Do district incumbents in an election have an advantage, and if so, do these advantages depend on which party is in government? We estimate the incumbency effect for the direct district candidates in German federal and state elections using a regression discontinuity design (RDD). When studying the heterogeneity in these effects, we find that incumbents from both large parties, the center-right CDU and the center-left SPD, have an advantage only if the SPD is in government. This effect is robust and shows even in state elections that are unrelated to federal elections. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]
Cover -- Title Page -- Dedication -- Copyright Information -- Table of Contents -- Introduction Tearing Down the Wall -- Chapter 1 Germany throughout Time -- Chapter 2 Exploring Germany -- Chapter 3 A Powerful Economy -- Chapter 4 One United Government -- Conclusion Modern Germany -- Timeline -- Fast Facts -- Glossary -- Learn More -- Index -- Photo Acknowledgments -- Back Cover.
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This is a brand-new edition of the critically acclaimed Encyclopedia of Government and Politics which has been fully revised and updated to provide a systematic account of politics and political studies at the beginning of the new millennium. Providing a penetrating analysis of government and politics at a global, regional and nation-state level, the Encyclopedia assesses both traditional and contemporary approaches, and projects the paths of future research. The articles provide a degree of critical analysis far beyond a simple descriptive outline of the subject. Internatio.
Tucked between the larger commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia and overshadowed by the political maneuverings of its neighbor, Washington, D.C., Maryland has often been overlooked and neglected in studies of state governmental systems. With the publication of Maryland Politics and Government, the challenging demographic diversity, geographic variety, and dynamic Democratic pragmatism of Maryland finally get their due. Two longtime political analysts, Herbert C. Smith and John T. Willis, conduct a sustained inquiry into topics including the Maryland identity, po.
The Maryland identity -- A Maryland political history -- Contemporary political patterns -- Maryland public opinion -- Political parties, interest groups, and corruption -- The Maryland Constitution -- The Maryland General Assembly -- The Maryland governor and the executive branch -- The Maryland judiciary -- The politics of taxation and spending -- "Pleasant living" policies and politics -- Maryland in the federal system -- Local governments in Maryland -- Maryland's future -- Further reference for Maryland study
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The historical state-legal development of Germany in many ways is specific, because although the German state was created after the Franco-Prussian war of 1871, certain announcements and elements of its statehood existed even before its official creation. With the Paris Peace Aagreement of May 30, 1814, German states were declared autonomous and joined forces in a federal alliance. The decisions of the Vienna Congress of 1815 were regarded as the fundamental law of the German Union, and its regulation was envisaged by the German federal acts, which in a small part were altered by the Viennese federal acts of 1820. In the second half of the 19th century the conditions for the national formation of Germany matured, and this was largely the merit of the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck. His goal was to unite Germany around Prussia and for that purpose he used manipulation, diplomacy and power. At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the strengthened German state and the increased industrial capital it possessed conditioned the demand for "its place under the sun" in the imperialist world politics, which surpassed its state borders. At a time when the colonial policies of the great and powerful states largely captured the springs and centers of imperial holdings in Africa and Asia, the belated birth of this gigantic state has problematized the balance of powers in Europe. The imperialist German project failed in 1918. For these reasons, this paper deals with the legal and political aspects of national Germany, from its creation to the Second World War.
