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Alienation, defined as a rejection of soc instit's & processes, plays an important role in sociol'al res & theory. A measure of the degree of alienation is examined re MM exposure, interest in sensational content, & gratifications obtained from the media. 2 hyp's are suggested: (1) the alienated person will spend more time using the MM in order to compensate for a lack of satisfaction with more personal COMM; (2) within a given medium, the alienated person will select content that agrees with his image of a hostile & unpredictable world, such as news of accidents & violence & glamorous personages. He will be little interested in gov'al news or any content that depends on empathy with abstract instit's. These hyp's were tested in personal interviews with 180 adults from Madison, Wise. The interviewing method is explained & the results, presented in 4 tables, show little evidence of a positive r between alienation & time spent using the MM, & indicate that alienation is associated with lower interest in 'nonsensational' headlines, but the hypothesis of a positive association of alienation & interest in `sensational' headlines was not supported. The data also indicate that the more alienated the R, the less likely he was to think informational reasons applied to him, & the more likely was his acceptance of vicarious reasons as gratifications connected with his newspaper reading. Both alienation & educ were found to be clear, though not strong, predictors of gratifications attributed to reading newspapers. M. Maxfield.

"Dieser Artikel konzentriert sich auf neuere Trends in den Massenmedien Italiens. Im Rundfunkwesen haben die ersten Piratensender Anfang der 70er Jahre das Monopol von RAI herausgefordert. Wegen des Mangels an entsprechenden Gesetzen herrschte zunächst Chaos. Allmählich erreichte die Firma Fininvest - im Besitz von Silvio Berlusconi - eine marktbeherrschende Stellung im privaten Fernsehsektor neben einem beträchtlichen Anteil in den Massenmedien überhaupt. Das Verfassungsgericht hat wiederholt starke Antitrust-Maßnahmen gefordert. 1990 hat das Parlament endlich ein neues Gesetz verabschiedet, das in Wirklichkeit die faktische Situation bestätigte: insbesondere kann ein Konzern drei überregionale Netzwerke kontrollieren und Beteiligungen an anderen unterhalten. Das Gesetz scheint den Beschlüssen des Verfassungsgerichts zu widersprechen. Überdies untersucht der Artikel neuere Trends im Pressewesen und in der Filmindustrie, die im letzten Jahrzehnt von ähnlichen Konzentrationserscheinungen gekennzeichnet sind. Mit den Worten einer parlamentarischen Kommission '(ist) der gegenwärtige Konzentrationsgrad in den Massenmedien Italiens höher als in jedem anderen Land mit einer Marktwirtschaft'." (Autorenreferat)

Although image making has been part of Ameri can politics for some time, recent years have focused attention upon the professional image maker and the use of the mass media in image making. There are two major theories of image making, one stresses qualities a candidate projects, the other the predispositions voters project upon candidates. Each thesis attributes differing tasks to the political image maker. A more useful view is to regard image making as a joint enterprise of candidates, profes sionals, and voters. Since voters seek certain role and sty listic qualities in their ideal candidates, professional image makers act as brokers using the mass media to highlight appropriate qualities of clients. In striving to make voters aware of, interested in, and favorable to their candidates, professionals have adopted a variety of changing tech niques in the last three decades, techniques gradually adapted to the underlying character of mass communica tion. The relative success of these techniques depends upon the specific goals sought and the increasing profes sionalization of American political campaigns.

In preparing this study on the image of woman in Egyptian feminine mass media, the researchers chose the women's magazine "Hawwa", a weekly periodical, as a medium of research. "Havvvva" has a wide circulation in Egypt and other Arab countries, adressing itself primarily to the average woman.

SummaryThis paper examines the effects of exposure to mass media messages promoting family planning on the reproductive behaviour of married women in Nigeria using cross-sectional data. Longitudinal data are also used to ensure that exposure to media messages pre-dates the indicators of reproductive behaviour. Cross-sectional analysis suggests that: (1) contraceptive use and intention are positively associated with exposure to mass media messages, and (2) women who are exposed to media messages are more likely to desire fewer children than those who are not exposed to such messages. Similarly, analysis of the longitudinal data shows that exposure to mass media messages is a significant predictor of contraceptive use. Thus, exposure to mass media messages about family planning may be a powerful tool for influencing reproductive behaviour in Nigeria.

