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"Transforming Citizenships engages the performativity of citizenship as it relates to transgender individuals and advocacy groups. Instead of reading the law as a set of self-executing discourses, Isaac West takes up transgender rights claims as performative productions of complex legal subjectivities capable of queering accepted understandings of genders, sexualities, and the normative forces of the law. Drawing on an expansive archive, from the correspondence of a transwoman arrested for using a public bathroom in Los Angeles in 1954 to contemporary lobbying efforts of national transgender advocacy organizations, West advances a rethinking of law as capacious rhetorics of citizenship, justice, equality, and freedom. When approached from this perspective, citizenship can be recuperated from its status as the bad object of queer politics to better understand how legal discourses open up sites for identification across identity categories and enable political activities that escape the analytics of heteronormativity and homonationalism. Isaac West is Assistant Professor in the Departments of Communication Studies and Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies at the University of Iowa"--

The process of globalisation and its clear communicative, cultural and politicaleffects are greatly affecting two relatively new concepts in academic research,specifically Political Communication and Political Culture. The relationship between these concepts is increasingly interdependent as the tools and languages of Political Communication strongly influence the formation of the New Political Culture, and in turn, citizen activity through digital communication tools is conditioning the generation of content and the creation of discourse which take shape in the form of Political Communication. We believe that to understand the reasons for this relationship it is necessary to establish, firstly, the characteristics of the New Political Culture, and secondly, the way in which the possibilities offered by technology transform the generation and transmission of Political Communication. Possibly the newest aspect of this relationship is that it has a two-way nature, altering the classical roles of the communication process that clearly distinguishes transmitters and receivers. This new aspect constitutes global evidence and is felt in a very similar way in all western representative democracies. This work endeavours to describe and analyse this emerging scenario which has taken shape as another of the transformations which are occurring in advanced societies, and to identify some trends which, in all cases, are subject to the accelerated change of our time.

In 1823, William Blake (1774-1852) published the pamphlet Observations of the Effects Produced by the Expenditure of Government during the Restriction of Cash Payments, which made a significant contribution to debate about the economic effects of government fiscal policy during the French wars (1793-1815) and the postwar period of economic stagnation in Britain. This article is concerned with critically examining Blake's arguments on the effect of British government war expenditure and taxes on economic activity and price inflation during the wars and then on the role of the subsequent retrenchment of government expenditure in explaining postwar economic stagnation. The essay shows that Blake was an ardent critic of Say's law and argued that the postwar British economic depression characterized by a persistent general glut of commodities was the result of a lack of demand, which was mainly brought about by a policy of fiscal austerity. In this connection it is shown that Blake believed capital accumulation to be demand constrained, with many of his insights into the accumulation process essentially "Keynesian" (or "Kaleckian") in spirit.

Chapter 1. Logging On and Getting Civically Connected -- Chapter 2. The Racial Paradox and Emerging Political Contours of Asian Americans: How Connective Action Challenges and Amplifies Them -- Chapter 3. Conceptualizing a Model for Asian American Connective Action -- Chapter 4. Case Study 1: The 2016 Trial of New York Police Department Officer Peter Liang and the Connective Action Mobilization by First Generation Chinese Americans -- Chapter 5. Case Study 2: The Asian American Community's Online and Offline Affirmative Action Battle Over the 2012 California Senate Constitutional Amendment 5 Bill -- Chapter 6. Case Study 3: Data Disaggregation and the 2016 California Assembly Bill 1726: How Connective Action Helped Determine the Narrative and Outcome -- Chapter 7. Case Study 4: The 18 Million Rising Website and Its Role as an Online Conduit for Progressive Asian American Activism -- Chapter 8. Case Study 5: The 2016 California Textbook Controversy: South Asian Americans and the #DontEraseIndia Campaign -- Chapter 9. Case Study 6: Establishing World War II Korean Comfort Women Memorials in U.S. Cities and the Online Mobilization Against Them -- Chapter 10. On the Virtues and Perils of Asian American Connective Action.

