohabitation. Still, deconstructed on multiple layers of geography, ethnicity, research domain and methodology, the title's "encounters" make for varied reading. Aszkenazyjczycy, Sefardyjczycy i narody nieżydowskie. Spotkania w EuropieDziewiąty numer Colloquia Humanistica jest w całości poświęcony żydowsko-nieżydowskim kontaktom. Artykuły, prezentacje materiałów, dyskusje i recenzje ilustrują tę uwikłaną historię koegzystencji. Numer jest zróżnicowany, a tytułowe spotkania mają odzwierciedlenie na kilku poziomach: wspomnianych kontaktów żydowsko-nieżydowskich, aszkenazyjsko-sefardyjskich, obszarów badawczych i na poziomie metodologicznym.

This article aims to clarify the ethics of the convivial and behaviour with other in the thought of El-Amir Abdelkader Al-Jazairi, that gained him a high standing throughout history, until the enemy and friend confess by him , especially since El-Amir Abdelkader have a tolerant human ethics in adversity and when he is in a position of power, which contributed to spreading the idea of ​​peaceful coexistence and consolidating human rights principles before the birth of United Nations, which later taken many of these ethics. The question: What are these morals and principles, and where did they appear?To answer the question, the article is subject to the descriptive method.

The city of Sijilmasah historically formed an important point in the history of cultural relationship between cities of the entire Islamic North Africa due to its strategic location that made it a meeting point between the cities of the area, coupled with its conspicuous role in in carrying out cultural activities across periods. This made it one of the most important intellectual cities having strongest contact with Tout area, south of the Sahara. Citation of the manuscript "At-tinilaniy's bibliography (1189 AH)" remains one of the most important and valuable Algerian manuscripts that records vividly the presence and relationship between Sijilmasah and Tout Algerian cultural activities. This research aims at portraying this important relationship.

The book of memoirs of Norwegian entrepreneur Egil Abrahamsen about his work in Arkhangelsk province in 1908—1928 is analyzed. The author highlights stories related to the revolutionary events of 1917, foreign intervention, and the establishment of the Soviet regime in the European North of Russia. Attention is drawn to the description of the life and traditions of the inhabitants of the White Sea area: the Pomors, representatives of the Orthodox clergy, Old Believers, peasants, lumbermen and sawmill workers. It is concluded that the book expands readers' understanding of the history and culture of Russia and forms a respectful attitude to the citizens of Russia and Norway.

The article considers the increase in rationalization in the research of Biblical history and its conclusions in the historical works of pre-revolutionary Russia. A. P. Lopukhin wrote his work at the end of the 19th century and his main goal was the Biblical apologetics based on new Near Eastern studies. The works of N. M. Nikolsky, who used materialistic methodology and suppose that the significant part of Biblical stories contains a little historical truth had a great contrast with the views of Lopukhin. The reasons for this evolution connected with two factors: the big successes of foreign Biblical studies and the abolition of censorship restrictions after 1905.

The purpose of the article is to acquaint with the history of military sociology and the peculiarities of its development in Armenia. Military sociology, which developed in connection with the need for theoretical and applied knowledge in the military field, occupies an important place among the sociological disciplines of the middle level. It develops theoretical and methodological concepts and approaches and expands the possibilities of their use. For a better understanding of the theoretical foundations of military sociology, the scope of research and its practical significance, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the scientific environment, prerequisites and reasons for the emergence, as well as the stages of development of military sociology in the country.

AbstractThe aim of this article is to help explain the history of the public spending-to-GDP ratio in France by examining the production of laws and regulations. It empirically finds a positive and significant relationship between the number of pages in the Official Gazette of the French Republic and the development of the public expenditure-to-GDP ratio. We rely on the number of pages in the Official Gazette as a proxy for the cost of implementing laws and regulations. If unchecked, a proliferation of laws and regulations expands public spending. Over the period 1905–2015, a 10% increase in pages caused a 1.14% increase in the public expenditure-to-GDP ratio.

A despeito da intensidade das relações entre o esporte e o mundo dos negócios, no Brasil, poucos são os estudos históricos desenvolvidos acerca do tema. Tendo em conta essa lacuna, este artigo objetiva discutir a trajetória da pioneira empresa fluminense especializada na venda de produtos esportivos: a Casa Sportman. A intenção é debater, no seu primeiro momento de funcionamento, de 1909 a 1922, as estratégias adotadas por seu proprietário, Manoel da Silva Mattos, no intuito de inserir seu empreendimento na dinâmica de consumo que se estruturava no Rio de Janeiro das décadas iniciais do século XX. Como fontes, foram utilizados o Diário Oficial e periódicos. Adotou-se a Business History como alternativa de investigação.

