Suchergebnisse

El sistema de inspección establecido en los mataderos de la Unión Europea dispone que los controles oficiales que se realizan en ellos deben basarse en una evaluación previa de los riesgos para la salud pública, la sanidad animal y el bienestar de los animales y adaptarse al tipo y rendimiento de los procesos efectuados en cada matadero. El sistema de inspección puede ser más o menos preciso en función de factores relacionados con el personal que lo lleva a acabo, las autoridades competentes responsables y el matadero en el que se aplica. Los factores relacionados con el personal que determinan la precisión de los sistemas de inspección incluyen su formación, su experiencia, el número de personal asignado a la inspección y su motivación. El veterinario oficial es el encargado de realizar las tareas de inspección en los mataderos, que incluyen la inspección ante mortem de los animales vivos, el control del bienestar animal y la inspección post mortem de las carnes obtenidas de los animales sacrificados; tras realizar estas tareas de inspección, el veterinario oficial debe tomar las medidas oportunas en relación con los animales vivos, el control del bienestar animal y la carne fresca, registrar las actuaciones realizadas y las pruebas efectuadas, y comunicar los resultados de inspección que se consideren relevantes para los responsables de las explotaciones ganaderas y del matadero. Para realizar estas funciones de forma adecuada el veterinario oficial debe tener la cualificación necesaria. Los informes realizados sobre la inspección realizada en los mataderos en la UE muestra deficiencias relacionadas sobre todo con las inspecciones ante mortem y post mortem, el control del bienestar animal y las responsabilidades de las autoridades competentes. La inspección ante mortem es un examen clínico que busca la identificación de los animales enfermos o anormales antes de entrar en el matadero para su sacrificio y la inspección post mortem es un examen anatomopatológico destinado a detectar y eliminar las anomalías macroscópicas que pueden afectar a la aptitud de la carne para el consumo humano; en consecuencia, las tareas de inspección que tiene asignadas el veterinario oficial deben basarse en unos conocimientos técnicos especializados de los signos clínicos y de las alteraciones morfológicas que puedan observarse durante las inspecciones ante mortem y post mortem en los animales vivos y en las carnes obtenidas. El presente trabajo se ha realizado como veterinario oficial de dos mataderos de ganado porcino de cebo durante un periodo de 8 años. Los signos clínicos observados durante la inspección ante mortem y las alteraciones morfológicas observadas durante la inspección post mortem se han estudiado, fotografiado y clasificado según su importancia para la salud pública, la sanidad animal, el bienestar animal, la producción animal y la toma de decisiones sobre los animales vivos y las carnes, obteniéndose una colección de 1219 imágenes macroscópicas que muestran las alteraciones morfológicas detectadas durante las inspecciones ante mortem y post mortem. Además, se ha realizado un estudio de prevalencia de un grupo de alteraciones morfológicas en una muestra de 1000 cerdos. ; The inspection system established in slaughterhouses of the European Union stipulates that official controls are carried out in them should be based on a prior assessment of the risks to public health, animal health and animal welfare to match the type and performance of the processes carried out in each slaughterhouses. The inspection system can be more or less accurate depending on factors related to the staff that carried out, the competent authorities responsible and the slaughterhouse where it applies. Factors related to staff that determine the accuracy of the inspection systems include their training, experience, the number of staff assigned to the inspection and motivation. The official veterinarian is responsible for carrying out inspection tasks in slaughterhouses, including ante mortem inspection of live animals, animal welfare control and post mortem inspection of meat obtained from animals slaughtered; after these tasks of inspection, the official veterinarian must take appropriate measures with regard to live animals, the control of animal welfare and the fresh meat, record the performed actions and tests carried out, and communicate inspection results that are considered relevant for managers of farming and slaughterhouse. To perform these functions adequately the official veterinarian must have the necessary qualifications. Reports produced on inspection in slaughterhouses in the EU shows mostly related deficiencies ante mortem and post mortem, control of animal welfare and responsibilities of the competent authorities. Ante mortem inspection is a clinical test that looks for the identification of abnormal or sick animals before entering the slaughterhouse for slaughter. Post mortem inspection is a histological examination designed to detect and eliminate macroscopic anomalies that might affect the fitness of the meat for human consumption. Consequently, the inspection tasks assigned to the official veterinarian must rely on specialized technical knowledge of the clinical signs and morphological alterations they can be observed and which vary according to species, age and the system of production, primarily. This work has been done as official veterinarian from two abattoirs in bait pig by a period of 8 years. Both the clinical signs observed during the ante mortem inspection and morphological alterations observed during the inspection post mortem have been studied, photographed and classified according to their importance within the field of public health, animal health, animal welfare, animal production and decision‐making on the live animals and meat. Thus, in this work it has obtained a collection of 1219 images of macroscopic morphological alterations. On the other hand, has been carried out a study of prevalence of a group of these morphological alterations in a sample of 1000 slaughtered pigs, a data analysis that provide records of seizures and a study of the limitations of the system of inspection applied.

The aim of the article is to describe the attitude of Latgalians towards the components of natural objects of their nearby residence space (micro environment) – mežs (forest) and prūds (pond), as well as the objects created by humans – ceļš (road), which to a certain extent confi rm the understanding of the objects close to the place of residence in daily life of the preceding generations of Latgalians, as well as allow to compare these insights to the manifestations of Latgalianness discovered in the discourses of today. Researchers of the geographical environment and identity defi ne space as a geometrical, topological, three-dimensional structure, in which the objects and their relationships interact with a subject (human). In the social and cultural background of each populated area and the structures typical to them maintain the carriers of the micro-environmental identity, interaction of which with the priorities of a human activity facilitates and maintains the comprehension of values. Within the process of interaction of several groups of factors are forming the spatial and - in a wider meaning - environmental identity of micro environmental objects, which is defined as a significant sub-structure of personal self-identity. The environmental psychologists are emphasising the importance of functional knowledge, which is developed by using 'bad' and 'good' experiences regarding some objects, places and spaces according to their capability to satisfy the biological, psychological, social and cultural needs. Thus the value systems within a framework of a specific community are influenced by the experience of application of environmental objects, while multiform functions of micro environmental objects are reflected in the ethic, aesthetic, cognitive, educative and other notions about themselves and society in general. The attitude towards the micro-environment reveals also the body of macro-environmental factors – social and economic, ecological, as well as geographical and spatial, which a person faces in his/her daily activity. Various studies on the Latgalian mentality, as well as language and culture carried out in the previous century, are highlighting that exactly the rural environment is the basis of a Latgalian person's interest in the individual's place in nature, and in great things – such as individual's mission, identity, Latgalianness, responsibility for its preservation, etc. This identity is not separable from the recognition of belonging to some social unit. In its turn the closest surrounding or micro environment of a contemporary Latgalian consists of several segments, with which s/he is tightly linked: family members and their occupation, house, natural objects of the closest surrounding, neighbours and their occupation, objects of the social life and traditions, etc. New modern aspects are introduced in these segments by the involvement of regional population in political, cultural and scientific processes of the state. Since the first condition for formation and development of a personality is the entirety of action and personal relationship, ensuring the orientation in various community systems of relations and viewpoints, then through language joining of the system of values is taking place, recognized not only in the regional community, but also in the national country. Involvement on the state level circulations nowadays confirms not only possibilities of the Latgalians, but also creates new tendencies and opportunities in the understanding of Latgalianness and also in the position against the attitude of inhabitants of other counties and the national state towards all the Latgalic matters. Thus the personalities popular in the Latgalian society, by confirming the link among the historical and contemporary Latgalian identity tendencies, significance of micro-environmental phenomena in the daily communication of regional population, Latgalian identity and psychology, as well as culture maintenance and preservation topicality, facilitate the orientation of regional society socialization, maintain the power of intellect, civic position and through the kinds of public consciousness manifestations activate the issues of equal rights and perseverance of their own native language. Active involvement in the process of solving of the present economic, political, cultural, ecological, administrative, scientific, etc. national issues of Latvia makes modern society to consider the factors of Latgalianness and contemporary tendencies of the identity manifestations. If the insights that a personality of an individual is mainly formed by the inborn characterizers have dominated in the description of former generations then the present social advancement and contribution of an individual him/herself in the personal development (his/ her self-performance and socialization experience), his/her patriotism, feeling of the micro- environment of Latgale region as a component of the system of values comprehension is based mainly on the attitude towards four interrelated elements: 1) nature environment maintaining a certain order and equilibrium in the geographical space of Latgale and, by meeting the needs of a human economic activities and social life, simultaneously facilitates also the formation of a certain attitude towards the objects created by nature; 2) the environment created by human – houses, household buildings, towns, etc., that as places for concentration of the people make the corresponding infrastructure of the specific society's standard of living to develop and to be maintained, by serving to meet the social, economical and cultural needs of the community members; 3) social environment formed by mutual relationship of the people in a community, region, country. Social environment reflects also the relationship with other communities (at the regional, state, international level), as well as the influence of scientific and technical achievements on the geographical environment of Latgale and the entire Latvia in general, meeting the political, social, economical, cultural, communication and other needs of a person; 4) internal environment is formed by the body of personal viewpoints of separate individuals – attitude towards cultural, economic, political, etc. ideas typical to the epoch and their implementation patterns (historical consciousness), making to revaluate their opportunities and making of a decision regarding an active or observing position. Thus the interaction of Latgalian micro-environment with the internal environment of a contemporary Latgalian person confirms not only him/her personality order at a physical, mental, emotional and intellectual level, but also forms the basis of social equilibrium and the most significant factor of the identity or the awareness of place belonging and choice of activity direction.

