Suchergebnisse

This paper discussed the main arguments that deal with the issues of development cooperation between Europe and West Africa. At the turn of the 21st century, it is clear that economic and security challenges which Sub-Saharan Africa faces are unique in nature. While the issues concerning the future of the African continent occupy a prominent place on the international agenda in matters of economy and security, the improvement of living conditions and the satisfaction of the most indispensable needs are the dilemmas that most countries are trying to resolve. The primary objective of the thesis was to examine the reasons which contributed to the failure of development strategies in West Africa to identify the dilemma of economic development and political and social stability. Despite the fact that a number of studies have examined economic development and security issues as separate domains, the emphasis has not been on the correlation between economic development and socio-political stability in the relatively stable countries in West Africa. Therefore, the theoretical framework was an attempt to associate economic development with security concerns by utilizing Securitization theory (as a middle ground between Constructivism and Classical Realism). The methodology of the thesis applied qualitative methods (documentary analysis and discourse analysis) to demonstrate that the current difficulties, in term of economic development and security, have historical roots. This methodological approach was preferred because it enables to thoroughly comprehend issues like migration, terrorism, and economic development which remain among the central viii issues in international relations. The paper applied the following structure to present its findings. After providing an overview of the scope and context of the topic, the paper first examines the critical nature of economic relations among regional institutions and states (in Europe and West Africa) through their economic agreements and trade conventions (Yaoundé, Lomé, or Cotonou). The liberalization conditionality and the purpose of trade agreements on development are elaborated to compare and contrast the preferential trade agreements (PTA) with the economic trade agreements (EPA). This scrutiny served to illuminate the motives which led to the establishment of regional organizations in the African continent and the path to the economic globalization. In these writings, it is possible to encounter descriptions and analyses of economic indicators. This thesis does not, however, intend to have a quantitative approach because it focuses on a policymaking process and the social impact of these agreements. Next, the thesis provided an in-depth examination of reactive and proactive policies related to economic and trade relations to explain the root causes of migration (with the failure of agricultural and industrial sectors) and security issues (with the increase of terrorism and the failure of the education system) in West Africa. Finally, the concluding chapter acknowledged several parameters which caused the failures of economic, political, and social policies and argued that the economic relations between European states and West African countries were not based on mutual interest. It is also concluded that the integration model and the official development aid (ODA) to assist the underdeveloped nations in West Africa contributed to the asymmetric relationship and current development concerns. Consequently, the Marshall Plan with Africa (under the leadership of the Federal Republic of Germany) as a new cooperation model based on mutual interest could give West Africa its rightful place in international relations. ; Bu çalışmada Avrupa ve Batı Afrika arasındaki kalkınma işbirliği konularıyla ilgili başlıca argümanlar ele alınmıştır. 21. yüzyılın başında, Sahra Altı Afrika'nın karşı karşıya kaldığı ekonomik ve güvenlik zorluklarının tabiatı gereği benzersiz olduğu açıktır. Afrika kıtasının geleceği ile ilgili konular, ekonomi ve güvenlik konularında uluslararası gündemde önemli bir yer tutarken yaşam koşullarının iyileştirilmesi ve en vazgeçilmez ihtiyaçların karşılanması çoğu ülkenin çözmeye çalıştığı ikilemlerdir. Tezin temel amacı, ekonomik kalkınma ile politik ve sosyal istikrar ikilemini belirlemek için Batı Afrika'daki kalkınma stratejilerinin başarısız olmasına sebep olan nedenleri incelemektir. Bazı çalışmalar ekonomik gelişme ve güvenlik konularını ayrı alanlar olarak incelemiş olmasına rağmen, vurgu, Batı Afrika'daki nispeten istikrarlı ülkelerde ekonomik gelişme ile sosyopolitik istikrar arasındaki ilişki üzerinde olmamıştır. Bu nedenle, teorik çerçeve, Güvenlikleştirme