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War and armed conflict — Neutrality — Services to belligerents — Right of "angary" — Requisition of neutral ship — Right to compensation — Whether subject to statutory limitation — Whether international law recognizes statutory limitation of claimsRelationship of international law and municipal law — Enforcement of international law — Right of "angary" under international law — Corresponding right to compensation — Whether subject to national law on limitation periods — Whether any rule of international law excluding application of rules of municipal law concerning statutory limitation — The law of Belgium

AbstractL'International, a journal published in Paris in the 1840s that brought together an international team of intellectuals aiming to advance international studies, represents not only a forgotten milestone in the development of international studies but also provides an important case study shedding light on the challenges that need to be overcome in the development of international studies as a distinctive area of research. This article considers both the potential and the limits of the approach to international studies set out in L'International with a view to further understanding the potential and limits of international studies today. It elucidates four features of the approach taken in L'International pertinent to debates in today's discipline: (i) the boundaries of international studies; (ii) the nature of a scientific approach to the subject; (iii) the role of race, gender, and class; and (iv) the relationship between international studies and the policy sector. While its contributors were notable for putting forward a pluralist approach to the subject, their efforts were marred by their consideration of a limited set of interests.

Recent interest in cognitive approaches to international interaction in general and international regimes in particular has not been matched by development in theory and methodology. This article details a systematic "subjective" approach that seeks to meet this need. Its claims are developed through its comparison with the accomplishments and shortcomings of more established approaches to the study of international interaction and, in particular, microeconomic formal theory. The subjective alternative can model both individual subjects and the systems in which they are participating. As such, it offers much more in terms of continuities and connections between agents and system structure than do traditional psychological analyses in international relations. The theoretical arguments proceed in the context of a study of cooperation and conflict over Antarctica and its evolving regimes.

