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Objective: The primary goal of this study was to examine the relations between racial discrimination experiences and different dimensions of mental health stigma among a diverse sample of people of color. Method: Participants were recruited through blast emails at a large public university and completed an online survey ( N = 205). Four linear regressions were completed predicting from recent racial discrimination experiences to (1) negative beliefs about mental health problems, (2) treatments, (3) treatment seeking and (4) anticipated stigma. Results: Results indicated that recent racial discrimination experiences contributed unique variance in anticipated stigma from loved ones, as well as negative beliefs about mental health problems. Conclusion and Implications for Practice: Racial discrimination contributes to increased anticipated stigma and negative beliefs about mental health problems. Addressing the impact of racial discrimination as it influences these dimensions of mental health stigma is important to promote recovery among people of color.

Awareness of the influence of environmental regulations and financial development on green technological progress by Chinese enterprises will help to promote the green transformation of China's economy, thereby comprehensively enhancing the quality and competitiveness of its economic development. This paper constructs a theoretical framework to analyze environmental regulation, financial development, and green technological progress and studies the relationship among these three indicators using 2004–2018 data from Shandong province. The results show that environmental regulations and financial development both play roles in promoting green technological progress, but as environmental regulation becomes stronger, the effects of finance on green technological progress begin to differ across regions. The results partially verify the applicability of the Porter hypothesis in China, providing a reference for all levels of government to formulate scientific and reasonable environmental rules and policies.

Purpose – though the global financial crisis is well behind us several EU countries continue to experience problems with public finance stability and need to cope with the consequences of high public debt. The purpose of the article is to find the relationship between government debt and of public finance stability in Lithuania. Research methodology – in order to achieve the aim of the article Financial Stability Index (FSI) for Lithuania has been created. It is based on theory and previous research. To find the determinants of FSI the multiple regression analysis model was specified and tested using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Findings – the results of multiple regression analysis indicate the government debt has a statistically significant impact on FSI, ceteris paribus. Other findings of the research show that profit or loss of the non-financial sector, foreign trade balance as well as a foreign direct investment are significant determinants of public finance stability. Research limitations – one of the limitations of this research is the small sample size that has an impact on the validity and generalizability of the results. Having a longer time-series data or panel data for more countries would improve the robustness and applicability of research results. Practical implications – the results of the research provide guidance to policymakers in the public finance area. Originality/Value − this paper contributes to the scarce literature on government debt and other determinants of financial stability in Lithuania.

Purpose – though the global financial crisis is well behind us several EU countries continue to experience problems with public finance stability and need to cope with the consequences of high public debt. The purpose of the article is to find the relationship between government debt and of public finance stability in Lithuania. Research methodology – in order to achieve the aim of the article Financial Stability Index (FSI) for Lithuania has been created. It is based on theory and previous research. To find the determinants of FSI the multiple regression analysis model was specified and tested using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Findings – the results of multiple regression analysis indicate the government debt has a statistically significant impact on FSI, ceteris paribus. Other findings of the research show that profit or loss of the non-financial sector, foreign trade balance as well as a foreign direct investment are significant determinants of public finance stability. Research limitations – one of the limitations of this research is the small sample size that has an impact on the validity and generalizability of the results. Having a longer time-series data or panel data for more countries would improve the robustness and applicability of research results. Practical implications – the results of the research provide guidance to policymakers in the public finance area. Originality/Value − this paper contributes to the scarce literature on government debt and other determinants of financial stability in Lithuania.