teorisini (Yapılandırmacılık ile Klasik Gerçekçilik arasında bir orta yol olarak) kullanarak, ekonomik gelişmeyi güvenlik endişeleriyle ilişkilendirme amacında olmuştur. Tezin metodolojisi olarak, ekonomik gelişme ve güvenlik açısından mevcut zorlukların tarihsel kökene sahip olduğunu göstermek için nitel yöntemler (belgesel analizi ve söylem analizi) uygulanmıştır. Bu metodolojik yaklaşım tercih edildi çünkü uluslararası ilişkilerde başlıca konular arasında bulunan göç, terörizm ve ekonomik kalkınma gibi sorunların iyice kavranmasını sağlamaktadır. Çalışma, bulgularını aktarmak için aşağıdaki yapıyı uygulamıştır. Konunun kapsamı ve bağlamına genel bir bakış sağladıktan sonra, çalışma ilk olarak ekonomik anlaşmalar ve ticaret sözleşmeleri (Yaoundé, Lomé veya Cotonou) aracılığıyla bölgesel kurumlar ve devletler (Avrupa ve Batı Afrika'da) arasındaki vi ekonomik ilişkilerin kritik durumunu incelemektedir. Liberalleşme şartlılık ilkesi ve kalkınma ile ilgili ticaret anlaşmalarının amacı, tercihli ticaret anlaşmalarını (PTA) ekonomik ticaret anlaşmalarıyla (EPA) kıyaslamak ve karşılaştırmak için hazırlanmıştır. Bu inceleme, Afrika kıtasında bölgesel örgütlenmelerin kurulmasına sebep olan ve ekonomik küreselleşmenin yolunu açan nedenleri aydınlatmayı sağlamıştır. Bu yazılarda, ekonomik göstergelerin açıklamaları ve analizleriyle karşılaşmak mümkündür. Bununla birlikte, bu tez niceliksel bir yaklaşıma sahip olmayı amaçlamamaktadır, çünkü politika oluşturma sürecine ve bu anlaşmaların sosyal etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Sonrasında, tez, Batı Afrika'da göçün temel nedenlerini (tarım ve sanayi sektörlerinin başarısızlığı ile) ve güvenlik sorunlarını (terörizmin artması ve eğitim sisteminin başarısızlığı ile) açıklamak için ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerle ilgili reaktif ve proaktif politikaların derinlemesine incelenmesini sağlamıştır. Son olarak, sonuç bölümünde ekonomik, politik ve sosyal politikaların başarısızlığına neden olan birçok parametre belirtilmiş ve Avrupa ülkeleri ile Batı Afrika ülkeleri arasındaki ekonomik ilişkilerin karşılıklı çıkarlara dayanmadığı savunulmuştur. Ayrıca, entegrasyon modelinin ve Batı Afrika'daki azgelişmiş ülkelere yardım etmek için resmi kalkınma yardımının (ODA) asimetrik ilişki ve mevcut kalkınma endişelerine katkıda bulundukları sonucuna varılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Afrika ile Marshall Planı (Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti öncülüğünde) karşılıklı çıkarlara dayanan yeni bir işbirliği modeli olarak Batı Afrika'ya uluslararası ilişkilerde hakettiği yeri verebilir.

Turkey is located amidst a highly complicated geographical zone since the country constitutes a bridge between European and Asian main land next to African continent. As a result of intercontinental transition, the biggest part of the country, Anatolian Peninsula spreads over Eastern Mediterranean Basin and Middle East, which are the most affected regions global climate change in mid-latitude zone. Moreover, surrounding countries and regions have their own distinctive terrain, flora and fauna besides societal, industrial and administrative characteristics. As well as local contributions of deforested/natural arid regions, mega/medium cities, fossil fueled power plants, and highly industrialized areas, this unique crossroad region is under the effect of medium and long-range transport of both biogenic and anthropogenic pollutants. In addition to all these factors Anatolian peninsula is nearly located admits of dusty belt and surrounded by two of the largest desert areas in the World (North Africa and Middle East). According to mid-latitude westerly and local wind patterns, Middle East and North African deserts originated mineral aerosol namely dust advections form up an extra load on air quality and relatedly on public health. Within the framework of international amendments and associated national legislation, Turkey has obligations to comply with in terms of environmental and air quality limitations. This situation forms up a need for climatology and emission inventory studies. Air quality and climatology studies have begun to gain momentum in a different direction in the last 50 years by considering the trace gas and aerosol observations from remote sensing platforms. Obtaining the required measurements at each single point is time consuming, costly and leads to uncertainties. For this reason, with using the power of spaceborne remote sensing, it is aimed to develop SO 2 , NO 2 and desert dust climatology have for Turkey. 