The term "international administrative law" is understood in two separate ways. On one hand, the authors (diritto internazionale amministrativo) used this term regarding the administrative competencies of various international administrative unions, as provided by applicable international conventions. On the other hand, other authors (e.g. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) used the term to exclusively refer to the norms of national law (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht), which address certain foreign elements. This article follows the second understanding of the term "international administrative law." For a long time, these norms had been quite rare in administrative law and, consequently, the legal scholarship did not pay much attention to the discipline of international administrative law. However, most recently, the sources of EU law increasingly require reflection of certain foreign elements in the norms of administrative law. In this respect, this article argues that international administrative law represents a legal discipline that is fully capable of addressing those problems arising by the application of these norms in administrative law. ; Značenje naziva "međunarodno upravno pravo" se do sada interpretiralo na dva načina. S jedne strane su autori koristili taj naziv (diritto internazionale amministrativo) odnoseći se na upravne kompetencije različitih međunarodnih upravnih udruženja, kako je predviđeno mjerodavnim međunarodnim konvencijama. Drugi su autori (npr. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) taj naziv koristili isključivo odnoseći se na norme nacionalnog prava (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht), koje su uključivale neke strane elemente. U ovom se radu naziv "međunarodno upravno pravo" interpretira prema potonjem značenju. Činjenica jest da su te norme bile iznimno rijetke u upravnom pravu, zbog čega pravna znanost nije posvećivala previše pozornosti disciplini međunarodnog upravnog prava. No, u posljednje vrijeme izvori prava Europske unije sve više zahtijevaju razmatranje određenih stranih elemenata u normama upravnog prava. U tom se pogledu u ovom radu zauzima stav da je međunarodno upravno pravo pravna disciplina koja može riješiti probleme nastale primjenom navedenih normi upravnog prava. ; Der Begriff "internationales Verwaltungsrecht" kann zweierlei ausgelegt werden. Einerseits wurde der Begriff (diritto internazionale amministrativo) im Kontext von verwaltungsrechtlichen Kompetenzen unterschiedlicher internationaler Verwaltungsorganisationen benutzt, wie das von den einschlägigen internationalen Konventionen vorgesehen wird. Andererseits benutzten manche Autoren (z.B. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) diesen Begriff, um ausschließlich auf die Normen des nationalen Rechts mit internationalem Charakter hinzuweisen (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht). In diesem Beitrag wird dieser Begriff im Sinne der letztgenannten Auslegung verstanden. Es besteht die Tatsache, dass diese Normen sehr selten im Verwaltungsrecht benutzt wurden, weshalb die Rechtswissenschaft keinen großen Wert auf die Disziplin des internationalen Verwaltungsrechts legte. Erst kürzlich wird in den Quellen der EU die Benutzung mancher internationalen Elemente in den Normen des Verwaltungsrechts sichtbar. Diesbezüglich wird in diesem Beitrag behauptet, dass das internationale Verwaltungsrecht eine Rechtsdisziplin darstellt, welche fähig ist, die aus der Anwendbarkeit dieser Normen des internationalen Verwaltungsrechts hervorgehenden Probleme anzusprechen. ; Il significato del termine "diritto internazionale amministrativo" fino ad ora è stato interpretato in due modi. Da un lato gli autori utilizzavano tale termine (diritto internazionale amministrativo) riferendosi alle competenze amministrative di diversi enti amministrativi internazionali, così come previsto dalle convenzioni internazionali applicabili. Altri autori (ad es. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) usavano tale termine esclusivamente riferendosi alle norme del diritto nazionale (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht), le quali includevano alcuni elementi stranieri. Nel presente lavoro il termine" diritto internazionale amministrativo" viene interpretato in tale ultima maniera. Il fatto è che tali norme erano estremamente rare nel diritto amministrativo, per la quale ragione la scienza giuridica non prestava particolare attenzione alla disciplina del diritto internazionale amministrativo. Invece, in tempi recenti, le fonti giuridiche dell'Unione europea sempre di più pretendono l'analisi di determinati elementi stranieri all'interno della disciplina del diritto amministrativo. In tale senso, nel presente lavoro si prende posizione a favore dell'orientamento che reputa il diritto internazionale amministrativo capace di risolvere le questioni sorte in seguito all'applicazione delle menzionate norme del diritto amministrativo.

Objective preconditions for international legal regulation of economic relations are the presence of sovereign states and other subjects of international law, the need for support and development of relations between them in the economic sphere. International legal regulation takes place as a process of influencing the norms of international public law on the system of inter-state economic relations in order to guide and maintain a certain desirable order. International economic law is an indispensable tool for organizing international economic relations. It is conscious of the coordinated influence of states on their development in the right direction. The norms of international economic law are aimed at facilitating the implementation by the states of their sovereign rights in the field of international economic relations, the equal cooperation of States irrespective of socio-economic systems and political regimes, the economic progress of the planet as a whole and developing countries, in particular. Since international economic law is a branch of international public law, these areas have common subjects - states and their similar formations, as well as legal intergovernmental organizations. Among the latter, particular attention should be paid to institutions of integration type, the most striking example of which is the European Union. ; Статья посвящена исследованию актуальных вопросов международного права. Объективными предпосылками международно-правового регулирования экономических отношений является наличие суверенных государств и других субъектов международного права, необходимость поддержки и развития связей между ними в экономической сфере. Международно-правовое регулирование происходит как процесс воздействия норм международного публичного права на систему межгосударственных экономических связей с целью наведения и поддержания определенного желаемого порядка. Международное экономическое право является незаменимым инструментом организации международных экономических отношений. Оно является ...