Anotācija Mazie uzņēmumi veido lielāko daļu uzņēmumu Latvijā, un tajos ir nodarbināti vairāk nekā puse iedzīvotāju darbspējīgā vecumā. Mazo uzņēmumu attīstības jautājumi ir īpaši aktuāli situācijā, kad globalizācijas rezultātā pieaugusi starptautiskā konkurence, augušas kvalitātes prasības produktiem un pakalpojumiem, pieaudzis bezdarbs. Pasaulē veiktie zinātniskie pētījumi liecina, ka vāja mazo uzņēmumu vadīšana ir viens no galvenajiem iemesliem, kādēļ uzņēmumu darbības rezultāti pasliktinās un uzņēmumi tiek likvidēti. Promocijas darba mērķis ir izpētīt mazo uzņēmumu vadīšanu nozīmīgi ietekmējošos faktorus un to savstarpējās ietekmes kopsakarības, izpētīt mazo uzņēmumu vadītāju uzskatus par izglītības un prasmju uzņēmuma vadīšanā nozīmīgumu, atklāt iespējas mazo uzņēmumu vadīšanas pilnveidošanai. Promocijas darba pirmajā nodaļā analizēta akadēmiskā literatūra un jaunākie zinātniskie pētījumi par mazo uzņēmumu vadītāju zināšanu un prasmju nozīmīgumu uzņēmuma vadīšanā, vadītāja personisko īpašību nozīmīgumu, mazo uzņēmumu vadīšanas īpatnībām, kā arī ārējās vides ietekme uz mazo uzņēmumu vadīšanu. Nodaļā analizēti zinātniskie pētījumi par uzņēmuma klimata nozīmīgumu uzņēmumos un to ietekmējošiem faktoriem, kā arī par zināšanu vadības nozīmīgumu organizācijās un zināšanu vadības nepieciešamību mazos uzņēmumos. Otrajā nodaļā pētīta mazo uzņēmumu attīstība un īpatnības Latvijā, izpētīta valdības politika mazo uzņēmumu atbalstam, analizēti valsts atbalsta pasākumi un ES fondu atbalsts maziem uzņēmumiem, analizēta uzņēmējdarbības izglītības īstenošana augstākās izglītības iestādēs. Promocijas darba trešajā nodaļā autore pētījusi, kā uzlabot mazo uzņēmumu vadīšanu Latvijā. Izpētīti ir mazo uzņēmumu vadītāju uzskati par uzņēmējdarbības izglītības un pieredzes nozīmīgumu. Noskaidrots, kādi ir mazo uzņēmumu vadītāju uzskati par apmācību, motivācijas un komunikācijas nozīmīgumu uzņēmumā. Analizētas vadītāju uzskatu atšķirības Latvijas reģionos, kā arī tautsaimniecības nozaru griezumā un arī atkarībā no uzņēmuma lieluma un vadītāja dzimuma. Izpētītas vadītāju apmācību, motivācijas, komunikācijas nozīmīguma vērtējumu savstarpējās sakarības un saistība ar uzņēmuma inovatīvās darbības vērtējumu. Pētīta interneta lietošanas aktivitāte mazos uzņēmumos, sīkāk izpētītas interneta lietošanas aktivitātes atšķirības Latvijas reģionos, kā arī atkarībā no nozares un uzņēmuma lieluma. Nodaļā analizēti mazo uzņēmumu vadītāju viedokļi par valsts atbalsta pasākumu, nodokļu politikas, finanšu resursu pieejamības, ārējās vides stabilitātes, administratīvo procedūru, kā arī informācijas pieejamības atbalsta pasākumiem nozīmīgums. Noteikti galvenie spēki, kas ietekmē mazos uzņēmumus. Pamatojoties uz zinātniskās literatūras analīzi un empīriskā pētījuma rezultātiem, atklātas mazo uzņēmumu vadīšanas pilnveidošanas iespējas. Promocijas darba pamata saturs ir izklāstīts 194 lappusēs. Darbā ievietoti 28 attēli un 11 tabulas. Literatūras un avotu sarakstā iekļautas 228 vienības. Promocijas darbam ir 7 pielikumi. Atslēgvārdi: mazo uzņēmumu vadīšana, uzņēmējdarbības izglītība, apmācība, motivācija, komunikācija ; Abstract Small enterprises account for the majority of enterprises in Latvia and employ more than a half of the working age population. The development issues of the small enterprises are particularly topical in the situation when as a result of globalization international competition has increased, higher quality is required from products and services, qualification requirements towards businesses are becoming tenser, and there has been a rise in unemployment. The globally conducted scientific research suggests that poor management of small businesses is one of the key reasons why the performance of these enterprises is deteriorating and the businesses are liquidated. The aim of the promotion paper is to study the factors which considerably influence the management of small businesses and regularities of their mutual interaction and to study the opinions of the managers of small businesses about the role of education and skills in corporate management and identify the opportunities for the improvement of corporate management. The first chapter of the promotion paper analyses academic literature and latest scientific research on the role of a small business managers' knowledge and skills of corporate management, the importance of the manager's personal qualities, key actions of small business managers in managing their enterprises as well as the influence of the external environment on the management of small businesses. The chapter analyses the research on the corporate climate in small enterprises and the factors influencing the climate as well as the importance of knowledge management as well as the role of knowledge management in organizations and the need for knowledge management in small businesses. The second chapter explores the development and peculiarities of small businesses in Latvia and studies the government policy for the support of small businesses as well as analyses the national support measures and EU support to small enterprises. The chapter also deals with the implementation of business administration education in the tertiary and vocational education institutions in the study programmes not focusing on economics and business administration. In the third chapter of the promotion paper the Author has studied the possibilities of improving the management of small businesses in Latvia. The research has also been made of the opinions of the small business managers about the importance of business management education and experience. The Author has studied and identified the opinions and differences in the opinions of small business managers about the role of training, motivation and communication in an enterprise. The differences of opinions have been examined in the cross-section of the regions of Latvia and industries as well as depending on the size of the enterprise and the manager's gender. The Author has studied the mutual correlations and relations of the assessments of training, motivation and communication importance on the innovative performance of a company. Other aspects under study are the intensity of the use of the Internet in small enterprises, differences in the intensity of using the Internet in the regions of Latvia as well as depending on the industry and size of the enterprise. The chapter analyses the opinions of small business managers about 54 the influence of state support measures, tax policy, availability of financial resources, stability of the external environment, influence of administrative procedures as well as availability of information on support measures. The Author has identified the key forces influencing small enterprises. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and empirical research results improvement opportunities of small business management have been revealed. The main contents of the promotion paper covers 190 pages. It contains 28 figures and 11 tables. The list of references contains 228 items, the promot

This report aims at highlighting the political ideology of Hamas in a comparative approach through critical analysis and researches, based on a historical methodology. We followed this political movement through its religious ideology and Islamic references, from its position as a Palestinian opposition to the reached power itself. We tried to achieve the following objectives:Describing the emergence and evolution of the movement, the living embodiment of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine, as well as the factors and circumstances that led to its decline and its rise at certain periods of the History. We also seek to know the roots of this movement before and after 1948 and until the outbreak of the intifada in 1987.Identifying the factors that influence the policies and decision making of the Movement, espacially the ideological and partisan aspect, as a matter of fact that Hamas is a fundamental element of the international movement Muslim Brotherhood, where Islam is the ideological and political reference. The report tackles the aspect of the national Palestinian actions and partisan interests who have imposed their own visions and pragmatic positions. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the division of leadership between the inside and outside group, but also the important influence of the military wing in the Policy building and decision making.Identifying the positions of Hamas movement towards the Palestinian political system into its two components – the PLO and the Palestinian Authority – towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and its settlement options and therefore towards the political settlement, compared to the PLO positions and other Palestinian factions. This research seeks to determine the position of Hamas on the principle of the Palestinian liberation and towards the political PLO initiatives, the Arab States, the organizations and the friendly countries, such as the International Conference, and to bring out the political initiative of Hamas and comparing it to the other forces' positions.Identifying the relation between the Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood, the degree of autonomy that Hamas has in the organization and its international framework. The research tries to study the nature of the relations of the movement with the international, regional and Arab organizations. A special attention is given to the United States, the European Union, Russia and the other regional countries in order to understand its place and position in the axis of the region. The attention is especially focused on the « axis of the resistance » and the kind of relations Hamas has with the Arab countries of Palestine, like Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and States who have an big impact on the regional policies, particularly Iran and Saudi Arabia.Exploring the experience of Hamas in the transitional period, from the opposition to the takeover and parallelly with the experience in the political aspect of Islam with the Muslim Brotherhood, the Salafi Jihad, Al-Qaida, Hezbollah and the Turkish Party of Justice and Development, from its inception until its accession in power. ; Cette étude vise à faire la lumière sur le discours politique du mouvement Hamas, dans le cadre d'une approche comparée critique qui s'appuie sur une méthodologie historique dans la recherche et l'analyse. Nous suivons le passage de ce Mouvement, aux références idéologiques religieuses islamistes, de l'opposition palestinienne au pouvoir. Nous essaierons d'atteindre les objectifs suivants :Décrire l'émergence et l'évolution de ce Mouvement, incarnation vivante des Frères musulmans en Palestine, ainsi que les circonstances et facteurs qui ont conduit à sa régression à certains moments de l'histoire et à sa montée en puissance à d'autres. Nous cherchons également à connaitre les racines de ce mouvement avant et après 1948 et jusqu'au déclenchement de l'Intifada en 1987.Identifier les facteurs qui influent sur les politiques et la prise de décision de ce Mouvement, notamment le facteur idéologique et partisan, étant donné qu'il fait partie intégrante du Mouvement international des Frères musulmans dont l'Islam est la référence idéologique et politique. Il existe également le facteur de l'action nationale palestinienne et les intérêts partisans qui lui ont imposé des visions et des positions pragmatiques. De plus, il convient d'analyser la division du leadership entre intérieur et extérieur et enfin l'influence extraordinaire de l'aile militaire dans la formulation des politiques et dans la prise de décision.Identifier les positions du mouvement Hamas vis-à-vis du système politique palestinien dans ses deux composantes - l'OLP et l'Autorité nationale palestinienne - mais aussi vis-à-vis du conflit israélo-palestinien et les options de règlement de celui-ci, et donc de sa position vis-à-vis du règlement politique, comparée aux positions de l'OLP et des autres factions palestiniennes. Cette étude cherche également à connaître la position du Hamas sur le principe de la libération de la Palestine et vis-à-vis des initiatives politiques de l'OLP et des Etats arabes, et celles des organisations ou des pays amis, comme la Conférence internationale, et à faire la lumière sur l'initiative politique du Hamas en comparaison avec les positions des autres forces.Identifier la relation entre le Hamas et les Frères musulmans et le degré d'autonomie dont jouit le Hamas dans le cadre de sa relation avec l'organisation mère, de caractère internationaliste. L'étude tente aussi d'étudier la nature de la relation de ce mouvement avec les organisations internationales, régionales et arabes, en particulier avec les Etats-Unis d'Amérique, l'Union européenne, la Russie, les autres pays de la région et de connaitre sa place dans les axes dans la région, notamment « l'axe de la résistance », à la lumière de ses relations avec les pays arabes voisins de la Palestine (Egypte, Jordanie, Syrie et Liban) et ceux qui influent sur les politiques régionales et arabe en général, et l'Arabie Saoudite et l'Iran en particulier.Explorer l'expérience du Hamas dans sa transition de l'opposition au pouvoir et faire un parallèle avec l'expérience l'Islam politique, en particulier le mouvement des Frères musulmans, le courant salafiste jihadiste, Al-Qaïda, le Hezbollah libanais et enfin le Parti de la Justice et du développement turc, depuis sa création jusqu'à son accession au pouvoir.