13-year trace gas climatology part has revealed that there are some certain hot spots and statistically significant trends detectable in Turkey wide, in regional and worldwide. Apart from the developing countries, Turkey has NO 2 and 1 km SO 2 emission values below the world averages (0.721 and 151.085 SO 2 × 10 15 mol/cm 2 ). But statistically significant increasing trends show that, in the upcoming years Turkey will put its emission values above the world averages. Besides annual averages, in colder months emissions are increasing with the natural stagnant weather conditions. Also, elevated layers such as 2.5 km and 6 km are affecting from the abundancy change in NO 2 and SO 2 emissions significantly. 9-year desert dust climatology part has revealed that dust abundancy is increasing in direction of west to east in Eastern Mediterranean Basin. May, June and July months are the most active period as the whole sub-domains have the highest dust elevations, incidences and mass loads. Eastern part of Turkey is a natural barrier which disables dust particles to reach Caucasus region and also enables air quality degradation in south eastern part of the country with ridge downwelling katabatic effect. Besides Lodos is more effective in Aegean part, Mediterranean Sea is a good barrier which acts as a tampon between Anatolia and Sahara. Contrary to this, direct continental contact with Middle East part makes Eastern part of the country more exposed to particulate matter pollution. ; Türkiye karmaşık bir coğrafyanın ortasında, Avrupa ve Asya arasında bir köprü oluşturmakta ve Afrika kıtasına komşu konumda bulunmaktadır. Bu kıtalararası geçiş nedeniyle ülkenin en büyük kısmını oluşturan Anadolu Yarımadası iklim değişikliğinden en çok etkilenen Doğu Akdeniz Havzası ve Orta Doğu topraklarına yayılmaktadır. Dahası komşu ülkeler de arazi yapısı, flora ve faunanın yanında sosyal, endüstriyel yönetimsel açıdan farklılaşmaktadırlar. Türkiye'nin bulunduğu bu eşşiz kesişim noktası kendi kurak alanlarının ve ormansızlaşmanın, şehirleşmenin, fosil yakıtlı santrallerin ve endüstrileşmenin yanısıra orta ve uzun mesafeli doğal ve antropojenik kirlilik taşınımına maruz kalmaktadır. Tüm bu etmenlere ek olarak Anadolu Yarımadası tozlu kuşağın neredeyse tam ortasında ve Dünya'nın en büyük iki çöl alanı olan Kuzey Afrika ve Orta Doğu toz alanlarına komşudur. Orta kuşak batılıları ve yerel hakim rüzgarlar nedeniyle Orta Doğu ve Africa çölleri kaynaklı mineral aerosolllere, bir diğer değişle çöl tozu adveksiyonuna maruz kalmaktadır. Bu durum hava kalitesi ve bağlantılı olarak toplum sağlığı üzerinde büyük bir yük oluşturnaktadır. Türkiye, Uluslarası anlaşmalarla gelen ve bağlantılı olarak yerel mevzuatlara işlenen çevresel ve hava kalitesi yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmek zoorundadır. Bu nedenle climatoloji ve emisyon envanteri çalışmalarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Hava kalitesi ve klimatoloji çalışmaları son 50 yıl içinde uzaktan algılama teknolojisinin de gelişmesiyle birlikte özellikle iz gaz ve aerosol ölçümleri açısından farklı bir noktaya evrilmiştir. İhtiyaç duyulan her noktada ölçüm gerçekleştirmek hem zaman alıcı ve pahalı hem de ölçüm belirsizliklerine açıktır. O nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı uzaydan uzaktan algılama gücünü de kullanarak Türkiye için SO 2 , NO 2 ve çöl tozu klimatolojileri oluşturmaktır. 13 yıllık iz gaz klimatolojileri sonuçlarına göre Türkiye'de, bölgesel olarak ve Dünya çapında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı trendler ve yoğun bölgeler belirlenmiştir. Gelişmiş üklelerle aynı eğilimle Türkiye NO 2 ve 1 km SO 2 emisyonları açısından Dünya ortalamalarının (0.721 and 151.085 SO 2 × 10 15 mol/cm 2 ) altında kalmaktadır. Fakat artış eğilimi bu denli hızlı olmaya devam ederse emisyon değerleri Dünya ortalamalarının üzerine çıkacaktır. Yıllık ortalamaların yanısıra soğuk aylardaki yoğun hava koşulları nedeniyle emisyon değerlerinde yoğun artışlar gözlenmektedir. Ayrıca bu durum 2.5 km and 6 km gibi üst katmanları da belirgin olarak etkilemektedir. 9 yıllık toz klimatolojisi sonuçlarına bakıldığında ise Doğu Akdeniz Havzasında batıdan doğuya toz yoğunluğunun arttığı görülmektedir. Özellikle Mayıs, Haziran ve Temmuz ayları toz taşın yüüksekliği, periyodu ve kütlesi açısından tüm bölgedeki en aktif aylardır. Türkiye'nin doğu kesimindeki yükselti toz taşınımına doğal bir bariyer oluşturarak Kafkaslar'a geçişini engellemektedir. Bu durum Katabatik rüzgarlar nedeniyle dağların güney yamaçlarında daha çok birikime ve hava kalitesinde azalmaya eden olmaktadır. Ege Denizi'nde etkili olan Lodos taşınımına rağmen, Akdeniz Anadolu ve Sahra arasında doğal bir tampon görevi yapmaktadır. Bu nedenle çöl bölgesiyle direkt teması olan doğu bölgeler en çok maruziyet altında kalan alanlardır.