Abstract
Utilizing a variety of evidentiary sources, this article identifies and applies three different levels of narrative of the history of Operation Reinhard in the District of Galicia, revealing the potential benefits and limitations to each approach. Level one applies a macro-historical narrative that looks to broader statistical and data-driven trends. The second level identifies common shared experiences and general conclusions derived from individual experiences, and level three explores the microhistories of particular towns, families, and individuals. The author suggests a better way to comprehend the range of victim, bystander, and perpetrator experiences, and to more fully depict the scope of a major genocidal operation.

In 1892, the French resident general in Tunisia launched the first state-sponsored colonization effort in the Tunisian protectorate. Based on Paul Bourde's study of ancient Roman agriculture, the colonization plan explicitly sought to remake Roman prosperity in central Tunisia by fostering the cultivation of olives. Examining Bourde's study of the ancient past and his work as director of agriculture in Tunisia, this article explores the connections between the study of the Roman Empire and the development of colonialism in North Africa. In tracing this history, this article highlights how the study and use of Roman ruins in French Tunisia inspired an appreciation for the role that technology and material development played in supporting the spread of Roman civilization and culture.

Derek Penslar, Theodor Herzl: The Charismatic Leader (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020), 256 pp. Hardback, $26.00.Sharon Geva, Women in the State of Israel: The Early Years [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Magnes Publishing House, 2020), 304 pp. Paperback, $20.00. eBook, $13.00.Vered Kraus and Yuval P. Yonay, Facing Barriers: Palestinian Women in a Jewish-Dominated Labor Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 298 pp. Hardback, $99.99.Rachel Rojanski, Yiddish in Israel: A History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020), 338 pp. Hardback, $95.00. Paperback, $40.00. eBook, $19.99.Shalom Goldman, Starstruck in the Promised Land: How the Arts Shaped American Passions about Israel (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019), 256 pp. Hardback, $28.00. eBook, $21.99.

Khadim Rizvi's open manifestation of religion helped him become one of the most popular leaders of Barelvi-Sunni Muslims in Pakistani Punjab. He emerged as the leader of a moral community during a crisis. After a series of protests and negotiated agreements with the federal and provincial governments, he was able to translate his support into electoral power. In the 2018 election, his TLP bagged 1.8 million votes (National Assembly seats) from Punjab. It was the first instance in recent political history when a newcomer religious party finished third in the province. No religious party had been able, in the last three elections (2008, 2013, 2018), to impact elections in Punjab as the TLP did in 2018.

El libro A Transnational History of the Internet in Central America, 1985–2000. Networks, Integration, and Development, de Ignacio Siles González, estudia la historia de la Internet en Centroamérica a través de las tendencias más actuales de la historia transnacional: una historiografía muy popular que, junto con la historia global, ha venido atrayendo una cada vez más creciente cantidad de recursos financieros y humanos para la investigación y la publicación. Esto implica de entrada, alejarse de las metodologías clásicas que analizaban la región centroamericana dividiendo los procesos históricos país por país, en una sucesión nacionalista de capítulos que finalmente derivan en conclusiones disímiles entre cada uno de estos.

Neoliberalism, informality, and migration are all inextricably linked and the Venezuelan migration crisis has certain implications for women. While extensive post‐neoliberal spending programmes under Chávez served to reverse the feminisation of poverty, millions of Venezuelans have migrated in recent years due to a severe economic crisis. Oral history testimonies highlight how female Venezuelan migrants in neoliberal Colombia often have no choice but to engage in precarious informal earning strategies and also experience reduced access to public services, which can substantially increase their domestic labour and outgoings. In many ways they are better off in Venezuela, thus highlighting how neoliberalism exacerbates gender poverty in both Latin America and the Global South.

Body & Society started in 1995. The journal has been continuously exploring and problematizing critical issues which have been opening up new horizons in the field of body studies. As an interdisciplinary journal, it has engaged with a wider range of innovative approaches to the body, which includes sociology, cultural studies, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, history, science and technology studies, sensory studies and media studies. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Body & Society, managing editor Tomoko Tamari invited Professor Bryan S Turner, who was one of the journal's founders (with Mike Featherstone), to reflect on the academic and historical background of Body & Society along with his own academic trajectory over the last 40 years.