This thesis focuses on a historical definition given by Cesare Pavese, when he defined the 30s and 40s of the twentieth century as the translation's period par excellence in Italy. The previous studies have looked extensively on the translation of novels and most of these researches choose English or French as principal language sources. This Phd thesis concentrates instead the analysis first of all on poetic translation and also on writing poetry as well as on poetic criticism 'made' in the inter-war period until the late 40s. Poetry was incontestably the critical, translational and creative locus. Poetry was the main interest of the circles of Italian intellectuals in Florence and in Milan, in Parma, in Rome and in Turin also. Exchanges between artists, critics, poets and translators played mostly in the field of poetry, more or less without being particularly hampered by the fascist censorship, until the mid-30s. Poetry became a field of concrete action because it upsets language's syntactic order and this encourages a new conception and design of the reality, as well a way to fight every monolithic solution refusing opacity and incompleteness.Using an expression of Henri Meschonnic poetry is "against the maintenance of the order", and presents itself as a form of deep commitment (in order words a form of "engagement") that involves awareness and taking a stand against reality. In a poetic discourse the political element is closed involved. In fact we assume that "politics" is any attempt to fight for the welfare of man and every attempt to achieve the highest degree of freedom of every individual.The subject of criticism and translating poetry inevitably merge with poetry at all, and it is to consider that poetry is in any case always a translation. Poetry and its effects have become the axes of this study that tries to present consistently the voices of several people who were poets, translators and literary critics at the same time. The final part of this work concentrates on the birth of a new type of intellectual who is a poet, a translator, a critic and often also a publisher.We tried to show also what type of engagement may trigger the writing of poems and the practice of poetic translation, describing how deep and passionate activism may arise 'attending' poetry. Poetry is always proposed as a constellation of meaning constantly "building" as a presence never definitive. This enhancement of the unfinished contributes to the questioning of the subject's identity and to the pursuit of his salvation. Every poetic multiplication of hypotheses allows the opening of a lot of horizons. Offering her moving body poetry has been, even during Fascism, a lever of great indisciplinarity face to the rule settled by the dictatorship and it has been an unsuspected instrument of protest and resistance. ; Ce travail de thèse s'articule autour d'une définition historique qui a été formulée par Cesare Pavese, lorsqu'il a défini les années 30 et 40 du XXe siècle comme les deux décennies de la traduction par excellence. Si les études menées jusqu'à aujourd'hui se sont penchées de manière approfondie presque seulement sur la traduction des romans et cela en choisissant comme langue source privilégiée l'anglais ou le français, nous avons concentré notre analyse sur la traduction, l'écriture et la critique poétiques réalisées dans la période s'étalant de l'entre-deux-guerres jusqu'à la fin des années 40. La poésie était en effet le lieu critique, traductif et créatif le plus fréquenté. Un véritable besoin de poésie animait les cénacles des intellectuels italiens à Florence comme à Milan, à Parme, à Rome et également à Turin. Les échanges entre les artistes, critiques, poètes et traducteurs se jouaient pour la plupart sur le terrain de la poésie, sans être, au moins jusqu'au milieu des années 30, particulièrement entravés par la censure fasciste. En effet l'Italie devait, même aux yeux du fascisme, connaître un Baudelaire, un Rimbaud et un Eliot parlant italien. La poésie prenait une place sans précédents dans la vie culturelle et littéraire de l'époque et devint aussi un champ d'action concret : écrire en vers bouleverse autant l'ordre syntactique de la langue que l'habitude à concevoir la réalité de manière univoque et sans opacités.La poésie, pour reprendre une pensée d'Henri Meschonnic, est « contre le maintien de l'ordre », et se propose comme une forme d'engagement profond qui implique les consciences et leur prise de position face à la réalité. Dans une perspective plus large, le discours poétique s'entrelace avec le discours politique, si par politique on présuppose tout effort visant à garantir le bien-être de l'homme et la création des conditions qui permettent la réalisation au degré le plus haut de la liberté de tout individu.L'objet d'intérêt de la traduction poétique fusionne inévitablement avec la poésie tout court, ne serait-ce que parce que toute poésie est en tout cas toujours une traduction. Faire et construire en poésie sont devenus ainsi les axes de cette étude qui essaye de rendre compte constamment des voix de plusieurs personnalités qui étaient à la fois poètes, traducteurs et critiques littéraires. La partie finale de ce travail se concentre ainsi sur la naissance d'un nouveau type d'intellectuel qui est poète, traducteur et critique, et qui, très souvent, est aussi un éditeur. Sa participation à la vie sociale, politique et éditoriale du pays devient de plus en plus significative et fera de la poésie le sujet de plusieurs collections éditoriales et de nombreuses autres publications.Nous avons essayé de montrer quel type d'engagement peut émaner de l'écriture des poèmes et de la pratique de la traduction poétique, en décrivant quel militantisme profond et passionné peut surgir de la 'fréquentation' de la poésie, qui se propose comme une constellation de sens constamment "constructible", comme une présence jamais définitive. Cette mise en valeur de l'inachevé contribue à la mise en question de l'identité du sujet et à la poursuite de son salut, à la multiplication des hypothèses, et à l'ouverture des horizons. En se proposant avec son corps mouvant et émouvant, la poésie sera, pendant le fascisme, un levier d'indisciplinarité face à la règle, s'imposant comme un insoupçonnable instrument de contestation et de résistance.

Il presente lavoro riflette in prospettiva sociologica,sulla riscoperta degli aspetti etici del consumo. I cosiddetti consumi critici, sostenibili e responsabili, che presuppongono un agire sociale dotato di senso, rappresentano una pratica di acquisto tesa al ben-vivere. Il consumo da vicario della produzione -qual' è stato per un lungo periodo- è diventato uno dei principali, se non il principale, punto di snodo della società in cui ci muoviamo. I consum-attori postmoderni, tecnicamente più preparati e in grado di esprimere richieste al mondo della produzione e della distribuzione, sono consapevoli che l'atto di acquisto è diventato uno strumento per esprimere impegno e responsabilità nella sfera pubblica. Tale pratica contribuisce all'affermazione e alla determinazione di nuovi modi di essere e di agire dove confluiscono nuovi valori simbolici legati all'emergere di nuove abitudini di spesa. Partendo da tale ipotesi, la parte empirica del lavoro affronta un'analisi qualitativa prendendo in esame lo sviluppo del farmer's market, il mercato degli agricoltori, forma ed espressione della filiera corta. Si osserva un caso di studio nella Regione Molise allo scopo di comprendere cosa si cela dietro l'atto di acquisto e perché si predilige un atteggiamento alternativo al sistema della grande distribuzione. Il farmer's market è un luogo di convivialità dove è possibile fermarsi, parlare, consumare qualcosa in compagnia. E' un'occasione in cui vengono accorciate le distanze fisiche, economiche e soprattutto sociali, in cui diventa sempre più lontana l'idea della spesa intesa come atto funzionale ed alienante tipico dell'homo consumericus. Concezioni, abitudini e atteggiamenti che propongono il passaggio da un modello di consumi in cui l'elemento fondante è rappresentato dal benessere soggettivo -componente primario della felicità personale anche dal punto di vista identitario ed espressivo - ad un modello in cui i consumi restano fondamentali, ma come ingredienti di una migliore qualità del vivere. La prima parte del lavoro a valenza introduttiva, ripercorre con un excursus sulla letteratura, le teorie dei classici e dei contemporanei del pensiero sociologico, tentando di fornire una definizione di consumatore postmoderno. A questa, seguono i temi della sostenibilità ambientale e responsabilità sociale che mirano ad opporsi alle logiche proprie dello spreco-consumo, radici della crisi ambientale, del degrado e del rischio globale. La questione ecologica diventa, economica e politica, e ancor più una questione sociale, frutto di una nuova logica organizzativa in materia di consumo. La seconda parte affronta la ricerca sul campo riportando tra gli altri, i dati sulle motivazioni alla base di tale pratica di consumo e successivamente esplorando il ruolo del produttore/venditore attraverso l'attribuzione di credibilità che gli viene conferita. Il concetto di comunità, ambito tutt'oggi aperto nel dibattito sociologico, conclude il percorso di ricerca ponendo attenzione alla riscoperta del localismo. ; This thesis focuses on the rediscovery of the ethical aspects of consumption. Principal consumption that is both sustainable and responsible presupposes what Weber termed a rational social action and represents an aspiration to live well. Vicarious consumption - which has existed for a long time – has become one of the principal if not the principal turning point in the society in which we live. Post-modern consumers, technically more prepared and able to express their wishes to the world of production and distribution, are aware that shopping has become an instrument with which to express commitment and responsibility in the public domain. Shopping has contributed to the affirmation and the determination of new ways of being and behaving, which converge with the new symbolic values tied to the emergence of new shopping habits. Using this hypothesis as a starting point, the empirical part of this thesis engages with a qualitative analysis of the development of the farmers' market, the embodiment of a short distribution chain. It examines a case study in the region of Molise, with the aim of understanding what is concealed behind the act of shopping and why there is now a preference for an alternative way of thinking that goes against the model of mass production. The farmers' market is a place of conviviality, where it is possible to stop, talk and consume something in company. It is an occasion in which physical, economic and above all social distances are diminished, where the idea of food shopping as merely an essential and alienating act, typical of the homo consumericus, is remote. Conceptions, habits and attitudes now promote a move away from a model of consumption founded on the principle of subjective well-being – a primary component of personal happiness, even when seen from the point of view of identity and expression – to a model in which consumers remain fundamental, but are now the main players in the quest for a better quality of life. The first part of the thesis, as an introduction, reviews the literature and discusses both classic and contemporary sociological theory, with the aim of producing a definition of the post-modern consumer. This is followed by a discussion of environmental sustainability and social responsibility, two concepts that are set in opposition to the logics of wasteful consumption, something that can be seen at the heart of the global environmental crisis. The ecological debate has become not only economic and political but social; the fruit of a new organisational logic in the field of consumption. The second part of the thesis deals with the field work, presenting amongst other things, data concerning the motivation at the heart of this new model of consumption. This is followed by a detailed exploration of the role of the producer/seller by focusing on the attribution of credibility which has been conferred upon them. A discussion of the concept of community, a concept still wide open in sociological debate, with a particular emphasis on the rediscovery of localism, concludes this research. ; Dottorato di ricerca in Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale (XXIV ciclo)

