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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains were isolated from travelers or military personnel who developed diarrhea after visiting Nepal or who were deployed to Thailand, Indonesia, or the Philippines. ETEC isolates were examined for colonization factor antigen (CFA). CFAs were identified on 59% (40 of 68) of the isolates examined. The lack of a detectable CFA on 41% (28 of 68) of the isolates is of concern for the development of an effective ETEC vaccine.

The article examines the history of the development of strategies and practices for the preservation of cultural and intangible cultural heritage in the countries of post-Soviet Central Asia. It is shown that they developed dynamically, in general, in accordance with global trends; they were correlated with UNESCO documents and fixed at the level of national legal systems, state cultural policy, in academic and socio-political discourses. The concepts of cultural heritage were the basis of the national sovereignty of the countries of Central Asia – the lists of internationally recognized objects of cultural heritage and masterpieces of intangible cultural heritage acquired a significant character. At the same time, in the course of a broad humanitarian dialogue, interethnic strategies for the study, preservation and popularization of cultural heritage were being formed. Their ideology was determined by the civilizational approach and the principles of "practical Eurasianism". When approving national priorities, the Central Asian states focused on multi-vector, multipolar cooperation, including relations in culture, politics, and economy. Historical and cultural heritage was a factor of their integration into the world cultural community and into the space of the Turkic world. With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the processes of cultural dialogue in the post-Soviet space have reached a new level. The formation of variable integration models has determined one of the main trends in the development of Central Asian countries.

AbstractAerosols absorption contributes significantly to the total radiative effects of aerosols and so an important component of radiative forcing estimates. Therefore, this study explores the spatiotemporal distribution of ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI), future trends, potential sources of absorbing aerosols and their relationship with temperature, wind speed, precipitation and total ozone column using Ozone Monitoring Instrument retrieved UVAI and HYSPLIT model over South Asia during October 2004 to March 2022. The mean UVAI within the ranges of 0.56–1.62 are observed over Eastern and Southern Pakistan and Northern India associated with dust and biomass burning aerosols. The interannual variations in UVAI show that the values of UVAI increases from 1.73 to 3.11 during 2018–2021 over the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Contrary to this, UVAI < 0 is observed along the Karakorum and Himalaya range during 2005–2021 indicating presence of non-absorbing aerosols. The interaannual variations in UVAI reveal highest UVAI of 0.64 in December followed by 0.51 in July over South Asia. Seasonally, UVAI shows increasing trend at the rate of 0.9064 DJF−1, 0.3810 JJA−1, 0.2707 SON−1 and 0.0774 MAM−1 over South Asia. A positive correlation of 0.56 is observed between UVAI and wind speed followed by over Southern Pakistan followed 0.43 between UVAI and total ozone column Southern Pakistan and India. The UVAI shows increasing trend at the rate of 0.1409, 0.1124, 0.1224, 0.1015, 0.1242 and 0.2054 per year over Lahore, Karachi, Kanpur, New-Delhi, Varanasi, and Dhaka with maximum UVAI of 5.55, 4.47, 4.51, 4.99, 4.61 and 4.65 respectively during the study period. The anthropogenic productivity analysis reveals that primary industry and secondary industry contributes in lowering UVAI values whereas tertiary industry, energy consumption and gross domestic products increase aerosols loading in South Asia. Moreover, HYSPLIT cluster analysis further reveals the localized and trans-boundary sources of absorbing aerosols over the selected cities.

Exploring the causes of the China-US strategic rivalry and its possible mitigation, this article argues that President Xi's new model of big power relations represents a challenge to the US primacy in the Asia-Pacific based on China's rising power and deeply rooted suspicion of the US containment. But neither the US nor China can be the single dominant power in the region. The new model can be built only if China and the US demonstrate a strategic restraint and maintain a delicate balance of power to prevent their rivalry from boiling over into a new Cold War. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

This study examines the nature and variations of welfare state systems in Northeast Asia, taking the examples of Japan, South Korea and Mainland China. While parting from the very popular and dominating classification of welfare states of Esping-Andersen this article proposes the existence of welfare state systems that are purely conservative in nature since conservative political parties and/or conservative social policies shaped welfare state development in this part of the world. The article focuses on the main common features and the existing variations of social policies . It finishes with a summary of most important features of conservative social policy in three case studies covered.

Vancouver's Port is Canada's biggest. On January 1, 2008, it got bigger — restructuring the Port of Vancouver, the Fraser River Port Authority and the North Fraser Port Authority, into a single Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, marketed (as of June, 2008) as Port Metro Vancouver.[1] This new entity was the culmination of a process of divestiture, re-organizational adjustment, shift to market orientation and consolidation that has played out over several decades across Canada's ports. This article examines some of this recent history — both in terms of (i) divestiture and increased market orientation and (ii) more recently, major port consolidation — and governmental responses to ensure Vancouver remains Canada's busiest port and a central part of the country's Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative. (APGCI) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] ; Peer reviewed ; final article published

The 1982UnitedNationsConvention on theLaw of theSea (LOSC) provides for a dispute settlement regime that establishes a compulsory and binding framework for the peaceful settlement of all ocean‐related disputes. InSoutheastAsia, despite the long‐standing myriad of territorial and maritime disputes, there appears to be a general reluctance to utilize the dispute settlement provisions ofLOSC. The region has very little experience in international litigation involving territorial and maritime disputes, and a reluctance to utilize the dispute settlement provisions ofLOSC. While theLOSClegal framework offers some options, the highly complicated nature of the disputes in the region, especially those pertaining to the overlapping and conflicting claims over theSouthChinaSea, cultural factors, and other pragmatic considerations, test the limits of international law and obscure the possibility of a legal solution.