When Abigail Adams asked her husband to "Remember the Ladies," women could not vote or own property in America. Some seventy years later, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote, "To vote is the most sacred act of citizenship," the government of the United States still did not treat women as equals, having yet to grant them the right to vote. But sixty-four years after that Geraldine Ferraro declared, "We can do anything," and became the first American woman to run for vice president on a major party ticket. Today, surely our country is ready for a leader who, as Elizabeth Dole said, "will call America to her better nature." This captivating book illuminates the bravery and tenacity of the women who have come before us. With an engaging narrative, fascinating quotes, and elegant illustrations, it not only shows how far women have come but also reveals the many unsung roles women have played in political history Step by step, these capable ladies have paved the way for our young leaders of tomorrow. They have enabled and empowered us to ask today: Well, why not the presidency?

"In the second half of the nineteenth century, settlers poured into Aotearoa demanding land. Millions of acres were acquired by the government or directly by settlers; or confiscated after the Land Wars. By 1891, when the Liberal government came to power, Māori retained only a fraction of their lands. And still the losses continued. For rangatira such as James Carroll, Wiremu Pere, Pāora Tūhaere, Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui, and many others, the challenges were innumerable. To stop further land loss, some rangatira saw parliamentary process as the mechanism; others pursued political independence. For over two decades, Māori men and women of outstanding ability fought hard to protect their people and their land. How those rangatira fared, and how they should be remembered, is the story of Māori political struggle during the Liberal era"--Publisher's website.

This dissertation contributes to the theoretical understanding of the determinants and consequences of productive government activity for the economic performance of a country's economy. Chapter 2 gives a comprehensive survey of the recent theoretical literature on the link between productive government expenditure and long-run economic growth. Based on the seminal contribution of Barro (1990), it develops a uniform analytical framework in which most of the contributions can be studied and directly compared. In this framework the services derived from productive government activity directly enter the production function of private firms. Chapter 3 studies the interaction between the enforcement of the rule of law, innovation investments, and economic growth in an endogenous growth framework with an expanding set of product varieties. Under a weak rule of law, producing firms' property rights over profits are not fully secured. It results that a minimum strength of the rule of law is a necessary condition for sustained economic growth. However, a weak rule of law may be Pareto-improving. A government investing resources in the improvement of the rule of law may be able to shift the economy from a no-growth trap onto a path with strictly positive growth, but in terms of welfare no growth might be preferable. Chapters 4 and 5 analyze how population aging affects taxes, the level and composition of government spending, and long-run economic growth when government policy is determined endogenously via a democratic voting process. The focus is on two public spending categories: productive government expenditure that increases private production possibilities and public consumption spending (e.g. on health and care services) that satisfies the preferences of the elderly. Population aging shifts political power from the young to the old. While this does not affect public productive expenditure, it tends to increase public spending on the elderly and the overall tax burden. The latter lowers the economy's growth rate. However, the overall effect on economic growth can be positive because population aging reduces the effect of capital dilution and increases the incentives to save for old age.

"This book critically examines and analyses the active role played by youth-led social movements in pushing for change and promoting peacebuilding in Africa, and their long-term impacts on society. Africa's history is characterised by youth movements. The continent's youth populations played pivotal roles in the campaign against colonialism, and ever since independence, Africa's youth have been at the center of social mobilisation. Most recently, social media has contributed significantly to a further rise in youth-led social movements. However, the impact of youth voices is often marginalised by patriarchal and gerontocratic approaches to governance, denying them the place, voice, and recognition that they deserve. Drawing on empirical evidence from across the continent, this book analyses the drivers and long-term impacts of youth-led social movements on politics in African societies, especially in the area of peacebuilding. The book draws attention to the innovative ways in which young people continue to seek to re-engineer social space and challenge contexts that deny them their voice, place, recognition and identity. This book will be of interest to researchers across the fields of social movement studies, youth studies, peace and conflict studies, history, political sciences, social justice, and African studies"--

