Suchergebnisse

Kazakhstan became a member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1994, shortly after it achieved independence. During the past 26 years, ADB has aided Kazakhstan with financing, technical assistance, and knowledge support as part of its sovereign operations. Priority areas of investment have been budget support, transport, the finance sector, agriculture, and renewable energy. Current ADB operations in Kazakhstan are being implemented under the country partnership strategy, 2017–2021, which is structured around three pillars: economic diversification, inclusive development, and sustainable growth. ADB is also supporting Kazakhstan's active participation in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program. Since 1994, ADB has committed $5,153.63 million in loans, and $48.81 million technical assistance projects, including ADB-administered cofinancing for Kazakhstan.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been supporting the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) since 1968 and remains one of the country's largest multilateral financiers. Over the past 5 years, the country's economy has enjoyed a healthy rate of growth. However, a delicately balanced macroeconomic outlook, weak human resources and infrastructure, and the recurrence of natural hazards continue to pose challenges to the Lao PDR's development. To reduce the country's heavy reliance on the resources sector, particularly hydropower and mining, which offer limited jobs and lack industrial linkages to the rest of the economy, economic diversification and enhanced regional cooperation are needed to expand trade, accelerate private sector investment, and generate employment.

With some of the world's highest mountains covering 93% of its territory, Tajikistan faces obvious obstacles to its development. These include food insecurity, limited transport connectivity, and low levels of private investment. Due to its narrow economic base and reliance on remittances by labor migrants, Tajikistan's economy remains vulnerable to external shocks. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has partnered with Tajikistan since 1998. The bank's country partnership strategy, 2016–2020 emphasizes widening Tajikistan's economic base by exploring the country's domestic and international competitive advantages, and improving its investment climate to create jobs with higher incomes. Achieving these objectives requires Tajikistan to improve its transport, energy, and municipal infrastructure. It also means upgrading the skills of the labor force and improving food security, including climate change mitigation and adaptation.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) began working with Turkmenistan in 2000 and has since been helping to diversify exports and increase regional connectivity to capitalize on the country's vast energy resources and strategic location. Endorsed by the Government of Turkmenistan in January 2020, ADB's country operations business plan, 2020–2022 outlines a firm lending program worth $150 million, alongside $690 million in standby projects. These investments are intended to contribute to increased power and gas exports, better roads and transport infrastructure, and improved access to finance for export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises. Since 2010, Turkmenistan has also benefited from regional technical assistance projects under the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program. Since 2000, ADB has committed two loans ($625 million) and six technical assistance projects ($3.325 million grant) for Turkmenistan. Cumulative loan disbursements to Turkmenistan amount to $116.9 million. These were financed by regular ordinary capital resources.

In recent years, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic has maintained a strong development agenda to reduce poverty through inclusive economic growth. With the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the government has sought to reform legal and regulatory frameworks, improve the country's business environment, make affordable finance available to all, improve the reliability of electricity services, and help Kyrgyz Republic citizens become more employable.

The economy of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) continued to grow in 2018, driven largely by the fishing industry, which has attracted substantial increases in domestic revenues from fishing licenses sold to foreign fleets. The FSM's economy has otherwise been stagnant, and significant development challenges remain. Development partner support has focused on achieving medium-term fiscal sustainability to ensure that sufficient resources are available when grants from the Compact of Free Association with the United States (the Compact) expire in 2023. Investments are also being made to stimulate the FSM's private sector.

Located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Georgia has become an important node for regional trade flows. The Government of Georgia has taken steps to deregulate the economy, streamline bureaucracy, and combat corruption. Committed to an inclusive growth process, the government has considerably increased social sector funding and made public expenditure transparent. Solid economic growth is expected to support Georgia's development and reduce the country's poverty and unemployment.

Following the global financial crisis in 2007–2008, the Government of Kazakhstan requested access to concessional resources to support its programs. ADB provided a countercyclical loan of $500 million. In 2015, ADB disbursed another countercyclical loan of $1 billion to help Kazakhstan respond to a steep decline in oil prices and the economic slowdown in its major trading partners, including the Russian Federation, European Union member countries, and the People's Republic of China. The loan has helped the government modernize infrastructure and foster job creation, deliver social services, support low-income households, and develop the private sector.