Résumé: L'avènement du troisième millénaire fut marqué par un nombre incalculable d'événements parmi lesquels les défis dans des secteurs très variés comme la politique, l'économie et le social qu'il était nécessaire de relever. Dans la politique, la démocratie comme système politique de gouvernance du peuple par le peuple tel que pensé par le président américain, Abraham Lincoln, suscita plus de débat qu'aucun autre domaine en Afrique. Dans la littérature africaine d'expression castillane et francophone, plusieurs auteurs ont étudié cette question fondamentale. Selon ce que l'on a pu constater, la démocratie semble être inaccessible parce que la dictature, son antithèse est la voie choisie par beaucoup de présidents des pays africains du continent noir. Le pays dépeint par Donato Ndongo Bidyogo dans Los poderes de la tempestad (1997) met en évidence une violente diatribe contre le régime dictatorial de Macías Nguema premier président de la Guinée Équatoriale, ancienne colonie espagnole. La nation fictive des ''eboro'' qui est en train de naître dans Le pacte d'Afia (2009) de Maurice Okoumba Nkoghé ne déroge pas non plus à la règle parce qu'une dame, la dirige d'une main de fer, Afia. Que se soit dans l'œuvre hispanique de la Guinée Équatoriale ou dans celle de l'écrivain francophone, Maurice Okoumba Nkoghé, du Gabon voisin, la dictature est le système de gouvernance en vigueur. Ici, il est question d'hommes malintentionnés et là, d'une pratique de femmes aussi cruelles que les hommes. À partir d'une double approche, d'abord comparée, cette étude analyse la dictature comme un fléau qui freine le développement du continent noir et le bien-être de ses populations dans la mesure où aussi bien les hommes que les femmes, tous sans exception recourent à elle. Ensuite, féministe en ce sens que femmes et hommes partagent le même espace, le même univers, le même monde en dépit de la marginalisation et des injustices subies par certains.Mots clés : Dictature; Analyse comparée; Los poderes de la tempestad-Le pacte d'Afia. De la DICADURA DE MACIAS NGUEMA AL ABUSO DE AUTORIDAD D'AFIA EVORMBI: ANÁLISIS COMPARADA DE LOS PODERES DE LA TEMPESTAD (1997) Y LE PACTE D'AFIA (2009) Resumen: El advenimiento del tercer milenio fue marcado por un sinfín de acontecimientos entre los cuales los retos en los sectores muy variados como la política, la economía y lo social que hacía falta aceptar. En la política, la democracia como sistema político de gobierno del pueblo por el pueblo tal como ideado por el presidente americano, Abraham Lincoln, suscitó más debate que ningún otro dominio en África. En la literatura africana de expresión castellana y francófona, muchos autores trataron esta cuestión fundamental. Según se pudo notar la democracia parece ser inasequible porque la dictadura, su antítesis es la vía elegida por muchos presidentes de países del continente negro. El país pintado por Donato Ndongo Bidyogo en Los poderes de la tempestad (1997) pone de manifiesto una violenta diatriba contra el régimen dictatorial de Macías Nguema, primer presidente de Guinea Ecuatorial, antigua colonia española. La nación ficticia de los "eboro" que está por nacer en Le pacte d'Afia (2009) de Maurice Okoumba Nkoghé tampoco escapa a la regla porque la manda una dama poderosa, Afia. Sea en la obra hispánica de Guinea Ecuatorial como en la del escritor francófono, Maurice Okoumba Nkoghe del vecino Gabón, la dictadura es el sistema de gobierno imperante. Aquí es asunto de unos hombres malintencionados y allá es practicada por mujeres tan crueles como los hombres. A partir de un doble enfoque, primero comparatista, este estudio analiza la dictadura como una plaga que obstaculiza el desarrollo del continente negro y el bienestar de sus poblaciones en la medida en que tanto los hombres como las mujeres, todos sin excepción recurren a ella. Luego, feminista en esto que mujeres y hombres comparten el mismo espacio, el mismo universo, el mismo mundo muy a pesar de la marginación y de las injusticias sufridas por unos.Palabras clave: Dictadura; Análisis comparado; Los poderes de la tempestad; Le pacte. d'Afia. DA DITADURA DE MACIAS NGUEMA AO ABUSO DE AUTORIDADE D'AFIA EVORMBI: ANÁLISE COMPARADA DE LOS PODERES DE LA TEMPESTAD (1997) ET LE PACTE D'AFIA (2009) Resumo: O advento do terceiro milênio foi marcado por uma miríade de eventos, entre os quais os desafios nos mais variados setores, como política, economia e questões sociais, que precisavam ser aceitos. Na política, a democracia como um sistema político do governo popular pelo povo, como planejado pelo presidente americano, Abraham Lincoln, provocou mais debates do que qualquer outro domínio na África. Na literatura africana de expressão castelhana e francesa, muitos autores trataram dessa questão fundamental. Como observado, a democracia parece estar indisponível porque a ditadura, sua antítese, é o caminho escolhido por muitos presidentes de países do