This dissertation examines the experiences of former homeowners in the San Francisco Bay Area who have lost their homes to foreclosure from 2006-2012. Against the backdrop of the ongoing foreclosure crisis that is part of the larger recession, this study asks what foreclosed households have experienced during this period, and how those experiences have shaped the personal meanings they have drawn from foreclosure. While displacement due to foreclosure includes both tenants and former homeowners, this research focuses solely on the effects of the displacement of former homeowners. I ask how former homeowners recover after foreclosure, how foreclosure continues to affect households after foreclosure, and how moving after foreclosure plays a role. In this dissertation, I start to extrapolate theories of larger effects outside of solely that of the built environment, looking at where people have gone after foreclosure in the San Francisco Bay Area and how they discuss their experiences and beliefs about homeownership, moving, renting, credit, and home, after going through foreclosure. This research is a mixed-methods investigation of the spatial and social impacts of foreclosure in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mixed methods allows an understanding of the spatial movements of households and social organization of neighborhoods across the metropolitan region due to foreclosure, as well as an understanding of how these moves are incorporated into individual household-level strategies towards household recovery. This research uses foreclosure record data and matches the addresses of each foreclosed home and the name on the deed to the individual's new address in the US Postal Service's Change of Address data to examine patterns of moving, after foreclosure through GIS analysis. Between May 2010-April 2012, I conducted 55 one-hour semi-structured interviews, 45 with former homeowners who lost their residence to foreclosure in the San Francisco Bay Area between 2006-2011.I use interview data with former homeowners to analyze the impacts of foreclosure, ranging from the mechanics of the foreclosure process, to the impacts on desires to buy a home again, to impacts on credit and personal finances, and the meaning of home. I use interview data to investigate former homeowners' actions and beliefs, after foreclosure. Chapter 2 describes the experience of the foreclosure process, from the perspective of the homeowner. This chapter describes the foreclosure triggers that interview participants discussed, the experience of the foreclosure process and homeowners' attempts to contact the bank, their experiences of trying to secure loan modifications or do short-sales, experiences of losing their savings, and their experiences moving. In Chapter 3, I analyze former homeowners' interest in buying a house again in the future, and how this relates to changed ideas about renting. While former homeowners in their 20s-40s look forward to being able to buy again, they have envisioned financial strategies for how they will buy again and protect themselves. However, after foreclosure, life goals shift, and many consider what really matters in their lives, outside of material goals. In Chapter 4, I look at the relationship between foreclosure and credit. Many former homeowners resist declaring bankruptcy as part of their foreclosure, but with tax and mortgage deficiency liabilities may consider declaring bankruptcy after foreclosure. The damage to credit caused by foreclosure may be long-lasting, and affect employment opportunities, the ability to consolidate consumer debts, and the ability to secure rental housing, which is discussed in Chapter 5. During the foreclosure process, homeowners experience intense pressure from collections or delinquent loan divisions. This contributes to homeowners' efforts to avoid debt after foreclosure. I uncover a paradox where former homeowners feel that credit recovery is important to their personal recovery after foreclosure, however, common strategies of resisting and rejecting consumer credit, and repeated testing for access to credit may actually contribute to slower recovery of credit scores.In Chapter 5, I analyze where households have moved after foreclosure. Using spatial analysis techniques with mapping, I find that in general in the San Francisco Bay Area, the locations with the greatest concentrations of foreclosure are also the locations where households are relocating after foreclosure. The second half of the chapter describes how former homeowners found a rental home, through disclosure of their foreclosure and looking for a sympathetic landlord.The final chapter concludes by discussing a disconnect between non-profit foreclosure prevention, and preventing foreclosures, and summarizing these ways in which experiences during and after foreclosure have shaped the perspectives of those interviewed in this research, and extends this to the implications for policy.The ongoing foreclosure crisis will continue to affect increasing numbers of homeowners, and we should consider whether housing policy and financial institutions are doing enough to prevent the loss of home, financial resources, and human dignity described here. Currently, foreclosure is the only reliable solution for exiting homeownership when property values have fallen. Foreclosure has operated as a machine, and, as I discuss in the chapters to follow, once a homeowner enters that machine, it is difficult to escape. Foreclosure is a process of great uncertainty for the homeowner, and even after foreclosure, their legal and financial situation has not been resolved. The experience has a life-changing effect on many former homeowners, who change their beliefs and behaviors, not just in relationship to homeownership, but also in terms of their life goals, their relationship to banks and financial institutions, their use of debt and credit, and where they live after foreclosure. While there have been policy changes to improve the numbers receiving loan modifications at the margins, there has not been the political will to create a large-scale significant alternative to foreclosure. Without a larger policy intervention, the process of foreclosure presented here will continue to be the only guaranteed resolution for those who cannot stay in their homes, or for whom it is not financially sustainable for them to continue to stay.

As the comprehensive summary of a cumulative dissertation in accordance with § 7 of the Doctoral Degree Regulations (Universität Hamburg, Germany), this report provides an overview, overall background and main outcomes of two specific papers within the research area of bioenergy, land use/land use change and climate change. Finally general conclusions are drawn and a scientific outlook for future research needs is illustrated. Two different aspects of influencing i) the climatic impacts of land use change considering non-GHG effects such as albedo and ii) the effects of supporting climate policy instruments such as the introduction of the EU-ETS on biomass for energy purposes are assessed. The impacts of non-GHG effects on climate change benefits of afforestation/reforestation regimes are under debate. The first paper investigates how to incorporate the changes of albedo in an existing carbon accounting tool to show the net effect of land use change on the climate. Applied on a chosen case study area in southern Europe the work combined an atmospheric and carbon accounting tool to convert albedo and carbon sequestration modelling results to a combined radiative forcing balance. The results show that afforestation/reforestation measures as human activities are no longer seen as simply positive actions fighting global warming, because most of the carbon sequestered via photosynthetic CO2 fixation of forest growth (up to 6x10-6 Watts ha-1 at maturity level) is neutralized by the warming effect of albedo changes. However, sensitivity analyses lead to the conclusion that the improvement of input data like measured albedo values from satellite images (e.g. MODIS) could influence the outputs significantly. For this reason the paper points out that counting for GHG units in land use change calculations does not reflect the entire picture. It is highly recommended that in future GHG balances of land use systems and products (e.g. biomass, liquid biofuels) via LCA should also include these additional climatic effects in addition to the C balances of dLUC and iLUC. The second paper assesses possible impacts of changes to the EU-ETS on solid and liquid biomass use in Europe. Based on these assessments, recommendations are outlined for optimising support for solid and liquid biofuels. The European Energy and Climate Package agreement contains fundamental changes to the EU-ETS, which started in 2005. With some exceptions, emissions allowances in the power sector will be auctioned starting with the third trading period of the scheme in 2013. This may have significant impacts on the sector's fuel mix and investment decisions. To the extent to which the EU-ETS results in a price on CO2 emissions, it increases the competitiveness of low carbon fuels. Under current regulations no CO2 emissions are attributed to combustion of biomass, thus it functions as a zero-carbon fuel. The study shows that while the use of biomass is already viable under CO2 prices that have been reached within the EU-ETS, investments in new biomass plants need a higher price level as well as more stable prices, conditions which cannot be predicted with any confidence. The road transport sector, which has significant scope to increase its use of biofuels is currently not part of the EU-ETS, and will not be included in the third trading period starting in 2013. However, the likely consequences of including transportation fuels under the EU-ETS are considered as well as options which involve separate trading schemes for liquid biofuels. Both papers underline that on the one hand looking beyond GHG effects when assessing carbon balances and on the other hand taking into account additional monetary climate policy options in improving bioenergy strategies may complement already established pathways fighting global warming in a significant manner. ; Als zusammenfassender Überbau einer kumulativen Dissertation an der Universität Hamburg, Deutschland enthält diese Arbeit einen generellen Überblick, den naturwissenschaftlich und klimapolitischen Hintergrund, sowie die spezifischen Ergebnisse zweier Veröffentlichungen im Bereich der Bioenergie, der Landnutzung und des Klimawandels. Am Ende werden generelle Schlussfolgerungen gezogen, sowie ein wissenschaftlicher Ausblick gegeben. Zwei Aspekte werden in diesem wissenschaftlichen Umfeld betrachtet: i) zum einen werden die klimatechnischen Auswirkungen von nicht treibhausgasrelevanten Effekten infolge von Landnutzungsänderungen und ii) zum anderen auf die Auswirkungen klimapolitischer Instrumente (z.B. das EU-ETS) auf die Biomassenutzung zur Energieerzeugung eingegangen. Der Betrachtung von nicht treibhausgasrelevanten Effekten durch Aufforstungen und Wiederaufforstungen auf den fortschreitenden Klimawandel werden derzeit diskutiert. Die erste Veröffentlichung untersucht in welcher Form die Veränderung der Albedo auf Grund von Landnutzungsänderungen in ein bestehendes Kohlenstoffmodell eingebaut werden kann, um so den Gesamteffekt auf das Klima besser darstellen zu können. Angewandt auf eine Fallstudie in Südeuropa wird ein atmosphärisches Modell mit einem Kohlenstoffmodell kombiniert, um einerseits die Reflexionsveränderung und andererseits die Änderung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung einer Aufforstungsfläche in einer kombinierten Strahlungsbilanz über die Zeit darzustellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Maßnahmen wie Aufforstungen und Wiederaufforstungen nicht mehr nur als einfache, positive Aktivitäten gesehen werden können den Klimawandel zu bekämpfen, da die C-Anreicherung durch das Waldwachstum via CO2-Bindung (bis zu 6x10-6 Watts ha-1 zum Ende der Umtriebszeit) durch die Veränderung der Albedo neutralisiert wird. Die Sensitivitätsanlayse zeigt, dass eine Verbesserung der Eingangsparameter, wie z.B. die Anwendung von tatsächlichen, aus Satellitenbildern gemessenen Albedo Daten (z.B. MODIS), die Ergebnisse signifikant beeinflussen können. Schlussfolgernd wird unterstrichen, dass die Berechnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherveränderungen im Zuge einer Landnutzungsänderung alleine nicht ausreicht, um den gesamten Einfluss auf das Klima widerzuspiegeln. Zukünftige Treibhausgasbilanzen von Landnutzungssystemen und Produkten (z.B. Biomasse, Biotreibstoffe) mittels Lebenszyklusanalysen sollten demnach nicht nur die C-Bilanzen der direkten und indirekten Landnutzungsänderung berücksichtigen, sondern auch diese zusätzlichen, nicht treibhausgasrelevanten Effekte inkludieren. Die zweite Veröffentlichung untersucht die möglichen Auswirkungen des Europäischen Emissionshandelssystems (EU-ETS) auf die Nutzung fester und flüssiger Biobrennstoffe in Europa. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen werden Vorschläge zur optimalen Unterstützung einer verstärkten Biomassenutzung herausgearbeitet. Der Beschluss des Europäischen Klima- und Energiepakets beinhaltet fundamentale Änderungen des bestehenden EU-ETS, das im Jahr 2005 startete. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen werden Emissionsrechte im Stromerzeugungssektor ab dem Beginn der dritten Handelsperiode in 2013 versteigert werden. Dieser Umstand wird sowohl einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Brennstoffeinsatz zur Stromerzeugung, als auch auf künftige Investitionsentscheidungen haben. Je höher der CO2 Preis innerhalb des EU-ETS gehandelt werden wird, desto höher wird auch die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit kohlenstoffarmer Energieträger werden. Unter den derzeitigen Bestimmungen gilt die Verbrennung von Biomasse als CO2-neutral und stellt daher rechnerisch einen klimaneutralen Brennstoff dar. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Biomassenutzung selbst unter den derzeit niedrigen CO2 Preisen vorangetrieben wird, allerdings werden hinsichtlich neuer Investitionen in den Ausbau von Biomassekraftwerken höhere und stabilere CO2-Preise nötig sein. Vorrausetzungen, die derzeit allerdings nur sehr schwer abschätzbar sind. Der Transportsektor, der über großes Potential zur Steigerung seiner Biotreibstoffnutzung verfügt ist derzeit aus dem EU-ETS ausgeschlossen und wird auch nicht innerhalb der dritten Handelsperiode als zusätzlicher Sektor aufgenommen werden. Dennoch werden in dieser Arbeit eine Abschätzung der möglichen Aufnahmevarianten des Transportsektors in das bestehende EU-ETS bzw. in eine eigenes, separates Handelssystems untersucht und dessen Auswirkungen auf flüssige Biotreibstoffe beschrieben. Beide Arbeiten unterstreichen auf der einen Seite die Notwendigkeit über die derzeit angewandten Methoden zur Treibhausgasbilanzierung von Landnutzungssystemen und Produkten hinauszugehen und auf der anderen Seite zusätzliche monetäre, klimapolitische Maßnahmen in nationalen Bioenergiestrategien anzudenken, um sinnvolle und wirksame Lösungen zur Stärkung der Biomassenutzung und zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels voranzutreiben.