In the frame of the socio-economic monitoring of the Bretagne-Pays-de-la-Loire high-speed line (LGV BPL), a dedicated working group has been set up to study the direct and indirect impacts of the infrastructure on the farming sector. Gathering all the concerned stakeholders, this group aims to coordinate and follow the progress of the various studies on the topic. Three of this studies are presented here in addition to a benchmark description of the main agricultural characteristics in the concerned area. Are so reported a study on the degree of farmland fragmentation, another one on the size change dynamics of farms, and a last one dealing with farmers' adaptation strategies in reaction to such a large project. Even though these studies have not yet all produced operational results, we hope that they will all contribute to objectivize the debate which arose when the project was launched and the observatory was set up. ; Dans le cadre de l'Observatoire socio-économique de la LGV BPL, un groupe de travail spécifique a été mis en place pour étudier les impacts directs et indirects de l'infrastructure sur le secteur agricole. Associant l'ensemble des acteurs concernés par cette problématique, il a pour objectif de coordonner et suivre l'avancement de différentes études sur ce thème. Trois d'entre elles sont abordées ici en complément d'un état des lieux des grandes caractéristiques de l'activité agricole présente dans la zone concernée. Sont ainsi présentés un travail sur le degré de morcellement des parcellaires agricoles, un autre sur la dynamique des structures agricoles en matière de changement de taille, et enfin un dernier sur les stratégies d'adaptation déployées par les agriculteurs en réaction à un projet d'une telle envergure. Si ces différents travaux n'en sont pas encore tous à produire des résultats opérationnels, nous espérons qu'ils contribueront tous à objectiver les éléments de débat exprimés lors du lancement du projet et de la mise en place de l'Observatoire.

The economy of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is dominated by labor-intensive agriculture and capital-intensive extraction of oil and gas, gold, copper, and other minerals. Mining and petrochemicals now account for over 25% of PNG's gross domestic product and over 80% of its exports. The country continues to face significant challenges in making economic growth more inclusive and sustainable. Many areas of service delivery—such as health, education, transport, energy, and water—remain weak, particularly in rural areas.

In the frame of the socio-economic monitoring of the Bretagne-Pays-de-la-Loire high-speed line (LGV BPL), a dedicated working group has been set up to study the direct and indirect impacts of the infrastructure on the farming sector. Gathering all the concerned stakeholders, this group aims to coordinate and follow the progress of the various studies on the topic. Three of this studies are presented here in addition to a benchmark description of the main agricultural characteristics in the concerned area. Are so reported a study on the degree of farmland fragmentation, another one on the size change dynamics of farms, and a last one dealing with farmers' adaptation strategies in reaction to such a large project. Even though these studies have not yet all produced operational results, we hope that they will all contribute to objectivize the debate which arose when the project was launched and the observatory was set up. ; Dans le cadre de l'Observatoire socio-économique de la LGV BPL, un groupe de travail spécifique a été mis en place pour étudier les impacts directs et indirects de l'infrastructure sur le secteur agricole. Associant l'ensemble des acteurs concernés par cette problématique, il a pour objectif de coordonner et suivre l'avancement de différentes études sur ce thème. Trois d'entre elles sont abordées ici en complément d'un état des lieux des grandes caractéristiques de l'activité agricole présente dans la zone concernée. Sont ainsi présentés un travail sur le degré de morcellement des parcellaires agricoles, un autre sur la dynamique des structures agricoles en matière de changement de taille, et enfin un dernier sur les stratégies d'adaptation déployées par les agriculteurs en réaction à un projet d'une telle envergure. Si ces différents travaux n'en sont pas encore tous à produire des résultats opérationnels, nous espérons qu'ils contribueront tous à objectiver les éléments de débat exprimés lors du lancement du projet et de la mise en place de l'Observatoire.