continente negro. O país pintado por Donato Ndongo Bidyogo em Los poderes de la tempestad (1997) mostra uma violenta diatribe contra o regime ditatorial de Macias Nguema, primeiro presidente da Guiné Equatorial, ex-colônia espanhola. A nação fictícia do "eboro" que está prestes a nascer em Le pacte d'Afia (2009) por Maurice Okoumba Nkoghé não foge à regra porque é comandada por uma poderosa senhora, Afia. Seja na obra hispânica da Guiné Equatorial ou no do escritor francófono Maurice Okoumba Nkoghe do vizinho Gabão, a ditadura é o sistema predominante de governo. Aqui está uma questão de homens mal-intencionados e há práticas de mulheres tão cruéis quanto os homens. A partir de uma abordagem dupla, primeiro comparatista, este estudo analisa a ditadura como uma praga que impede o desenvolvimento do continente negro e o bem-estar das suas populações, na medida em que ambos os homens e mulheres, todos sem exceção recorrem a ela. Então, feminista em que mulheres e homens compartilham o mesmo espaço, o mesmo universo, o mesmo mundo muito a despeito da marginalização e das injustiças sofridas por alguns.Palavras-chave: Ditadura; Análise comparativa; Los poderes de la tempestad; Le pacte d'Afia.

Luxembourg is characterized by a very specific demographic situation with 47,9% of its resident population being non-Luxembourgish nationals as of 1 January 2018. This particular circumstance makes Luxembourg the EU Member State with the highest share of non-citizens residing on its territory. At the same time, around 85% of the foreign population are citizens of another EU Member State, leading to the fact that third-country nationals constitute only 7,3% of the total resident population of Luxembourg, the lowest share of foreigners coming from a third-country in the European Union. Integration is defined in national legislation as a 'two-way process by which the foreigners shows their will to participate on a long-term basis to the host society, which, in turn, takes all the necessary measures at the social, economic, political, and cultural levels, to encourage and facilitate this approach. Integration is a task that the State, municipalities and civil society achieve together'. In addition to this legal provision, several strategic documents, most notably the multi-annual national action plan on integration 2018, or PAN integration, published in July 2018, make reference to integration and its definition. The PAN integration provides the framework for the programs and tools favouring the social cohesion of Luxembourgish and non-Luxembourgish nationals and the overall national integration policy by identifying five priority domains, one of which explicitly relates to the reinforcement of employability of non-Luxembourgish nationals. Generally speaking, employment is viewed as a core element of the overall integration process, making both the access to as well as the integration into the Luxembourgish labour market a key element in becoming a part of society. At the same time, this access to and integration into the labour market pose a challenge, particularly to third-country nationals, as the statistics show that their employment rate is lower than that of Luxembourgish nationals or citizens of another EU Member State. Third-country nationals are predominantly occupied in the accommodation and food service activities sector, followed by the administrative and support service activities sector and the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles sector. A closer look at the evolution of the sectors employing third-country nationals over the last years, however, indicates that in particular the information and communication technologies sector, the professional, scientific and technical activities sector and the financial and insurance activities sector register the most significant growth rates, leading to a development that seem to indicate a 'double immigration' of (highly) skilled migrants on the one hand and less or low skilled migrants in the more traditional economic sectors on the other hand. In regard to the general integration approach as well as the labour market integration policy, this study shows that Luxembourg does have not have a specific policy/strategic document/model in place that only focusses on third-country nationals. All political documents (laws and strategic documents such as the PAN 2010-2014 and the new PAN integration of 2018) and public measures (Welcome and Integration Contract (CAI), linguistic leave, support measures provided by the National Employment Agency (ADEM), measures facilitating school integration, electoral registration campaigns, etc.) are aimed at all foreign nationals without distinguishing between EU nationals and third-country nationals. It is the Immigration Law that provides the legal framework regarding the various grounds of migration for economic purposes. Additionally, the legislator aims to be attractive