RESUME (Abstract in French language) Mon sujet de thèse est " Les stratégies marketing touristiques et leur rôle dans la promotion et l'organisation des croisières". La réalisation de stratégies, tout en promouvant les croisières représente l'objectif de cette thèse. Elle synthétise et indique comment la théorie du marketing se transforme en pratique. Structurée en trois chapitres, cette thèse présente les mesures à prendre en vue de développer des stratégies de tourisme. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse est théorique et décrit les stratégies et les politiques en matière de tourisme marketing, selon différents auteurs. Son but principal est d'expliquer comment faire une planification marketing, ce qui reflète la stratégie choisie pour atteindre les objectifs fixés pour un produit / marché. Même si le contenu d'un plan marketing varie d'une compagnie à l'autre, les éléments clés comprennent une étude sur la situation du marché, une analyse de la cible et de l'environnement, l'identification des objectifs, un aperçu des stratégies de marketing mix, les programme touristique, et le calcul du budget. Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse est analytique et introduit le concept de croisières dans différentes régions. Ce chapitre commence avec une présentation générale des croisières et des différents types de bateaux et montre quelles sont les plus importantes destinations pour les touristes. La situation actuelle des croisières est décrite en donnant une analyse chiffrée et factuelle des principales tendances. Ce chapitre présente également les stratégies des plus importantes compagnies des croisières. Il finit avec l'évolution des croisières à l'avenir. Le troisième chapitre de cette thèse est le plus spécifique et décrit les stratégies d'une agence de tourisme pour organiser des croisières dans le Delta du Danube. Ce chapitre consiste également dans ma propre recherche. Le Delta du Danube prend sa source dans la Forêt-Noire en Allemagne et il se jette dans la mer Noire en Roumanie. Les voyageurs seraient curieux de savoir comment est cette région où l'un des plus longs fleuves d'Europe se jette en Roumanie et donc ils voudront aller dans cette destination. En plus de cela, Ibis Tours, depuis plus d'une décennie, est le partenaire principal utilisé dans le Delta du Danube et la Dobroudja par les agences de voyages étrangers qui visitent la Roumanie. Il a une grande réputation à l'étranger en particulier pour les croisières organisées dans le Delta du Danube. En organisant de nombreux voyages de différents types, c'est-à-dire, observation des oiseaux, pêche, team building, conférences, études de la nature, il reste le leader incontesté dans cette région. En mettant en œuvre des stratégies de marketing et un plan de promotion pour le produit touristique ''Croisière dans le Delta du Danube avec hôtel flottant'', l'agence de tourisme Ibis Tours parviendra à attirer de nouveaux clients, mais aussi de conserver les anciens. Le paquet touristique offert par Tours Ibis contient de nombreux détails concernant les excursions et il est adaptable aux besoins des clients qui viennent en groupe ou individuellement. De cette façon, ils auront une impression claire et concise concernant leur séjour dans le Delta du Danube. MOTS-CLES: stratégie marketing, croisière, touriste, plan de promotion, produit touristique. ; My thesis' subject is "Marketing strategies in tourism and their role on promoting and organizing cruises". The realization of strategies while promoting cruises represents the purpose of this thesis. It synthesizes and identifies how marketing theory is transformed into practice. Structured in three chapters, the thesis presents the steps to be taken in order to develop tourism strategies. The first chapter of this thesis is theoretical and describes the strategies and marketing policies in tourism, according to different authors. It's main aim is to explain how to make a marketing planning, which reflects the strategy chosen to achieve the goals set for one product / market. Even if the contents of a marketing planning vary from one company to another, the key items include a study of the market situation, an analysis of target and environment, an identification of objectives, an overview of marketing mix strategies and program actions, and a calculation of the budget. The second chapter of this thesis is analytical and it introduces the concept of cruises in different regions. It starts with a general presentation of cruises and different types of ships and shows which are the most important destinations for tourists. The current situation of cruises is described by giving an analysis of numerical and factual information of the main trends. This chapter presents also the strategies of the most important cruise companies. It ends by describing the evolution of cruises in the future. The third chapter of this thesis is the most specific one and describes the strategies of a tourism agency for organizing cruises in the Danube Delta. This chapter affects also my own selected research. The Danube Delta rises in the Black Forest in Germany and it empties into the Black Sea in Romania. Travelers would be curious to know how is this region where one of the longest rivers of Europe flows into Romania and thus they will want to travel to this destination. In addition to this, Ibis Tours travel agency, for more than a decade, has been the main partner used in the Danube Delta and Dobrogea region by foreign travel agencies for visiting Romania. It has a great reputation abroad especially for the cruises organized in this region. By organizing many trips of various types, that is to say, bird watching, fishing, team building, conferences, studies of nature, it remains the undisputed leader in this region. By implementing different marketing strategies and a promotion plan of the tourism product "Cruise in the Danube Delta with floating hotel", the Ibis Tours travel agency will manage to attract new customers but also to retain the old ones. The tourist package offered by Ibis Tours contains many details concerning the excursions, and it is adaptable to the needs of customers who come in groups or individually. In this way, they will make a clear and concise impression concerning their stay in the Danube Delta. KEYWORDS: marketing strategy, cruise, tourist, promotion plan, tourism product.

Modern electric power systems can be considered as the consequence of the continuous technological evolution, often pushed by economical, political and social requirements. As an example, the main transformations in electric distribution systems arise from the diffusion of "Distributed Generation" (DG), i.e. small production plants, often supplied through renewable energy sources, whose presence has significant implications on both energy management (since "active networks" are needed to take into account bidirectional energy flows by means of innovative devices) and protection systems (since adaptive protections can be used to automatically reconfigure the network in the case of fault occurrence). In general, in both transmission and distribution networks, monitoring, control and protection tasks are usually performed by Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), which can be, by their nature, connected to each other by suitable communication links. A famous example of this approach is represented by the series of Standard IEC 61850 (Communication Networks and Systems in Substations). These standards are related to networks and communication systems within the substation, but are used as a reference in all those circumstances in which an electrical system is managed through the use of IEDs communicating with each other (as in the case of active distribution networks). In this way, control and protection schemes practically become algorithms, whose correct behavior is determined firstly by the availability of data measured in strategic points of the network. The critical role of the above mentioned applications, which clearly emerges from their implications on safety, as well as from economical considerations, makes it of fundamental importance the evaluation of correctness and trustworthiness of the information on which such actions are based. Many of these applications implemented for control and protection purposes in electric power networks require the acquisition of information by Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) from strategic points of the system and need that the acquired data have an extremely accurate common time reference. Generally, amplitudes and phases of the positive sequence voltages are the quantities to be estimated in the network nodes. Because of the extension of power networks, suitable measurement devices should be used to ensure proper synchronization between the collected data. Thus, the key components of WAMSs are represented by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) designed to measure synchronized phasors (synchrophasors). Typical synchronization specifications for synchrophasors measurement are in the order of few microseconds. Such a tight synchronization requirements lead to the need of highly accurate clock settings, such as the ones bases on satellite systems. Currently, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only system to provide a time reference with sufficient availability and accuracy for most distributed monitoring and control applications in power systems. As an alternative, in situations where many devices are located in a geographically limited sub-area (e.g. a substation) of the system and are connected to each other by suitable communication networks (as described by the series of standard IEC 61850), it could be advantageous to distribute the time reference of a high accuracy clock to the devices through suitable network synchronization protocols. Between them, the PTP (Precision Time Protocol) defined in the Standard IEEE 1588 offers the best accuracy performance. It is worth mentioning that the Standard IEC 61850-9-2 practically indicates Ethernet as a preferred communication solution, thus offering an optimal support to implement 1588 synchronization in electric power plants. In this context, it should be recalled that the IEEE 1588 profile for power system applications (project PC37.238) is being developed under IEEE Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) and Power System Substation Committee (PSSC). The scope covers all power system applications, including Synchrophasors. The group works in close coordination with TC57 WG10, which plans to adopt the PTP profile in the next revision of IEC 61850. In the first part of this thesis, the state of the art regarding power system evolution, IEEE Standard on synchrophasor measurements and synchronization system is presented. In particular, the problems related to the evolution of the power system along with some possible advantages due to the implementation of Phasor Measurement Units in Wide Area Monitoring Systems are introduced. After a general description of the architecture of a distributed measurement system based on PMUs, the new synchrophasors standard is analysed, highlighting the differences with previous versions, the requirements for the measurement of synchrophasors and the definition of synchrophasor under steady-state and dynamic conditions. Moreover, a summary of the possible synchronization solutions is introduced. For each solution, advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. In particular, satellite system and network based protocol are analysed in detail. In the second part of the thesis, a synchronization solution able to exploit the worldwide availability of the GPS and the possibility to disseminate the synchronization signal with high accuracy by means of the network synchronization protocol IEEE 1588 is proposed. This solution is used for the synchronization of PMUs. The objective of this work is to analyse the possibility to synchronize PMUs via PTP and to study the impact that such a synchronization solution has on the performance of measurement systems under both steady-state and anomalous operating conditions, as well as its effects on the applications that make use of their data. Two different versions of the PTP are used: the first one uses hardware-assisted time-stamp mechanism whereas the second one uses software-only time-stamp mechanism. Two experimental systems are characterized in detail with an accurate description of all the used hardware and software components, and their synchronization performances under different operative conditions are analysed. Finally, among all the sources which may contribute to the uncertainty introduced by PMUs, the last part of this thesis analyses the impact of the phasor estimation models on the accuracy of these devices, with particular attention to algorithms proposed in literature for the estimation of dynamic phasors and studies their performances under several different conditions.