In June 2018, the Government of Thailand approved its National Strategic Plan, 2018–2037, the country's first long-term strategy developed under the current Constitution. The plan aims for Thailand to become a developed country in the next two decades, in accordance with its well-established Sufficiency Economy Philosophy for sustainable development. Thailand's Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan, 2017–2021 is the country's short-term strategic plan complementing the 20-year plan.

. This report presents the research action programme "Atelier des Landes" based on the work of students' space projects, carried out as part of a master's workshop at the Bordeaux School of Architecture and Landscape (ENSAPBx). This pedagogical workshop to support action research is linked to a steering committee made up of elected representatives and technicians from the region and a group of teachers and researchers who support the project workshop: Light Parin, Jacques Robert, Christophe Bouriette. Research and action is based on a LEADER partnership between ENSAPBx, the Regional Park of Landes de Gascogne and various communities of municipalities located in the parking area. The challenges involved in this research and action initiative are focused on exploiting the region's latent resources, be it actors, know-how or materials. These challenges of sustainable territorial development are presented in the light of exemplary situations. The training of the Airials des Landes de Gascogne is thus presented in the light of resilience and autonomy. The Baukunsters phenomenon in Vorarlberg provides lessons on the role that architecture can play in the development of a strong territorial identity, contributing to its development. Finally, the projects of students in architecture in the Landes area were presented. These projects are the result of a 'feedback loop' process of capitalising on knowledge and cross-checking of the regional development issues between the various players (elected representatives, technicians, residents, students and researchers). ; Dans ce rapport est présenté le dispositif de recherche-action « Atelier des Landes » basé sur un travail de projets spatiaux d'étudiants, réalisés dans le cadre d'un atelier de master de l'école d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux (ENSAPBx). Cet atelier pédagogique servant de support à la recherche action est en lien avec un comité de pilotage constitué d'élus et techniciens du territoire et d'un groupe d'enseignants-chercheurs qui encadrent l'atelier de ...

In the frame of the socio-economic monitoring of the Bretagne-Pays-de-la-Loire high-speed line (LGV BPL), a dedicated working group has been set up to study the direct and indirect impacts of the infrastructure on the farming sector. Gathering all the concerned stakeholders, this group aims to coordinate and follow the progress of the various studies on the topic. Three of this studies are presented here in addition to a benchmark description of the main agricultural characteristics in the concerned area. Are so reported a study on the degree of farmland fragmentation, another one on the size change dynamics of farms, and a last one dealing with farmers' adaptation strategies in reaction to such a large project. Even though these studies have not yet all produced operational results, we hope that they will all contribute to objectivize the debate which arose when the project was launched and the observatory was set up. ; Dans le cadre de l'Observatoire socio-économique de la LGV BPL, un groupe de travail spécifique a été mis en place pour étudier les impacts directs et indirects de l'infrastructure sur le secteur agricole. Associant l'ensemble des acteurs concernés par cette problématique, il a pour objectif de coordonner et suivre l'avancement de différentes études sur ce thème. Trois d'entre elles sont abordées ici en complément d'un état des lieux des grandes caractéristiques de l'activité agricole présente dans la zone concernée. Sont ainsi présentés un travail sur le degré de morcellement des parcellaires agricoles, un autre sur la dynamique des structures agricoles en matière de changement de taille, et enfin un dernier sur les stratégies d'adaptation déployées par les agriculteurs en réaction à un projet d'une telle envergure. Si ces différents travaux n'en sont pas encore tous à produire des résultats opérationnels, nous espérons qu'ils contribueront tous à objectiver les éléments de débat exprimés lors du lancement du projet et de la mise en place de l'Observatoire.

The Cook Islands consists of 15 small islands scattered over 1.8 million square kilometers in the South Pacific. The country's economy is small, narrowly based, and vulnerable to external shocks. Tourism accounts for around 60% of gross domestic product, followed by offshore banking, fishing, and agriculture. The Cook Islands is a self-governing country in free association with New Zealand. Its nationals are New Zealand citizens, with open access to work and reside in New Zealand and—under various reciprocal entry agreements—in Australia. Emigration from the Cook Islands has contributed to a declining population and a shortage of skilled workers.