for certain categories of migrants coming to Luxembourg for economic purposes in order to meet the needs of the country's economic development (via legislative measures such as the European Blue Card, the 'investor' residence permit or the agreement between Luxembourg and Cape Verde). This being said, this study will present examples of practices that have been identified as good practices in the context of the topic of labour market integration of third-country nationals, despite the fact that they, for the most part, do not fit 100% into the pre-set structure of the study template at hand. In section 2.2, three Member State measure are presented, the first of which is the linguistic leave, a specific form of additional special leave that is accessible for salaried and independent workers of all nationalities, resident or non-resident, to learn or perfect the command of the Luxembourgish language. This legislative measure was introduced by law in 2009 with the intention to facilitate the integration of the beneficiaries into society through the labour market. The second measure is the AMIF-project 'InSitu JOBS' by the non-governmental organisation CLAE asbl (with co-financing from the Luxembourgish State). This project, which ended in April 2018 was targeted at third-country nationals within the scope of this study as well as at beneficiaries of international protection by providing them information and counselling in the context of access and integration into the Luxembourgish labour market. The third measure was also an AMIF-project and consists of a practical guide that was developed and drafted by IMS Luxembourg, a network of Luxembourgish companies, in order to provide information on how to hire and integrate third-country nationals. As for the private sector measures in section 2.3. of this study, research of secondary resources as well as consultations with various relevant stakeholders proved to be rather difficult in terms of finding private sector initiatives that specifically target at supporting or facilitating the labour market integration of third-country nationals within the scope of this study. Two measures were selected in this context, the first consisting of a specific recruitment method (simulation-based recruitment method) by a large international company which allows them to evaluate various different profiles of people that are not necessarily detectable through the classic CV-based recruitment methods. The second measure is a business guide developed by the American Chamber of Commerce Luxembourg and aims to promote and facilitate the establishment of new business in Luxembourg by providing information on everything that entrepreneurs and international companies need to know in this context.

The actuality of topic. International relations of Ukraine with its closest neighbors are always relevant, especially in the context of our country's aspiration to integrate into the European Union. Recently, we can state the ag-gravation of relations between Ukraine and Hungary in the context of protecting the rights of national minorities of Transcarpathia, in particular, with regard to the linguistic issue, as well as in connection with the need to address the issue of dual citizenship of Ukraine and Hungary. In this context scientific studies of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations at the present stage are of particular impor-tance. The aim of the study. The article reveals the peculiarities of the relations between Ukraine and Hungary at the present stage, reveals the problems arising in the Ukrainian-Hungarian relations and elaborates proposals for their solution. The specificity of the topic is determined by a comprehensive approach to the application of research methods, among which: formal logic, which clarifies the essence of legislative acts that directly affect the relations between Ukraine and Hungary. Using the method of analysis, the positive and negative features of the institute of dual citizenship were identified. The application of the comparative legal method made it possible to explore the prospects for solving the so-called "language issue" in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The peculiarities of the relations between Ukraine and Hungary in the context of changes taking place in the legislation of Ukraine were first dis-closed, the influence of the adoption of new legislative acts in Ukraine on the Ukrainian-Hungarian relations was researched. Conclusions. Thus, Ukraine and Hungary as neighboring states are constantly implementing cooperation aimed at establishing mutual relations in the key areas of co-operation, systematic contractual work, bilateral agreements and agreements aimed at improving the situation of the citizens of our countries. At the same time, at the present stage, it is necessary to note the aggravation of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, in