Tesi realitzada a l'Institut del Pròxim Orient Antic (IPOA) ; Tesi doctoral, Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Filologia, 2012 ; [spa] El propósito de esta tesis es estudiar las prácticas funerarias en el valle del Éufrates a lo largo de los períodos conocidos como Bronce Antiguo y Bronce Medio, i.e. durante el tercer milenio a.C. y la primera mitad del segundo, a partir de una metodología interdisciplinaria. La metodología propuesta responde a uno de los objetivos principales de esta investigación y que es traspasar fronteras (temporales, entre el Bronce Antiguo y el Bronce Medio, y disciplinarias, entre arqueología y filología), con el fin de contribuir a impulsar un análisis de las prácticas funerarias en el mundo antiguo desde múltiples frentes. La interrelación entre todos ellos ha permitido obtener una visión más amplia y completa de cómo funcionaron tales prácticas y con ello dar cuenta del fenómeno atendiendo a toda su complejidad. El estudio se basa en fuentes arqueológicas y epigráficas. Arqueológicamente, comprende los yacimientos ubicados en el valle del Éufrates, desde la cuenca de Karababa, en el sureste de Turquía, hasta la frontera con Irak en el sur. Junto a los yacimientos situados a lo largo del valle, se han incorporado otros algo alejados del curso del río pues resultan indispensables por la relevante documentación que aportan para este estudio como, por ejemplo, Kültepe/Kanish, en el centro de Anatolia, y Tell Mardikh/Ebla en la llanura occidental a 60 km de Alepo. Por lo que respecta a las fuentes cuneiformes, éstas incluyen principalmente los archivos desenterrados en Ebla, Mari y Kanish. Así pues, el diálogo entre los dos tipos de documentos ha permitido reconstruir el proceso del ritual funerario mostrando los ritos funerarios como un compendio de acciones, que no se centran exclusivamente en el funeral, en la medida en que se hallan atestadas prácticas rituales anteriores y posteriores al sepelio. La estructura del trabajo responde a dicho proceso y se organiza de acuerdo con los pasos llevados a cabo durante el ritual funerario. Asimismo el estudio sincrónico y diacrónico – con la innovación de adoptar la nueva periodización propuesta por el proyecto ARCANE para la región del medio Éufrates para el tercer milenio – ha permitido observar cambios y pervivencias en las prácticas funerarias a lo largo de más de un milenio a partir de la interrelación entre la localización de las tumbas, su tipología constructiva, el tipo de deposición de los restos humanos y las ofrendas funerarias. Gracias a esta perspectiva histórica la correlación entre prácticas funerarias, cultura material y tendencias sociales puede ser entendida más adecuadamente. Por último, al investigar los mecanismos de construcción de la memoria social, se han detectado y analizado determinadas estrategias utilizadas en las prácticas funerarias, esencialmente en relación con el culto a los ancestros, la construcción de la memoria y el pasado común de la comunidad. Así, se ha podido calibrar cómo éstas se han visto afectadas por las transformaciones socioeconómicas y políticas, y de manera especial con la difusión de la escritura. ; [eng] The aim of this thesis is to study the burial customs in the Middle Euphrates valley over the periods known as Early and Middle Bronze Age, i.e. during the third and second millennia B.C., based on an interdisciplinary methodology. The methodological proposal presented here responds to one of the main objectives of this research and that is to cross boundaries: temporal (between Early and Middle Bronze Age) and among disciplines (between Archaeology and Philology), in order to promote an analysis of the funerary practices in the ancient world from multiple fronts. The interrelation among all of them has yielded a wider and more complete vision of how such practices functioned, as well as it has accounted for the phenomenon in all its complexity. Thus archaeological and epigraphic sources have been used. Archaeologically, this study includes the sites located in the Euphrates Valley, from the Karababa basin, in the southeast of Turkey, to the border with Iraq in the South. Along with sites located along the valley, have been incorporated others somewhat away from the course of the River as they are essential for the relevant documentation that they provide for this study as, for example, Kültepe/Kanish in Central Anatolia and Tell Mardikh/Ebla in the Syrian western plain 60 km away from Aleppo. With regard to the written sources these mainly include the archives unearthed in Ebla, Mari and Kanish. Therefore the dialogue between the two types of documents has allowed reconstructing the process of the funeral ritual. The work has been articulated around the elements that make up this process in order to show the funeral rites as a compendium of actions that do not focus exclusively on the funeral since there are attested ritual practices before and after the burial. In addition, the synchronous and diachronic analysis of the data – with the adoption of the new periodization proposed by the ARCANE project for the Middle Euphrates region for the third millennium – enabled to observe changes and maintenances in burial customs over more than one millennium from the interrelation between the location of the graves, its constructive type, the type of disposal of human remains and grave goods. Thanks to this historical perspective the correlation between funerary practices, material culture and social trends can be better understood. Finally, when investigating the mechanisms of construction of social memory, certain strategies used in funerary practices have been detected and analysed, essentially that related to the cult of the ancestors, the construction of memory and the common past of the community. Thus, how they have been affected by socio-economic and political transformations and in particular with the spread of writing have been calibrated.

Legalisation cannot be fully explained by interest politics. If that were the case, the attitudes towards legalisation would be expected to be based on objective interests and actual policies in France and Germany would be expected to be more similar. Nor can it be explained by institutional agency, because there are no hints that states struggle with different normative traditions. Rather, political actors seek to make use of the structures that already exist to guar-antee legitimacy for their actions. If the main concern of governmental actors really is to accumulate legitimacy, as stated in the introduction, then politicians have a good starting position in the case of legalisation of illegal foreigners. Citizens" negative attitudes towards legalisation cannot be explained by imagined labour market competition; income effects play only a secondary role. The most important explanatory factor is the educational level of each individual. Objective interests do not trigger attitudes towards legalisation, but rather a basic men-tal predisposition for or against illegal immigrants who are eligible for legalisation. Politics concerning amnesties are thus not tied to an objectively given structure like the socio-economic composition of the electorate, but are open for political discretion. Attitudes on legalising illegal immigrants can be regarded as being mediated by beliefs and perceptions, which can be used by political agents or altered by political developments. However, politicians must adhere to a national frame of legitimating strategies that cannot be neglected without consequences. It was evident in the cross-country comparison of political debates that there are national systems of reference that provide patterns of interpretation. Legalisation is seen and incorporated into immigration policy in a very specific way that differs from one country to the next. In both countries investigated in this study, there are fundamental debates about which basic principles apply to legalisation and which of these should be held in higher esteem: a legal system able to work, humanitarian rights, practical considerations, etc. The results suggest that legalisation is "technicized" in France by describing it as an unusual but possible pragmatic instrument for the adjustment of the inefficient rule of law. In Germany, however, legalisation is discussed at a more normative level. Proponents of conservative immigration policies regard it as a substantial infringement on the rule of law, so that even defenders of a humanitarian solution for illegal immigrants are not able to challenge this view without significant political harm. But the arguments brought to bear in the debate on legalisation are not necessarily sound because they are not irrefutable facts, but instruments to generate legitimacy, and there are enough possibilities for arguing and persuading because socio-economic factors play a minor role. One of the most important arguments, the alleged pull effect of legalisation, has been subjected to an empirical investigation. In the political debate, it does not make any dif-ference whether this is true or not, insofar as it is not contested by incontrovertible findings. In reality, the results suggest that amnesties indeed exert a small attracting influence on illegal immigration, which has been contested by immigration friendly politicians in the French par-liament. The effect, however, is not large; therefore, some conservative politicians may put too much stress on this argument. Moreover, one can see legalisation as an instrument to restore legitimacy that has slipped away from immigration politics because of a high number of illegally residing foreigners. This aspect explains some of the peculiarities in the French debate on legalisation, e.g. the idea that the coherence of the law is secured by creating exceptional rules for legalising illegal immigrants. It has become clear that the politics of legalisation are susceptible to manipulation by introducing certain interpretations into the political debate, which become predominant and supersede other views. In this study, there are no signs of a systematic misuse of this constellation by any certain actor. However, the history of immigration policy is full of examples of symbolic politics in which a certain measure has been initiated while the actors are totally aware of its lack of effect. Legalisation has escaped this fate so far because it is a specific instrument that is the result of neglecting populist mechanisms rather than an ex-ample of a superficial measure. This result does not apply to policies concerning illegal immi-gration in general, both with regard to concealing a lack of control and flexing the state- muscles. ; Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit illegaler Einwanderung und der Legalisieurng von illegalen Einwanderern in Europa. Sie geht drei zusammenhängenden Fragen nach, die empirisch untersucht werden: Welches sind die bestimmenden Gründe für Einstellungen der europöischen Bevölkerung gegenüber der Legaliserung von illegalen Ausländern, die bereits seit einigen Jahren im Einwanderungsland leben? Wie werden Maßnahmen für oder gegen Legalisierungen in der politischen Diskussion Deutschlands und Frankreichs legitimiert? Haben Legalisierungsmaßnahmen einen Effekt auf zukünfitge illegale Einwanderung? Die Beantwortung der ersten Frage baut auf theoretischen und empirischen Arbeiten zu Einstellungen gegenüber Einwanderung auf. Diese werden auf Einstellung gegenüber Legalisierungen angewendet. Arbeitsmarktkonkurrenz, das soziale Sicherungssystem uns sozialpsychologische Erklärungen werden mit einer Mehrebenenanalyse einer Eurobarometerumfrage von 2003 getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Bildung die wichtigste Rolle spielt. Zusammen mit früheren Legalisierungen in dem betreffenden Land führt höhere Bildung zu einer höheren Zustimmung zu Legalisierungen. Wettbewerb auf dem Arbeitsmarkt tritt demgegenüber in den Hintergrund. Legalisieren bedeutet zuzugeben, dass der Staat nicht in der Lage ist, seine Gesetze zu Einwanderung und Aufenthalt umzusetzen. Dies stellt besondere Anforderungen an die Legitimierung von Amnestien. Frankreich und Deutschland gehen unterschiedlich an mit illegalem Aufenthalt verbundenen Problemen heran. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden parlamentarische Debatten daraufhin untersucht, wie Regierung und Opposition ihre zustimmende oder ablehnende Haltung zu Legalisierungen begründen. Auf der Grundlage von mehreren Dutzend Reden werden Argumetnationsmuster identifiziert, mit denen die Redner Zustimmung zu ihren Vorschlägen zu erzeugen versuchen. In Deutschland wird die politische Debatte von der Vorstellung einer Steuerbarkeit der Einwanderung und der Gefährung der Kohärenz des Rechts durch Legalisierungen bestimmt. Dagegen werden Legalisierungen in Frankreich von beiden Seiten des poltischen Spektrums auf einer etwas pragmatischeren Ebene diskutiert, so dass sie Gegenstand einer offenen politischen Auseinandersetzung sind. Ausgangspunkt für den dritten Teil sind die von eingen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union geäußerten Befürchtungen, dass die in einigen Ländern nicht unüblichen Legalisierungen von illegalen Einwanderern zu verstärkter illegaler Einwanderung führen können. Diese Frage wurde bislang für Euopa nicht empirisch überprüft, was auch mit bislang nicht verfügbaren Daten zusammenhängt. Das Design von empirischen Untersuchungen von Steueramnestien wird für die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Amnestien im Ausländerrecht übernommen. Ein Datensatz der Europäischen Kommission (Cirefi) wird für eine Panelanalyse genutzt, wobei für Arbeitsnachfrage, Netzwerkeffekte und Kontrolldichte kontrolliert wird. Die Daten weisen Beschränkungen hinsichtlich ihrer Konsistenz auf. Unter diesem Vorbehalt lässt sich feststellen, dass Legalisierungskampagnen einen leichten positiven Effekt auf illegale Zuwanderung ausüben.

