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This forty-fifth volume of "Studies in Law, Politics, and Society" brings together the work of scholars from several disciplines, work which usefully illuminates central questions surrounding the operation of law and legal systems. Their work offers new perspectives on sentencing and punishment, lawyering for the public good, and the meaning of legal doctrine. The articles published here exemplify the exciting and innovative work now being done in interdisciplinary legal scholarship.

THE PERIOD FROM 1926 TO 1934 SAW MAJOR GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN ALL AREAS OF IRANIAN SOCIETY: IN THE MILITARY, IN ADMINISTRATION, IN THE ECONOMY AND IN LAW, THE NEWLY-INSTALLED PAHLAVI GOVERNMENT SOUGHT TO EXERT ITS CONTROL AND TO DIRECT IRAN'S EMERGENCE INTO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. SINCE THIS PERIOD IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED THE RESURGENCE OF IRANIAN NATIONALISM WHICH HAD BROUGHT REZA SHAH TO THE THRONE, THE ERA WAS FRAUGHT WITH POSSIBILITIES FOR CONSTRUCTIVE CHANGE. HOWEVER, THEY DID NOT COME ABOUT. THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF THIS FAILURE LIES IN THE NATURE OF THE IRANIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS RULER. REZA SHAH HIMSELF WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RESTRUCTURING OF IRANIAN SOCIETY, AND THE MONARCH TENDED TO VIEW THE STATE AS MERELY AN EXTENSION OF HIS OWN POWER AND PRESTIGE. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES REZA SHAW'S REGIME AND ATTEMPTED REFORMS.

This volume of "Studies in Law, Politics, and Society" features a symposium on law and film as well as two articles of general interest. It brings together the work of scholars from several disciplines, work which usefully illuminates central questions in the operation of law and legal systems. The articles published here exemplify the exciting and innovative work now being done in interdisciplinary legal scholarship.

Historically men have sought knowledge in a variety of ways both for its own sake and in order to increase their control over the environment. Science has increasingly made its impact on society through technical applications of scientific findings. Science has thus helped to alter social struc ture. At the same time increases in population, in social dif ferentiation, and heterogeneity have made necessary large-scale organization. The effect has been felt in the structure of science and the role and status of the scientist; for example, the individual scholar has been replaced to a considerable ex tent by the scientific organization man. Government encour agement of some areas of scientific research has expanded enormously in the United States, inevitably within a bureau cratic framework. In the process the scientist has come to be valued not for his scholarship but for his ability to provide solutions to specific problems and thus to increase national power. Bureaucracy has a price, but it is an organizational form which is understandably and functionally necessary and to which science must adapt.

This book explores the burgeoning interest in human cooperation among anthropologists, political scientists, economists, evolutionary psychologists, and biologists. Though typically neglected, cooperation is a crucial part of the triangle of allocation, formed with competition and obedience

What is the relationship of the individual to society? This paper argues it is one of mutual dependence. Individuals cannot hold beliefs or perform actions other than against the background of particular social structures. And social structures only influence, as opposed to restricting or deciding, the beliefs and decisions of individuals, so social structures can arise only out of performances by individuals. The grammar of our concepts shows it is a mistake to postulate a moment of origin when either individuals or social structures must have existed prior to the other. Our concepts of an individual and a social structure are vague, and this allows for their existence being dependent on one another.

Contents: The Influence of Higher Education on Society – Grant H. Cornwell: On Purpose: Liberal Education and the Question of Value – Daniel R. DeNicola: Higher Education, the Professions, and the Place of Expertise – John F. Covaleskie: Higher Education: Private Good? Public Good? – Richard Guarasci: Civic Engagement and Higher Learning – John M. Elmore: Academic Freedom and Public Higher Education in the Neoliberal Age – William Hatcher/Erica Childress: Town and Gown Relationships: The Extension of the University Into the Community – John Vincent and Dylan Williams: College Sports and Society – Julia Bryan/Anita Young/Dana C. Griffin/Lynette M. Henry: Preparing Students for Higher Education: How School Counselors Can Foster College Readiness and Access – Robert Kelchen: Student Loans: A Brief History, the Current Landscape, and Impacts on Society – E. Keith Kroll: The Commercialization of the Community College ‒ James Bridgeforth/Stephanie M. McClure: Social Capital and Higher Education: Network Resources, Outcomes, and Opportunities – Eric Margolis/Michael Soldatenko: Higher Education and the Capitalist Turn: Research and Reflections – Craig A. Cunningham: The Digitalization of the University ‒ John Smyth: How Did We Get to This Situation? The Immiseration of the Modern University in a Globalizing Context.

The relation between sex and crime is an important and significant one. Broadly speaking, recorded criminality varies notably according to sex, being at a much higher level among males than females. It is men who are largely responsible for the planning and execution of large-scale crimes such as robberies. Serious recidivism, which presents such a problem in terms of penal care and treatment, is almost exclusively a masculine phenomenon—in a recent survey of crime in the UK, the incidence of serious recidivism amongst women is not even calculated (McClintock & Avison, 1968). The study of sex differences in criminality should, then, illuminate our knowledge of crime and its aetiology; it should also tell us something about sex differences in society in general.