Suchergebnisse

We have carried out a deep analysis (using of a meta-analytical approach) of the Literature published in relation to international pricing. We have formulated a series of theoretical propositions that we have contrasted with a company inside the countries of the European Union. We have joined countries of the EU according to the prices of the analysed product. So, the best statistical tool for that is the cluster analysis. The second stage of this process is to contrast the price differences between the countries classified in each cluster. The research reveals the existence of price adaptation of the analysed company to the diverse environments of the European Union members.

Im Juni dieses Jahres bekundeten die in Afghanistan engagierten Staaten auf der Pariser Konferenz ihre Absicht, der Kabuler Regierung die volle Verantwortung für den Aufbau des Landes zu übertragen. Diese Politik erscheint zwar alternativlos, führt angesichts der schwindenden Unterstützung, die die afghanische Regierung in der eigenen Bevölkerung genießt, jedoch in eine durchaus problematische Situation. Einerseits gilt es nun, die Kapazitäten der Kabuler Führung trotz ihres mangelnden Ansehens zu stärken, andererseits müssen aber auch die nationalen Kontrollorgane ausgebaut werden, mit denen sich Korruption und Misswirtschaft eindämmen lassen. Gleichzeitig bedeutet eine Stärkung der afghanischen Regierung nicht, dass das Engagement der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft reduziert werden kann, im Gegenteil: Der Ausbau von Streitkräften und Polizei muss - vor allem in Zusammenarbeit mit den USA - entschlossener als bisher vorangetrieben, die Koordination ziviler und militärischer Maßnahmen nachhaltig verbessert werden. Flankenschutz sollte diese Politik durch eine pragmatische Kooperation mit Iran erhalten: Die Europäer sollten versuchen, bei der Bekämpfung des Drogenhandels und der Rückführung von Flüchtlingen mit Teheran zusammenzuarbeiten - unter Hintanstellung des Konfliktes um das iranische Nuklearprogramm. Pakistan wiederum gilt es in seinen Bemühen zu unterstützen, die Kontrolle über die westlichen Landesteile wiederzuerlangen, ohne dass Nato oder USA dabei selbst direkt eingreifen. Insgesamt haben sich beim Wiederaufbau in Afghanistan zahlreiche Erwartungen als überzogen erwiesen. Die internationale Gemeinschaft sollte ihre Zielsetzungen entsprechend reduzieren und ein besseres Gespür dafür entwickeln, was der Bevölkerung des Landes zuzumuten ist ; Peter Schmidt (Hg.). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik

Alva Myrdal, co‐recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, developed her diplomatic skills and international loyalties in women's movements between the wars and during World War II. She considered feminism a global enterprise whose goals were the enhancement of educational, political, and economic opportunities for women everywhere. Working with both the Swedish Social Democratic Women's Association and the International Federation of Business and Professional Women, she tried to reconcile mothers'paid employment with children's rights to excellent care. During World War I1 her efforts to receive and protect refugees in neutral Sweden tranrformed her into a feminist internarionalist. As the leading woman in the UN Secretariat and at UNESCO in the early 1950s, she enlisted women's organizations to support UN aid to developing narions, cct the same time insisting tha! equal opportuniiy for women was essential to the peaceful progress anddecent life that all people needed.

The model presented here assumes that nations initiate conflict to change the international status quo across one or more issues to an outcome they prefer. Their preferences for different issue outcomes are represented by a classical spatial utility function. International coalitions are formed both to enhance the chance of a successful challenge and to counter existing challenges. Disputes are modeled as periods of competition between two coalitions through the recruitment of additional members, erosion of support for the opposing coalition and escalation of the crisis. The two-nation model is analyzed in detail, and the existence of the core for the resulting game is proved. The two main conclusions of the two-nation model are that nations have a general incentive to exaggerate their issue positions in disputes and that the possibility of issue trades enhances the likelihood of compromise.

The importance of the communist movement in the Soviet Union was demonstrated once again by the international conference of communist parties held in Moscow in June, 1969. To be sure, Soviet foreign policy decisions have always been made on the basis of pragmatic calculations of state interest. Ideology, moreover, does appear to be waning as a motive force on the Soviet domestic scene. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union has maintained a deep commitment to the institutions and forms of the communist movement which go back to Lenin's time, a time which has become glorified, and grossly simplified in Soviet literature as a period of heroic victories. The convictions and institutions of this period have become hallowed: and today Moscow regards the preservation of their forms, if not their substance, as vital if further progress is to be achieved by communism in the international sphere.