In Memory of the Aymorés: The Subterranean World of the Pataxó Indians, Bahia, Brazil At the base of Monte Pascoal, in the far south of the State of Bahia in Brazil, lives a community of 3,000 Pataxó Indians. They are among the last representatives of the Macro-Gé group, and descend from they who were spread along the coast together with the Tupi when the Portuguese arrived. At that time they were called the Aymorés and their sole name spread terror amongst the villages and trading posts on the coast. Their recent history has been marked by a struggle to reintegrate Monte Pascoal National Park, of which they were driven out fifty years ago. More recently, UNESCO proclaimed this Park a "biosphere reserve" because it is one of the last refuges of the original biodiversity of the "Atlantic Rainforest," which today has been reduced to a shadow of its former self. Although the Pataxó's demands are imbued with ethno-ecological arguments, which portray the redeemed figure of the wild Indian, guardian of the wisdom of the natural world, we can detect a guiding principle which suggest that a "natural area" cannot be considered for itself, and needs the same kind of transformation that a piece of meat which must be cooked before it can be eaten. Therefore, regardless of the extent of environmental awareness mobilized around the issue of the National Park and its survival, a set of Pataxó cosmological values results in an outcome contrary to the one which was hoped for. Little by little "uncontrolled" fires burn away the forest as local crafts are being replaced by increasingly mechanized production of wooden pieces. The current destruction of the Monte Pascoal National Park's tree cover cannot be understood only under pragmatically economic consideration. The destruction of these forest remnants is "programmed" in the execration of the Savage that is part of the Pataxó's religious affirmation as Catholics and their "civilized" vision of raw nature. Undoing the skein of stereotypical constructions, like the mythical figures of the Naked Jaguar or the Man-Beast, altogether paradoxical and dualistic - allow us to apprehend this cosmological consistency, which skirts the confines of analyses based on concepts of ethnogenesis and invention of tradition. From this standpoint, this book falls within a structural perspective, in which a narratological analysis is applied to various types of discourse and stories, postulating that their totality forms a single albeit discontinuous narrative thread. However, today, the focus of ethnology is ever-shifting and falls within a much broader issue -- managing a global environmental crisis. Ethnic re-composition, political action, social disaggregation or community re-aggregation based on the concepts of tradition and respecting biodiversity shape part of the ethnographic reality. Attempts to delimit the scope of these issues are astonishingly complex and require several explanatory diagrams, conceptual frameworks and several scales, ranging from the individual to regional and political institutional dynamics. We shall come to understand that this consideration of contexts draws my position near to that of "micro-history": we can and we must historicize representations so as to fit them into a continuous dialectic with the reality experienced by the groups we happen to know and study. ; Au pied du Mont Pascal, à l'extrême sud de l'État de Bahia au Brésil, réside une communauté de 3 000 Pataxó. Ces Indiens sont parmi les derniers représentants des groupes Macro-Gé qui occupaient le littoral, conjointement aux Tupi, au moment de l'arrivée des Portugais. On les appelait alors les Aymorés, et leur seul nom répandait la terreur parmi les bourgs et les comptoirs de la côte. Leur histoire récente est marquée par une lutte visant à se réapproprier le Parc National du Mont Pascal dont ils furent expulsés il y a un demi-siècle. Or ce Parc fut proclamé " réserve de la biosphère " par l'UNESCO, car l'un des ultimes refuges de la biodiversité originelle de la " Forêt Atlantique ", aujourd'hui réduite à des reliquats. Si les discours de revendication pataxó, empreints d'arguments ethnoécologiques, mettent en scène une figure réhabilitée de l'Indien sauvage, détenteur d'une sagesse originelle, on discerne, dans le réseau plus profond de leurs représentations cosmologiques, un principe directeur suggérant que l'appropriation d'un espace " naturel " passe par sa transformation, tout comme la viande doit être cuite avant d'être mangée. Quel que soit le degré de conscience environnementale mobilisée dans la question du Parc National et de sa survie, les valeurs qui donnent sens à l'activité socioéconomique et religieuse des Pataxó aboutissent au résultat inverse à celui escompté : la forêt cède peu à peu, grignotée par les incendies " incontrôlés " et par un artisanat de plus en plus mécanisé. La destruction actuelle du couvert végétal du Mont Pascal ne saurait donc être appréhendée par de simples considérations économiques. En repensant les représentations du sauvage, en défaisant l'écheveau des constructions stéréotypées, souvent paradoxales, parfois contradictoires, telles les figures mythiques du Jaguar Nu ou de l'Homme-Bête, on voit apparaître une cohérence cosmologique qui permet de contourner les limites des analyses fondées sur les concepts d'ethnogenèse et d'invention de la tradition. De ce point de vue, cet ouvrage s'inscrit dans une perspective structurale, où est mise en œuvre une analyse narratologique appliquée aux différents types de discours et récits, postulant que leur ensemble forme un texte unique mais discontinu. Mais l'objet de l'ethnologie est aujourd'hui fluctuant, et s'inscrit dans une problématique plus vaste, celle de la gestion d'une crise environnementale globale. Les recompositions ethniques, la mobilisation politique, la désagrégation sociale ou la réagrégation communautaire autour des concepts de tradition et de respect de la biodiversité, font partie de la réalité ethnographique. Les tentatives de circonscrire ces objets nécessitent plusieurs schémas explicatifs, plusieurs cadres conceptuels, plusieurs échelles, de l'individu aux dynamiques régionales et aux politiques institutionnelles. On comprendra que cette prise en compte des contextes me rapproche des propositions de la " micro histoire " selon lesquelles on peut et on doit historiciser les représentations, et les inscrire dans une dialectique permanente avec la réalité vécue par les groupes dont nous accompagnons l'existence quelques années durant.