A philosophically based inquiry into the nature of communicating humans / Wayne Woodward -- A short history of media ethics in the United States / John Ferré -- Essential shared values and 21st century journalism / Deni Elliott -- Moral development : a psychological approach to understanding moral decision-making / Renita Coleman and Lee Wilkins -- On the unfortunate divide between media ethics and media law / Theodore L. Glasser and Morgan N. Weiland -- The search for universals / Thomas W. Cooper and Clifford G. Christians -- Justice in media ethics / Shakuntala Rao -- Truth and objectivity / Stephen J. A. Ward -- Photojournalism ethics : a 21st century primal dance of behavior, technology, and ideology / Julianne H. Newton -- Why diversity is an ethical issue / Ginny Whitehouse -- The ethics of advocacy : moral reasoning in the practice of public relations / Sherry Baker -- The ethics of propaganda and the propaganda of ethics / Jay Black -- Exploring Latin American advertising ethics : legislation and self-regulation / Salvador Raymundo Victor -- Serious moral problems and emerging ethical issues in China's media / Jiang Zhan -- Perspectives on pornography demand ethical critique / Wendy Wyatt and Kris E. Bunton -- Violence / Patrick Lee Plaisance -- The eroding boundaries between news and entertainment and what they mean for democratic politics / Bruce A. Williams and Michael X Delli Carpini -- What can we get away with? the ethics of art and entertainment in a neoliberal world / Angharad N. Valdivia -- Culture is normative / Chad Painter -- Justice as a journalistic value and goal / David A. Craig -- Transparency in journalism : meanings, merits, and risks / Kyle Heim and Stephanie Craft -- Coercion, consent, and the struggle for social media / Kevin Healey -- Digital ethics in autonomous systems / Michael Bugeja -- Peace journalism / Seow Ting Lee -- Toward an institution-based theory of privacy / Lee Wilkins and Philip Patterson -- Islamic reform for democracy and global peace / Haydar Badawi Sadig -- Buddhist moral ethics : intend no harm, intend to be of benefit / S. Holly Stocking -- Communitarianism / Mark Fackler -- Feminist media ethics / Linda Steiner -- Spatial ethics and freedom of expression / David S. Allen -- Media ownership in a corporate age / Matthew P. McAllister and Jennifer M. Proffitt -- The media in evil circumstances / Robert S. Fortner -- Ethical tensions in news making : what journalism has in common with other professions / Sandra L. Borden and Peggy Bowers.

Terrorism has been of global concern in recent times. The problem is not only a great challenge and a threat to the security and stability of a nation; it hampers overall growth and development. In spite of government's counter-terrorism interventions and responses, as well as interventions from other nations and bodies, the issue of terrorism in Nigeria appears to be rising, which calls for more holistic approaches in tackling the menace. This study is an attempt to contribute to the ongoing interventions to combat the current challenge of terrorism, particularly the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, attempts to expose and explore various ways the media can be used to instigate a radical transformation towards curtailing terrorism and achieving a terrorism-free state. The study adopts the action research method as a research methodology. It is also predicated on the Agenda-setting theory as well as the cultivation theory. Findings from this study reveal that the aim of terrorists is to create insecurity, destabilise the country to make it ungovernable. This study thus in examining the power of the mass media in the curtailing of terrorism concludes that the mass media are lethal weapons for contending terrorism.

Economic considerations, identity related considerations and cueing theory are used for explaining citizens' attitudes towards the European Union. Yet, all of this research has failed to show how elite cues on interests and identities actually reach the citizens. As a consequence, the author argues that domestic mass media as the most widely used source for citizens' information about the European Union has the potential to fill this missing link. Mass media actively construct reality by promoting ideas (agenda-setting and framing) and thereby shaping processes of socialization and persuasion. In this article the author discusses theoretical concepts of how mass media might affect citizens' attitudes, summarizes what we know about the role of domestic mass media in the course of EU integration, derives research desiderates and finally shows why knowledge on the link between mass media and citizens is paramount to understand the future of EU integration.