Manners, I.: Post-war history of Europe. - S. 13-22 Melander, F.: Democracy and welfare retrenchments in Sweden. - S. 23-36 Tan, T. Y.: Post-war history of East and Southeast Asia. - S. 37-45 Soeya, Y.: Japan, its role in the region and in the world. - S. 46-64 Tickell, A.: The world's new economy and the international financial system.- S. 65-78 Rosamond, B.: European integration and globalisation. - S. 79-90 Jerneck, M.: The European Monetary Union as an example of flexible integration. - S. 91-100 Yeung, H. W.-C.: Economic globalisation and the dynamics of Asian business systems. - S. 101-116 Hernandez, C.: Regional co-operation in the Asia-Pacific : political and security dimensions. - S. 117-126 Dong, L.: Institutionalisation of the grassroots democracy in China. - S. 127-140 Kim, J. W.: Democracy and Asian values. - S. 141-150 Soesastro, H.: Indonesia in transition. - S. 151-172 Park, S. H.: Asia-Europe co-operation - the ASEM process : an Asian view. - S. 173-182 Rüland, J.: Asia-Europe co-operation - the ASEM process : a European view. - S. 183-198 Johnstone, I.: The United Nations in an evolving global climate. - S. 199-210 Pabalan, C.: An Asia-Europe dialogue : country reports from the participants of the Third ASEF Summer School. - S. 211-216

This article primarily focuses on how the increasing US–China competing strategies in Asia-Pacific affect the policies of South Asian rivals India and Pakistan when, on the one hand, the US as part of its offshore balancing grand strategy has been increasing its strategic partnership with India through the transfer of emerging technologies in terms of military modernization process, and on the other hand, China and Pakistan have improved their geo-economic and geostrategic partnership as part of the Chinese grand strategy via the Belt and Road Initiative while enabling Pakistan to produce effective countermeasures against its potential adversary. The article presumes that, in doing so, such competing strategies frame a quadrangle setting comprising of US and India to deter and contain China on the one hand and China and Pakistan to produce countermeasures and try to create a balance to potentially prevent the risk of conflict in South Asia out of such competing strategies at the quadrangle order conceived here. However, in fact, neither the US nor rising China would desire such a possibility of conflict otherwise unintendedly occurring from the intense US–China competing strategies while affecting the policies of the South Asian rivals. The article concludes that the shaping of this quadrangle framework may bring both opportunities and challenges for the South Asian rivals. It also concludes that the more intense the competition between the US and China becomes, the more intense its implications could be on the South Asian rivals, while the reduced tension between China and the US, although unlikely, would have reduced pressure on India and Pakistan relations as well.

The fivefold increase of the number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) during the last quarter century has been largely explained by the discriminative nature of such agreements, which has triggered "competitive liberalization" and PTA formation among nonmembers through a domino effect. Based on the author's interviews with European Union (EU) trade officials and policy makers at the European Commission, this article evaluates EU trade policy developments during the last quarter century and lays out EU policy responses to the proliferation of PTAs in Latin America and East and Southeast Asia. The article concludes that the EU has adopted "defensive" and "proactive" trade policy responses in Latin America and East and Southeast Asia, thus augmenting the discriminative pressures and reinforcing the discrimination‐fueled proliferation of PTAs.Related Articles

Gruber, Lloyd. 2013. "." Politics & Policy 41 (): 723‐764. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.biblio.unitn.it/doi/10.1111/polp.12034/abstract


Collins, Stephen. 2010. "." Politics & Policy 38 (): 737‐764. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00256.x/abstract


Kirshner, Orin. 2009. "." Politics & Policy 37 (): 151‐176. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00165.x/abstract
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Miller, Nick. 2015. "Australia‐Europe Free Trade Agreement Talks Could Start within Months." The Sydney Morning Herald. October 15. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australiaeurope-free-trade-agreement-talks-could-start-within-months-20151014-gk9ch3.html#ixzz3pNxhixcG

In developing countries, especially most of South East Asia countries, every year landslides, mudslides and flood occur during monsoon rainy season and cause casualties not only in rural areas, but also in urban areas. Public awareness and education activities are important to reduce the casualties of such natural disasters. Nowadays, IT communication technology plays an important role in disseminating information and education. Lately, applying IT communication technology for public awareness on natural hazard becomes a trend among government authorities in these countries. We begin our study in Malaysia on how to reduce landslides casualty for future natural hazard management in These developing countries. For a better understanding on the occurrence of landslides, besides the mechnism On how landslides occur, collecting historical data with location coordinates were carried out and stored in database periodically. Public can browse these historical data via internet and know which areas are more prone to landslides occurrence. At the same time, IT communication technology was used to disseminate alert information after receiving rainfall intensity data from the monitering sites. It was also more efficient to conduct the public and school children awareness education by using such technology, as the simulation of rainfall induced slope failure mechanism and educational video on symptoms of landslides before they occur may give a clearer picture and better understanding to the public and school children.