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The trans-European identity of bilingual authors such as Milan Kundera and Andrei Makine forces us to reconsider the conventional categories of "East" and "West" or "foreign" and "native". Both authors have exchanged their homeland for exile; both write novels and essays in French. Their belonging to the European tradition combines with a distanced, "eastern" view of French culture, society and media. Kundera resists being classified as a Czech patriot and author. Instead, by means of inter-textual references, he stresses the transnational element of his work. Makine presents himself as writer and prophet in the tradition of Tolstoi and Dostoevskii and exposes cultural and historical myths. Adapted from the source document.

Addresses changes in the British environmental movement as its key constituents confront challenges deriving from the need for local action while also having to respond to transnational economic & political institutions. The most compelling international institutions are those of the European Union. The experience of five environmental movement organizations (EMOs) in GB in relation to those in Europe illustrates the difficulties of transnationalization. It has been argued by some that the growing numbers of transnational nongovernmental organizations indicates the emergence of a global civil society. However, transnational social movement action is often constrained by political institutions. In each of the essential elements of an environmental movement -- networks, engagement in collective action, & shared concern -- it is concluded that the transnationalization of environmentalism is at best limited, even within the EU. Tables. J. Stanton