Ob Terrorismus, Klimawandel oder Flüchtlingsströme – viele politische Herausforderungen können auf der Ebene des Nationalstaats nicht mehr bewältigt werden.Jürgen Neyer stellt Theorien vor, die das Versprechen der Demokratie auf die Weltebene übertragen (Multilateralismus, Bund der Demokratien, transnationale Zivilgesellschaft, demokratischer Weltstaat). Seine kritische Analyse schließt er mit einem Plädoyer für einen globalen Konstitutionalismus.

Soil remediation techniques, sources of funding and the amount of expenditure being used are significantly higher in numbers in developed countries than in developing countries. Specific examples are those in Eastern Europe where governments have to take appropriate steps in terms of funding because all of the companies were state owned and cleaning up of contaminated sites needed to be financed exclusively by government budget. Increasing problems with soil remediation costs in developing countries have made different governments, institutions and people to start forming international institutions which deal with remediation funding all over the word. The authors use research methods appropriate for social science which are represented in the paper through the analysis of official reports and documents, scientific and research papers and other sources of information relevant for the topic of the paper. The aim of the paper is to show the best examples of international funding systems for soil remediation that have already been implemented. Special emphasis will be put on types of institutions, instruments and methods that are being used in international funding for soil remediation.

In einem systematischen Review werten Nicolai Netz, Svenja Hampel und Valeria Aman 96 empirische Studien zum Einfluss internationaler Mobilität auf wissenschaftliche Karrieren aus. Die Analyse dieses noch jungen, aber in den letzten Jahren sehr dynamischen Forschungsfeldes zeigt, dass internationale Mobilität zum Ausbau wissenschaftlicher Netzwerke beiträgt. Zudem gibt es Hinweise, dass internationale Mobilität die wissenschaftliche Produktivität und Rezeption, das heißt die Anzahl der Publikationen und Zitationen, erhöhen kann. Auch den beruflichen Aufstieg kann internationale Mobilität begünstigen. Sie scheint jedoch ebenso mit durchschnittlich längeren befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen einherzugehen. Andere Karrieredimensionen - wie die Kompetenz- und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, das wissenschaftliche Fachwissen, der Zugang zu Forschungsinfrastruktur und -finanzierung sowie Reputationsgewinne - wurden erst deutlich seltener und auf Basis weniger belastbarer Forschungsdesigns untersucht.

This article contributes the insight that during an international crisis, a pre-existing state of complex interdependence can help to preserve cooperation. It derives the insight from a case study on the International Relations of the Arctic before and after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea. The case study is examined through the lens of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye's concept of 'complex interdependence', as developed in their 1977 book Power and Interdependence – a concept which provides the analytical breadth necessary for a multifactorial situation of regional cooperation and conflict. It finds that Arctic international relations had achieved a state of complex interdependence by 2014, and that some important elements of interdependence then disappeared after the annexation of Crimea. But while most military and economic cooperation between Russia and Western states was suspended, many aspects of regional cooperation continued, including on search and rescue, fisheries, continental shelves, navigation and in the Arctic Council. The question is, why has Arctic cooperation continued in some issue areas while breaking down in others? Why have Russian–Western relations in that region been insulated, to some degree, from developments elsewhere? The concept of complex interdependence provides some answers.

Abstract We show that recent explanations of the consumption‐real exchange rate anomaly that rely on goods and financial market frictions are not robust to introducing just one additional international asset. When portfolios are selected optimally, international trade in two nominal bonds implies a consumption‐real exchange rate correlation that is too high compared with the data even when there are many shocks. Monetary policy specification plays a potentially important role for the degree of risk sharing provided by nominal bonds, both in the benchmark model with only tradable and non‐tradable sector supply shocks and also in the model that allows for news.

This paper assesses the international politics of Africa's growing external indebtedness and the pressures for policy direction that it produces. After the scale and character of the problem has been assessed, the paper looks, first, at the increasingly significant rôle of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) within Africa. The nature of external policy direction is then examined, particular attention being paid to the influential World Bank policy paper, the Berg Report. Its policy prescriptions are assessed in the light of conditions in several African countries. The paper concludes by examining alternatives to IMF policy direction, including default and collective disengagement.