Recent literature attributes the relative scarcity of open international markets to the prisoner's dilemma structure of state preferences with respect to trade. We argue that the prisoner's dilemma representation does not reflect the most critical aspect of free trade agreements in an anarchic international system, namely, their security externalities. We consider these external effects explicitly. Doing so leads us to two conclusions: (1) free trade is more likely within, rather than across, political-military alliances; and (2) alliances are more likely to evolve into free-trade coalitions if they are embedded in bipolar systems than in multipolar systems. Using data drawn from an 80-year period beginning in 1905, we test these hypotheses. The results of the analysis make it clear that alliances do have a direct, statistically significant, and large impact on bilateral trade flows and that this relationship is stronger in bipolar, rather than in multipolar, systems.

While advances in science and technology bring many advantages, we must not ignore the harm that they can cause. Rapid changes in genetic testing are a prime example, and indicators can now help to detect, address and treat diseases. However, in this new study, Aisling de Paor examines how genetic testing is also being used for non-medical reasons, for example for work opportunities and insurance coverage. Genetics, Disability and the Law is the first book of its kind to substantively consider an EU-level response to the use of genetic information. de Paor discusses how to help genetic and scientific research to evolve and grow, how to enhance public confidence in research, and how to control it so that it recognises our values and fundamental human rights. An understudied but vitally important topic, de Paor's work provides a valuable and timely contribution to the field of disability rights

The global spread of electoral gender quotas has been characterized as one of the most significant institutional developments of the last 30 years. Many of the countries that have adopted these laws designed to increase women's political representation are electoral autocracies that have otherwise-stark gender inequalities. Some scholars argue that electoral authoritarian states have adopted quotas as a strategy for improving their international reputations for democracy. This article represents the first exploration of whether quotas really generate reputational boosts. Using large-scale survey experiments in Sweden and the United States concerning hypothetical developing countries, we find that they do. In particular, audiences perceived electoral autocracies as more democratic and were more likely to support giving them foreign aid when women's descriptive representation was greater. Beyond its contribution to our understanding of gender quotas and women's representation, this article contributes to broader debates about international reputation, human rights, and foreign aid attitudes.

AbstractThe global spread of electoral gender quotas has been characterized as one of the most significant institutional developments of the last 30 years. Many of the countries that have adopted these laws designed to increase women's political representation are electoral autocracies that have otherwise‐stark gender inequalities. Some scholars argue that electoral authoritarian states have adopted quotas as a strategy for improving their international reputations for democracy. This article represents the first exploration of whether quotas really generate reputational boosts. Using large‐scale survey experiments in Sweden and the United States concerning hypothetical developing countries, we find that they do. In particular, audiences perceived electoral autocracies as more democratic and were more likely to support giving them foreign aid when women's descriptive representation was greater. Beyond its contribution to our understanding of gender quotas and women's representation, this article contributes to broader debates about international reputation, human rights, and foreign aid attitudes.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Whether conferring rights and obligations on individuals — Constitution of the Netherlands, Article 93 — Provision allowing for direct effect of treaties — ScopeHuman rights — Employment — Right to equal pay — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 7(a)(i) — Criteria for determining whether right directly applicable 390Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Direct effect of treaties — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 7(a)(i) — Whether having direct effect in municipal law — The law of the Netherlands

Although local government scholars acknowledge the centrality of the municipal council to overall government performance, the literature provides limited guidance regarding how those councils can improve their effectiveness. Councils that display recurrent patterns of dysfunctional behavior are more likely to be ineffective in their core functions. Although there is research that identifies dysfunctional council behavior and its potential consequences for government performance, there is limited investigation into what aspects of member behavior are related to the functionality of the council itself. This study uses surveys of council members to identify which aspects of council behavior (interpersonal relations, leadership, staff competence, and conflict) have the greatest effect on perceptions of council effectiveness. The findings indicate that both interpersonal relationships between members of council and the mayor's leadership ability are significantly related to perceptions of council effectiveness. Adapted from the source document.

"This book aims to provide a channel for international researchers to progress the field of study on technology and its implications on healthcare and health information systems. This book escalates the current scope of research in support of development of convergent and interoperable systems in medical field and to increase awareness and applicability of legal aspects"--Provided by publisher