"Emphasizing an intersectional and transnational approach, this collection examines how social media and digital technologies have impacted the sphere of LGBTQ activism, advocacy, education, empowerment, identity, protest, and self-expression. This edited collection adopts a critical and cultural studies perspective to examine queer cyberculture and presence. Through the lens of representation and identity politics, it explores topics such as race, disability, and colonialism, alongside sexuality and gender. The collection examines how digital technologies have made queer cultural production more expansive and how such technological affordances and platforms have enabled queer cultural practices to be more transformational. Bringing together contributors and case studies from different countries, the contributions grapple with the tensions that arise when visibility, hiddenness, renditions of the self and collective contractions of identity must be negotiated in a variety of global contexts and explores this influence on contemporary political identities. This book provides an essential introduction to LGBTQ digital cultures for students, researchers and scholars of media, communication and cultural studies. It will also be of interest to activists wanting to learn more about the transformative potential of digital media and technology in LGBTQ advocacy and empowerment around the globe"--

Although the party systems of contemporary mature democracies are very resilient, the failure of new parties to become major actors on the political stage is not preordained. Founded only a decade ago, the Reform Party has played a significant role in reshaping Canada's national party system. Using data from a large representative national survey, this paper investigates the beliefs, attitudes and behavior of members of Reform. Most Reformers joined their new party in response to purposive incentives, multivariate analyses indicating that such incentives are significant elements in a larger set of factors encouraging members to work actively for their new party. The ability of purposive incentives, rather than the lures of `fame and fortune', to attract members and stimulate them to work on the party's behalf gives Reform important organizational advantages in its efforts to solidify and expand its position in the national party system.

International audience ; The access to digital data is an economic, social and political issue. Accessibility does not only focus on the online publication of these data in a database, but as well in the discourses made by stakeholders on the web, such as the French association Regards citoyens. Since 2009, this group aggregates data of the activity of French Deputies in the French National Assembly, on the website nosdeputes.fr. In this case, political people allow the circulation of data that are arranged by actors without professional requirements unlike journalists. We are here interested in the enrichment of public data by citizens who participate in the public sphere in a form that differs from the mass media. We do not want to comment this public sphere but to describe it from the devices, the mediations that connect institutions and citizens. Therefore, we discuss the opportunity that a website like nosdeputes.fr can become the holder of a "digital public sphere" and interrogate the form of citizen oversight it induces. The frame of data on nosdeputes.fr questions the relationship between citizens, media and elected officials. On the one hand, these devices change the relationship between citizens and political action. On the other hand, we can assume that these devices bring politicians to adapt some of their practices in the French National Assembly according to the electoral agenda. We do not focus on the influence of some actors but on the oversight of citizens induced by this device. For example, nosdeputes.fr has listed activities of the 577 French Deputies since 2009. This survey provides detailed analysis of political activity in National Assembly but it is also interested in the look of the "citizen", by the comments he leaves on MPs' action.

International audience ; The access to digital data is an economic, social and political issue. Accessibility does not only focus on the online publication of these data in a database, but as well in the discourses made by stakeholders on the web, such as the French association Regards citoyens. Since 2009, this group aggregates data of the activity of French Deputies in the French National Assembly, on the website nosdeputes.fr. In this case, political people allow the circulation of data that are arranged by actors without professional requirements unlike journalists. We are here interested in the enrichment of public data by citizens who participate in the public sphere in a form that differs from the mass media. We do not want to comment this public sphere but to describe it from the devices, the mediations that connect institutions and citizens. Therefore, we discuss the opportunity that a website like nosdeputes.fr can become the holder of a "digital public sphere" and interrogate the form of citizen oversight it induces. The frame of data on nosdeputes.fr questions the relationship between citizens, media and elected officials. On the one hand, these devices change the relationship between citizens and political action. On the other hand, we can assume that these devices bring politicians to adapt some of their practices in the French National Assembly according to the electoral agenda. We do not focus on the influence of some actors but on the oversight of citizens induced by this device. For example, nosdeputes.fr has listed activities of the 577 French Deputies since 2009. This survey provides detailed analysis of political activity in National Assembly but it is also interested in the look of the "citizen", by the comments he leaves on MPs' action.