particular, with regard to ensuring the rights of national minorities, which requires urgent resolution. It is argued that the issue of dual citizenship in Ukraine requires immediate reaction from the legislator, since the legal uncertainty regarding the issue of responsibility for dual citizenship that takes place today leads to chaos and disorder in this area of legal regulation. It is emphasized that the rights of national minorities living in Transcar-pathia should be protected, but taking into account the interests of Ukraine's national security. ; Le but de l'étude. L'article révèle les particularités des relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie à ce stade, identifie les problèmes qui se posent dans les relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie et suggère des moyens de les résoudre. La spécificité du sujet tient à une approche intégrée de l'application des méthodes de recherche, notamment: formelle-logique, à l'aide de laquelle l'essentiel des actes législatifs qui affectent directement les relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie est clarifié. A l'aide de la méthode d'analyse, les caractéristiques positives et négatives de l'institution de la double citoyenneté sont identifiées. L'utilisation de la méthode juridique comparée a permis d'explorer les perspectives de résolution du «problème linguistique» en Ukraine. Nouveauté scientifique. Pour la première fois, les particularités des relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie dans le contexte des changements intervenant dans la législation ukrainienne sont révélées, et l'influence de l'adoption d'une nouvelle législation en Ukraine sur les relations ukraino-hongroises est examinée. Conclusions. Il est avancé que la question de la double citoyenneté en Ukraine exige une réponse immédiate du législateur, dans la mesure où l'incertitude juridique concernant la responsabilité de la double nationalité, qui est le cas aujourd'hui, conduit au chaos et au désordre dans ce domaine de la réglementation juridique. Il a été noté que les droits des minorités nationales vivant en Transcarpatie devraient être protégés, tout en tenant compte des intérêts de la sécurité nationale de l'Ukraine. ; Цель исследования. В статье раскрыты особенности отношений Украины и Венгрии на современном этапе, выявлены проблемы,, возникающие в украино-венгерских отношениях и предложены пути их решения. Спецификой темы обусловлен комплексный подход к применению методов исследования, среди которых: формально-логический, с помощью которого выяснено суть законодательных актов, которые непосредственно влияют на отношения Украины и Венгрии. С помощью метода анализа выявлены положительные и отрицательные черты института двойного гражданства. Применение сравнительно-правового метода позволило исследовать перспективы решения так называемого «языкового вопроса» в Украине. Научная новизна. Впервые раскрыты особенности отношений Украины и Венгрии в контексте происходящих в законодательстве Украины изменений, исследовано влияние принятия новых законодательных актов в Украине на украинско-венгерские отношения. Выводы. Аргументировано, что вопрос с двойным гражданством в Украине требует немедленного реагирования со стороны законодателя, поскольку правовая неопределенность в вопросе ответственности за двойное гражданство, что имеет место на сегодняшний день, приводит к хаосу и беспорядку в этой сфере правового регулирования. Отмечено, что права национальных меньшинств, проживающих в Закарпатье, должны быть защищены, однако с учетом интересов национальной безопасности Украины. ; Мета дослідження. У статті розкриті особливості відносин України та Угорщини на сучасному етапі, виявлені проблеми ,, що виникають в україно-угорських відносинах та запропоновано шляхи їх вирішення. Специфікою теми обумовлений комплексний підхід до застосування методів дослідження, серед яких: формально-логічний, за допомогою якого з'ясовано суть законодавчих актів, які безпосередньо впливають на відносини України і Угорщини. За допомогою методу аналізу виявлено позитивні та негативні риси інституту подвійного громадянства. Застосування порівняльно-правового методу дозволило дослідити перспективи вирішення так званого «мовного питання» в Україні. Наукова новизна. Вперше розкриті особливості відносин України та Угорщини в контексті відбуваються в законодавстві України змін, досліджено вплив прийняття нових законодавчих актів в Україні на українсько-угорські відносини. Висновки. Аргументовано, що питання з подвійним громадянством в Україні вимагає негайного реагування з боку законодавця, оскільки правова невизначеність в питанні відповідальності за подвійне громадянство, що має місце на сьогоднішній день, призводить до хаосу і безладу в цій сфері правового регулювання. Відзначено, що права національних меншин, які проживають в Закарпатті, повинні бути захищені, проте з урахуванням інтересів національної безпеки України.

