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In 1987, I published an overly long article in the Yale Law Journal entitled Of Sovereignty and Federalism. In it, I advanced a "converse-1983" model of federalism-a model that highlighted the ways in which state laws can provide remedies when federal officials violate federal constitutional rights. For example, prior to the 1971 landmark of Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Agents, citizens whose Fourth Amendment rights had been violated by federal officers had no clear federal cause of action; but state trespass law often provided a remedy, and enabled citizens to recover when their "persons, houses, papers, [or] effects" had been unreasonably searched or seized by federal officials. The point, I suggested, was generalizable. State remedies could often protect citizens against unconstitutional behavior by federal officers, just as federal remedies-such as Section 1983-could often protect citizens against unconstitutional behavior by state officials. Rightly understood, "federalism" should protect citizens and limit government abuse-in contrast to the Supreme Court's regular invocation of "Our Federalism" to deny citizens full remedies for constitutional wrongs. Concretely, I argued in 1987 that states should adopt "converse-1983" statutes that might invoke and invert the language of section 1983 as follows: "Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of [the United States], subjects or causes to be subjected, any citizen of [this state] or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the [United States] Constitution, shall be liable to the party injured in an action of law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress." The first draft of this overly long 1987 article was even longer still. Early on, I sketched out four competing models of federalism as foils for my own "converse-1983" model. Eventually, I decided to omit this entire section for space reasons. I put the out-take in a drawer. ...

Like other Soviet successor states, the Ukraine is faced by multiple international migration-related dilemmas and opportunities. However, apocalyptic predictions forecasting mass emigration appear unwarranted. The future character of Ukrainian emigration policies is discernible in the category of those who travel for "personal reasons," most of whom are tourists. Many tourists are looking for work abroad. Business trips constitute a second class of often concealed labor force movement. The ecological effects of the Chernobyl disaster also will be a long-term factor affecting Ukrainian emigration.