International audience ; The access to digital data is an economic, social and political issue. Accessibility does not only focus on the online publication of these data in a database, but as well in the discourses made by stakeholders on the web, such as the French association Regards citoyens. Since 2009, this group aggregates data of the activity of French Deputies in the French National Assembly, on the website nosdeputes.fr. In this case, political people allow the circulation of data that are arranged by actors without professional requirements unlike journalists. We are here interested in the enrichment of public data by citizens who participate in the public sphere in a form that differs from the mass media. We do not want to comment this public sphere but to describe it from the devices, the mediations that connect institutions and citizens. Therefore, we discuss the opportunity that a website like nosdeputes.fr can become the holder of a "digital public sphere" and interrogate the form of citizen oversight it induces. The frame of data on nosdeputes.fr questions the relationship between citizens, media and elected officials. On the one hand, these devices change the relationship between citizens and political action. On the other hand, we can assume that these devices bring politicians to adapt some of their practices in the French National Assembly according to the electoral agenda. We do not focus on the influence of some actors but on the oversight of citizens induced by this device. For example, nosdeputes.fr has listed activities of the 577 French Deputies since 2009. This survey provides detailed analysis of political activity in National Assembly but it is also interested in the look of the "citizen", by the comments he leaves on MPs' action.

International audience ; The access to digital data is an economic, social and political issue. Accessibility does not only focus on the online publication of these data in a database, but as well in the discourses made by stakeholders on the web, such as the French association Regards citoyens. Since 2009, this group aggregates data of the activity of French Deputies in the French National Assembly, on the website nosdeputes.fr. In this case, political people allow the circulation of data that are arranged by actors without professional requirements unlike journalists. We are here interested in the enrichment of public data by citizens who participate in the public sphere in a form that differs from the mass media. We do not want to comment this public sphere but to describe it from the devices, the mediations that connect institutions and citizens. Therefore, we discuss the opportunity that a website like nosdeputes.fr can become the holder of a "digital public sphere" and interrogate the form of citizen oversight it induces. The frame of data on nosdeputes.fr questions the relationship between citizens, media and elected officials. On the one hand, these devices change the relationship between citizens and political action. On the other hand, we can assume that these devices bring politicians to adapt some of their practices in the French National Assembly according to the electoral agenda. We do not focus on the influence of some actors but on the oversight of citizens induced by this device. For example, nosdeputes.fr has listed activities of the 577 French Deputies since 2009. This survey provides detailed analysis of political activity in National Assembly but it is also interested in the look of the "citizen", by the comments he leaves on MPs' action.

International audience ; The access to digital data is an economic, social and political issue. Accessibility does not only focus on the online publication of these data in a database, but as well in the discourses made by stakeholders on the web, such as the French association Regards citoyens. Since 2009, this group aggregates data of the activity of French Deputies in the French National Assembly, on the website nosdeputes.fr. In this case, political people allow the circulation of data that are arranged by actors without professional requirements unlike journalists. We are here interested in the enrichment of public data by citizens who participate in the public sphere in a form that differs from the mass media. We do not want to comment this public sphere but to describe it from the devices, the mediations that connect institutions and citizens. Therefore, we discuss the opportunity that a website like nosdeputes.fr can become the holder of a "digital public sphere" and interrogate the form of citizen oversight it induces. The frame of data on nosdeputes.fr questions the relationship between citizens, media and elected officials. On the one hand, these devices change the relationship between citizens and political action. On the other hand, we can assume that these devices bring politicians to adapt some of their practices in the French National Assembly according to the electoral agenda. We do not focus on the influence of some actors but on the oversight of citizens induced by this device. For example, nosdeputes.fr has listed activities of the 577 French Deputies since 2009. This survey provides detailed analysis of political activity in National Assembly but it is also interested in the look of the "citizen", by the comments he leaves on MPs' action.