Part I. Theory and method -- The Caribbean defined and the scope of archaeology -- Method and theory -- Colonial settlement and emergent capitalism -- Part II. Archaeology -- Nevis history, 1627-1833 -- An archaeology of plantation industrialization -- Decline and adjustment, 1782-1833 -- Part III. Synthesis and conclusions -- Environmental change in capitalism's shadow

Environmental offsetting involves compensating for the residual adverse impacts of an action on the environment by generating an equivalent benefit elsewhere. As the prevalence of environmental offsetting grows, so does the challenge of translating no-net-loss goals to workable policy. From 2011–2012, the Australian Government developed an Environmental Offsets Policy and an accompanying metric (the Offsets Assessment Guide) to support decision making about offset requirements under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Through extensive stakeholder consultation and in collaboration with academic researchers, the Guide was developed with the aim of accounting appropriately for ecological equivalence in a transparent and flexible manner. This paper outlines the Australian Government's environmental offset policy development process, and describes the approach adopted for evaluating the suitability of proposed offsets in meeting the policy goals. The Guide explicitly estimates the extent to which an offset will improve the target biota and/or avert future losses, the degree of confidence that the offset will be implemented successfully, and the time it will take to deliver a conservation benefit. Since implementation of the Environmental Offsets Policy and the Guide, there has been a shift in focus from estimating offset requirements based on simplistic area ratios, toward directly evaluating the components of an offset action that determine its environmental performance. Achieving a balance between scientific robustness and policy workability is an ongoing challenge. The Environmental Offsets Policy and Guide represent an important step towards consistency and transparency in environmental offset decision-making.

Environmental offsetting involves compensating for the residual adverse impacts of an action on the environment by generating an equivalent benefit elsewhere. As the prevalence of environmental offsetting grows, so does the challenge of translating no-net-loss goals to workable policy. From 2011–2012, the Australian Government developed an Environmental Offsets Policy and an accompanying metric (the Offsets Assessment Guide) to support decision making about offset requirements under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Through extensive stakeholder consultation and in collaboration with academic researchers, the Guide was developed with the aim of accounting appropriately for ecological equivalence in a transparent and flexible manner. This paper outlines the Australian Government's environmental offset policy development process, and describes the approach adopted for evaluating the suitability of proposed offsets in meeting the policy goals. The Guide explicitly estimates the extent to which an offset will improve the target biota and/or avert future losses, the degree of confidence that the offset will be implemented successfully, and the time it will take to deliver a conservation benefit. Since implementation of the Environmental Offsets Policy and the Guide, there has been a shift in focus from estimating offset requirements based on simplistic area ratios, toward directly evaluating the components of an offset action that determine its environmental performance. Achieving a balance between scientific robustness and policy workability is an ongoing challenge. The Environmental Offsets Policy and Guide represent an important step towards consistency and transparency in environmental offset decision-making.

Intersections exist regarding how institutions and individuals respond in the wake of mass violence, and we explore one theoretical perspective: resilience—the ability to overcome in the face of adversity. By controlling for the institutional context, we analyze the microlevel impact of testifying on witnesses who testify. New survey data provide information from 300 prosecution, defence, and Chambers witnesses who appeared at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. We test propositions about resilience related to trauma, motivations, contributions to justice, fair treatment, witness fatigue, and human security. Witnesses who experienced greater trauma, who were more highly motivated, who believed they contributed to justice, and who were satisfied with their current situation were more positive about testifying. Those who believed they were treated fairly by prosecution and defence were less negative. The findings add to the debate about the burden of bearing witness in post-conflict societies and why some overcome adverse experiences related to mass violence.

The results of an ongoing evaluation process of EU subsidies of the European Rural Development Programme 2014-20 are presented (2nd intermediary report). By means of personal interviews of subsidised companies in the Austrian food and beverage sector, the impact of subsidies on profitability, competitiveness, and related variables are approximated. Data sources are, amongst others, conventional business data collected by personal face-to-face interviews, as well as financial statements of companies. The results show that subsidies in general have positive effects. In addition, two third of the sample would change their investments significantly or even refrain from investing at all without public support.

The objective of this Element is to provide an analysis of social protection from an economic perspective. It relies on tools and methods widely used in public and insurance economics and comprises four main section besides the introduction. The first section is devoted to the design of social protection programs and their political sustainability. The second section assesses the efficiency and performance of social protection programs, and of the welfare state as a whole. In the third section, the relative merits of social and private insurance are analyzed as well as the design of optimum insurance contract with emphasis on health and pensions. The last section focuses on the implications of asymmetric information that may lead governments to adopt policies that would otherwise be rejected in a perfect information setting.