The volume contains written in italian and english language on the reflections and the final results of international partnership experience by Medlab (project promoted by European Commission, MED Program) concerning the case of Living Labs in Sicily. Gelardi and Salemi showed the action of the regional innovation instruments of urban and regional planning at institutional regional level and in particular the role of experience of international cooperation in the comparison of experiences of different kind of territorial innovation in the Euro-Mediterranean area. Marsh shows as the MedLab project has been to examine the current and potential role of Living Labs within regional development policy and the questions thrown up by considering Living Labs as a policy tool. This means looking at issues of development policy and linking their relevance to broader territorial innovation strategies. In addition, governance issues arise for coordinating different Living Lab initiatives within a territorial domain, with the aim of maximising benefits not only to ICT-based innovation and the local knowledge economy, but also to the fields of application that Living Labs address: the environment, the economy, social and government services, etc. The process has thus involved first looking at how these questions can be addressed from the standpoints of different types of actors and how they can engage in reciprocal learning processes. The idea is to develop a model of "innovation literacy" for local authorities and policy makers, namely the capacity to structure the demand for and supply of ICT-based innovation in order to maximise the concrete benefits to specific policies and initiatives. The ultimate vision is of a virtuous circle whereby regional development authorities apply the Living Lab model in an increasing array of fields and the ICT industry increasingly recognises the value proposition of engaging in co-design processes in concrete local and regional development initiatives. In the following pages, we explore the experiences developed in the MedLab project according to three issues: a) a first exploration of the concept of "territorial innovation" at the basis of the MedLab hypothesis, and its potential impact on policy and governance; b) The case story of the formation of the original TLL-Sicily partnership in 2007 and how that experience shaped the MedLab workplan; c) The summative conclusions of the MedLab project, exploring the concept of an emergent macro-regional Living Lab. Giambalvo e Lucido involved the analysis of urban change in a social and economic context particularly full of difficulties as the town of Favara. Their contribution tries to define the processes of social innovation when they born and move the first steps, this contribution aims to collect the challenge born inside the Medlab project – Mediterranean Living Lab for the Territorial Innovation to reflect on some of the outcomes of the Living Lab approach to support territorial innovation in the geographical areas of Sicily concerned by the pilot cases of MedLab (the spatial planning of the province of Ragusa and the strategic plan of the municipality of Favara). More specifically, the remark starts from a work of research on the field and facilitation of communicative processes aimed to identify what dynamics of social innovation, such as transactions among the social actors and what new micro-economic ecosystems are developing in the municipality of Favara, whose background has been explored and treated as territorial Living Lab. Di Bono e Parisi describe the way of the Province of Ragusa tried to initiate arrangements to create a Living Lab from experience of local planning and addressing to the involvement of the local firm to obtain a dinamic digital mapping of local creativity. In the contribution the autors try to show that the concept of innovation is still evolving and the market is not disappearing from this innovation concept, but it is one of its components; the social dimension is increasingly relevant, as well as the institutional innovation. In fact, public boards, dealing with the themes of territorial innovation, can re-design their role starting from networking open innovation approaches and building up public-private partnerships able to activate technological and social innovation processes in a participatory way. Trapani present a cotribution on theme about the report of launching a citizen initiative for the mobilization of the social capital in the second Constituency of Palermo; it includes the Brancaccio neighborhood very famous for the murder of Father Puglisi. The initiative is designed as an integrated program of architectural, urban, cultural, social, environmental and economic qualification for the development (also for touristic aims) of Castle Maredolce and (oncoming) park close the monument and the nearby gardens. The proposal which is maturing in this period, falls within the framework of infrastructural transformations taking place in the districts of Brancaccio and Bandita and compared to the new role of the metropolitan city in the new economies of the Mediterranean, namely in a context in which Sicily seems to remain more at the edge of Europe and see, in the cautious use of its cultural resources, a way of survival. The proposal initially moves from the definition of projects and visions for the architectural setting and the urban and social redefinition of a new square in front of an important Moorish Castle undergoing restoration. Furthermore, the interest is moved to the second municipal constituency. The integrated urban program consists of interventions which specify the contents of the strategic plan of Palermo for the second constituency. The urban part, specifically, is characterized by the presence of important infrastructure and services for the production of small and medium-sized enterprises. It has been possible to examine the characteristics of the citizens, their expectations in terms of their objectives and concerning the concrete possibilities of integrated planning and design within participatory and urban sphere on the background of the failure of urban traditional planning tools.

Die vorliegende Arbeit prüft unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren und deren Auswirkung auf die Merkmale informeller Siedlungen. Hypothese ist, dass die Morphologie und weitere physischen Merkmale informeller Siedlungen trotz der Wirksamkeit lokaler und kulturspezifischer Rahmenbedingungen auf die Wirkung bestimmbarer Einflussfaktoren zurückgeführt werden können, die entsprechend erkennbarer und prognostizierbarer Gesetzmäßigkeiten wirken. Es werden die Gesetzmäßigkeiten geprüft, die mit informeller Stadtbildung in Verbindung stehen und sich in Morphologie und weiteren physischen Merkmalen von informellen Siedlungen äußern. Dabei werden konstante und variable Faktoren unterschieden, die bei der Ausbildung informeller Stadtstrukturen wirken. Die meisten Faktoren stellen sich als variabel heraus. Mit dem Verständnis über deren Bedeutung und Zusammenhänge kann daher die informelle Siedlungsbildung beeinflusst werden und Planungsempfehlungen können für schnell und informell wachsende Städte formuliert werden. Die Morphologie und bautypischen Merkmale informeller Siedlungen sind prognostizierbar und die Folgen bestimmter Entscheidungen einschätzbar. Die Beeinflussung der Einflussfaktoren ist insbesondere auf der Ebene von Politik und Gesetzgebung möglich. Fast alle Handlungs- und Planungsentscheidungen müssen das Bodenrechtssystem und die vorliegenden Verhältnisse des Bodeneigentums beachten. Als Fallstudien dienen fünf Städte in Afrika, die von einer Bandbreite an Rahmenbedingungen beeinflusst werden und die aktuell einem besonders rasanten, doch jungen Verstädterungsprozess ausgesetzt sind. In Afrika finden sich unterscheidbare Rechtssysteme, die zum Teil aus der Kolonialgeschichte hervorgehen. Die Wahl der Beispiele wurde während der Bearbeitung und Vertiefung des Themas getroffen. Vor allem fußt die Analyse auf Originalmaterial, das die Autorin durch eigene Aufenthalte zusammengetragen und erhoben hat. Spezielle Planunterlagen, Planungs- und Gesetzesinformationen waren im Allgemeinen nicht anders aufzufinden. Es gibt auch nur wenige vorangegangene, einzelne Analysen informeller Siedlungen aus architektonischer oder planerischer Sicht. Wie keine der wenigen vorhandenen Analysen beansprucht diese Arbeit nun das Erarbeiten der Zusammenhänge von Rahmenbedingungen und Siedlungscharakteristik unter Beleuchtung der Bandbreite informeller Siedlungsformen. Von Bedeutung ist daher die intensive Arbeit mit dem Kartenmaterial auf Siedlungs- und Bebauungsebene, dessen Betrachtung vor dem Hintergrund landesspezifischer Informationen und die Erkenntnisgewinnung aus dem Vergleich der ausgewählten Beispiele stattfinden.:1 Einführung 12 Anlass und Ziel der Arbeit 12 Methodik und Aufbau der Arbeit 14 2 Informelle Stadtentwicklung 16 Überblick, Ausmaß und Entwicklungsfaktoren 16 Formen informeller Stadtbildung 19 Informalität und Bodeneigentum 19 Informelle Stadtbildungsprozesse 21 Informalität und Reglementierung 23 3 Analyse und Vergleich informeller Stadtentwicklung anhand ausgewählter Beispiele 24 Begriffe 27 Kairo, Ägypten 29 Rahmenbedingungen 33 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Kairo 40 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 42 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Boulaq el Dakrour 49 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Manshiet Nasser 55 Addis Abeba, Äthiopien 61 Rahmenbedingungen 66 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Addis Abeba 75 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 77 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Mari Luke 83 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Demamit 89 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 95 Rahmenbedingungen 98 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Ouagadougou 105 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 107 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Nabas Nogo 111 Kigali, Ruanda 117 Rahmenbedingungen 121 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Kigali 131 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 133 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Muhima 137 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Kimisange 141 Nairobi, Kenia 147 Rahmenbedingungen 151 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Nairobi 155 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 157 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Zimmerman 161 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Kibera Kibera 165 4 Gegenüberstellung der Analyseergebnisse 169 Rahmenbedingungen 169 Siedlungsstrukturelle Aspekte 180 Baustrukturelle Aspekte 192 5 Auswertung und Erkenntnisse 197 Einflussfaktoren auf die informelle Siedlungsbildung 197 Steuerbarkeit der Einflussfaktoren 216 Morphologie und Funktionalität informeller Siedlungen unter Betrachtung der Einflussfaktoren 217 Zusammenfassung 219 6 Ausblick 220 L Literaturverzeichnis 225 ; This work examines the factors influencing the characteristics of informal settlements. Hypothetically, the morphology and other physical characteristics of informal settlements can be attributed to the effect determinable factors, which function with predictable regularities, despite a locally and culturally specific framework. Examined are those regularities, which are related to the formation of informal urban growth, and which are expressed in the morphology and further physical characteristics of informal settlements. Constant and variable factors are differentiated when examining their influence on informal urban morphologies. It is discovered that most factors can be influenced on the level of politics and legislation and therefore, the formation and the physical characteristics of informal settlements can be steered. Planning recommendations for fast, informally growing cities can be formulated and the consequences of planning and policy decisions can be predicted equally. Nearly all action and planning decisions must consider the local juridical system and specific conditions of land ownership. The research clearly shows that the physical form of informal urban development, i.e. morphology and townscape, is directly connected to the given land ownership system in a country in general, and to the land rights specifically for settled land. In other words, current as well as former land ownership conditions in a country influence the physical characteristics of the informal settlements. In principle, the land law determines type, extent and functioning of plot allocation and transfer processes; and indirectly, the type and degree of nonconformity to this legal defines the type, extent and functioning of the informal land market. The research is based on case studies in five African cities with varying legal, administrative, historic and cultural frameworks, and which are currently exposed to a rapid process of urbanization, which has started only recently. In Africa, there are distinguishable juridical systems, which partially result from colonial history. Above all, the analysis is based on original material, which was gathered by the author during field research. There are only few analyses of informal settlements, which take an architectural or planning perspective, and those are limited to individual settlements. This work now stresses the interrelation of different aspects in the framework with physical settlement characteristics, while analyzing the respective range of informal settlement forms for each case example.:1 Einführung 12 Anlass und Ziel der Arbeit 12 Methodik und Aufbau der Arbeit 14 2 Informelle Stadtentwicklung 16 Überblick, Ausmaß und Entwicklungsfaktoren 16 Formen informeller Stadtbildung 19 Informalität und Bodeneigentum 19 Informelle Stadtbildungsprozesse 21 Informalität und Reglementierung 23 3 Analyse und Vergleich informeller Stadtentwicklung anhand ausgewählter Beispiele 24 Begriffe 27 Kairo, Ägypten 29 Rahmenbedingungen 33 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Kairo 40 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 42 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Boulaq el Dakrour 49 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Manshiet Nasser 55 Addis Abeba, Äthiopien 61 Rahmenbedingungen 66 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Addis Abeba 75 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 77 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Mari Luke 83 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Demamit 89 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 95 Rahmenbedingungen 98 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Ouagadougou 105 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 107 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Nabas Nogo 111 Kigali, Ruanda 117 Rahmenbedingungen 121 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Kigali 131 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 133 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Muhima 137 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Kimisange 141 Nairobi, Kenia 147 Rahmenbedingungen 151 Faktenblatt Rahmenbedingungen Nairobi 155 Siedlungs- und Bebauungsanalyse 157 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Zimmerman 161 Faktenblatt Siedlung und Bebauung Kibera Kibera 165 4 Gegenüberstellung der Analyseergebnisse 169 Rahmenbedingungen 169 Siedlungsstrukturelle Aspekte 180 Baustrukturelle Aspekte 192 5 Auswertung und Erkenntnisse 197 Einflussfaktoren auf die informelle Siedlungsbildung 197 Steuerbarkeit der Einflussfaktoren 216 Morphologie und Funktionalität informeller Siedlungen unter Betrachtung der Einflussfaktoren 217 Zusammenfassung 219 6 Ausblick 220 L Literaturverzeichnis 225