The agrarian reform has served as a brake on the dissolution of the Bolivian peasantry. By eliminating the rent-in-labor previously extorted by the landowners, it also opened the way for the proletarianization of vast sectors of the peasantry. These strata are very heterogeneous in terms of the different categories of wage-earners they encompass, the different amounts of soil they control and the variety of their forms of access to land

The sudden outbreak of COVID 19 forced all the educational institutions for digital transformation. Educational institutions over the state had adopted online teaching-learning approach to meet the needs of the educational institutions and students. This paper sought to an act of measuring the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and finding the strategies used for the digital transformation in the education sector in Bihar during first lockdown phase. In order to find the strategies used for the digital transformation and to measure the impact, the study tracked the rate at which the virtual tools were used by various schools and institutions during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, the major concern is about the quality of learning which is closely related with how well the online content is designed and executed and it is also depends on the learners digital access and efficiency. A Survey was conducted among different government and private schools and colleges, also from the secondary sources, mainly newspaper articles, magazines and peer-reviewed journals. The findings are that, in Bihar, during the lockdown, a variety of virtual tools were implemented from primary education to higher and tertiary education where educational activities switched to online learning. These observations point to the fact that Bihar has some challenges to drive the education sector to the next level, which has the potential to increase access. Our survey was focused on the experience, feelings and overall expression of the students regarding to digital education and recent changes. Moreover, the survey contains questions about technical preparation and infrastructure. The responses are processed by well-known statistical data analysis tools. The findings of the study show that 88.3 percent students responded that they had no experience of online classes before the COVID-19 pandemic. The mostly used device for online classes by students was smartphone (53.2 percent) followed by laptop and mostly used application for communication is WhatsApp and ZOOM. For conducting online classes most used platform is ZOOM. For internet access the students were found mostly relying of mobile data pack (92.4 percent). Further, the finding reflects that lack of connectivity (65.5 percent) was the major constraint of online classes, followed by data limit (63.4 percent), data speed (62.6 percent), lack of device (57.1 percent) and unsupported learning environment at home (55.8 percent) were also the major constraint of online learning. Similarly, lack of human touch (54.9 percent).

Background: HIV cases are still increasing in Indonesia. With the spread of COVID-19, HIV key populations are experiencing undesirable outcomes in social, financial, access to health and food resources. The study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 among key populations & PLHIV in Indonesia. Method: Yayasan Peduli Hati Bangsa conducted a participatory research in October to December 2020 to capture and assess the impact of Covid-19, combining and adapting the formats of a 'Citizen's report card', a 'Community assessment', and a qualitative survey. Results: Out of 15 participants who were PLHIV and key populations, mostly perceived that COVID-19 had impacted them financially, especially for those who work in informal sectors. Food assistance from the Government was provided at least once a month and the nutritional value was perceived as substandard. Having said that, participants did not consider the nutrition as crucial, as long as they had something to eat. Most of the participants observed that mental health issues were related to their physical health and financial adequacy. Additionally, sources of anxiety arose from the uncertainty in financial income. Lastly, the government was perceived as overly prioritizing COVID-19 while neglecting other health services.Conclusion: Participants in this study wished that government would improve the healthcare and assistance programs for the vulnerable ones affected by COVID-19. Equal and well-targeted distribution of assistance, as well as provision of access to jobs, were the ones that need to be majorly improved by the government.

This part describes the evaluation of corporate social responsibility according to such structural elements as behavior of a socially responsible organization and behavior of a socially responsible employee, splitting into smaller components in accordance with the criteria corporate social responsibility consists of. The chosen approach to the analysis of reactions of the employees of companies allows distinguishing the approach to corporate social responsibility in accordance with opinions of external stakeholders which are influenced by the communication strategies, often applied in the studies. This method of approach enables a more sensitive evaluation of the internal processes of the companies when carrying out the internal cuts in order to understand why the staff contributes or does not contribute to corporate social responsibility. This provides valuable knowledge on how to correct the strategy of the company.