Additive Fertigung – oftmals plakativ "3D-Druck" genannt – bezeichnet eine Fertigungstechnologie, die die Herstellung physischer Gegenstände auf Basis digitaler, dreidimensionaler Modelle ermöglicht. Das grundlegende Funktionsprinzip und die Gemeinsamkeit aller additiven bzw. generativen Fertigungsverfahren ist die schichtweise Erzeugung des Objekts. Zu den wesentlichen Vorteilen der Technologie gehört die Designfreiheit, die die Integration komplexer Geometrien erlaubt. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit kostengünstiger Geräte für den Heimgebrauch und der wachsenden Marktpräsenz von Druckdienstleistern steht die Technologie erstmals Endkunden in einer Art und Weise zur Verfügung wie es vormals, aufgrund hoher Kosten, lediglich großen Konzernen vorbehalten war. Infolgedessen ist die additive Fertigung vermehrt in den Fokus der breiten Öffentlichkeit geraten. Jedoch haben sich Wissenschaft und Forschung bisher vor allem mit Verfahrens- und Materialfragen befasst. Insbesondere Fragestellungen zu wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen haben hingegen kaum Beachtung gefunden. Aus diesem Grund untersucht die vorliegende Dissertation die vielfältigen Implikationen und Auswirkungen der Technologie. Zunächst werden Grundlagen der Fertigungstechnologie erläutert, die für das Verständnis der Arbeit eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Neben dem elementaren Funktionsprinzip der Technologie werden relevante Begrifflichkeiten aus dem Kontext der additiven Fertigung vorgestellt und zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Im weiteren Verlauf werden dann Entwicklung und Akteure der Wertschöpfungskette der additiven Fertigung skizziert. Anschließend werden diverse Geschäftsmodelle im Kontext der additiven Fertigung systematisch visualisiert und erläutert. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt sind die zu erwartenden wirtschaftlichen Potentiale, die sich aus einer Reihe technischer Charakteristika ableiten lassen. Festgehalten werden kann, dass der Gestaltungsspielraum von Fertigungssystemen hinsichtlich Komplexität, Effizienzsteigerung und Variantenvielfalt erweitert wird. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden außerdem genutzt, um zwei Vertreter der Branche exemplarisch mithilfe von Fallstudien zu analysieren. Eines der untersuchten Fallbeispiele ist die populäre Online-Plattform und -Community Thingiverse, die das Veröffentlichen, Teilen und Remixen einer Vielzahl von druckbaren digitalen 3D-Modellen ermöglicht. Das Remixen, ursprünglich bekannt aus der Musikwelt, wird im Zuge des Aufkommens offener Online-Plattformen heute beim Entwurf beliebiger physischer Dinge eingesetzt. Trotz der unverkennbaren Bedeutung sowohl für die Quantität als auch für die Qualität der Innovationen auf diesen Plattformen, ist über den Prozess des Remixens und die Faktoren, die diese beeinflussen, wenig bekannt. Aus diesem Grund werden die Remix-Aktivitäten der Plattform explorativ analysiert. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse der Untersuchung werden fünf Thesen sowie praxisbezogene Empfehlungen bzw. Implikationen formuliert. Im Vordergrund der Analyse stehen die Rolle von Remixen in Design-Communities, verschiedene Muster im Prozess des Remixens, Funktionalitäten der Plattform, die das Remixen fördern und das Profil der remixenden Nutzerschaft. Aufgrund enttäuschter Erwartungen an den 3D-Druck im Heimgebrauch wurde dieser demokratischen Form der Produktion kaum Beachtung geschenkt. Richtet man den Fokus jedoch nicht auf die Technik, sondern die Hobbyisten selbst, lassen sich neue Einblicke in die zugrunde liegenden Innovationsprozesse gewinnen. Die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie mit über 75 Designern zeigen unter anderem, dass Designer das Konzept des Remixens bereits verinnerlicht haben und dieses über die Plattform hinaus in verschiedenen Kontexten einsetzen. Ein weiterer Beitrag, der die bisherige Theorie zu Innovationsprozessen erweitert, ist die Identifikation und Beschreibung von sechs unterschiedlichen Remix-Prozessen, die sich anhand der Merkmale Fähigkeiten, Auslöser und Motivation unterscheiden lassen. ; Additive manufacturing—commonly known as "3D printing"—denotes a manufacturing technology that facilitates the production of physical objects from digital three-dimensional blueprints. Layer manufacturing is the basic principle of the production process of all additive manufactured objects. Major benefits of this technology are that it allows for the creation of very complex models and its flexibility for various design geometries. Today, for the first time, the increasing number of 3D printing service providers and the constantly growing range of affordable printers for home use, make this technology available to consumers, whereas the high costs limited the use to large enterprises in the past. Therefore, this technology is raising more and more public attention. Presently science and research focuses primarily on questions regarding materials and processes, while ignoring or missing out the discussion about economic and social impact. Therefore, this dissertation examines and focusses on the aspect of possible implications and consequences of the technology. The thesis starts by introducing the main aspects of the technology, to establish a common understanding, which is key for understanding the dissertation. Followed by the description of specific techniques and processes, different terminologies of additive manufacturing are introduced to describe in detail how they are related. In the further course the additive manufacturing value chain, its development, and involved stakeholders are outlined. Subsequent diverse business models out of the additive manufacturing context are systematically visualized and elucidated. Another important aspect are expectable economic potentials that can be deduced by a number of technical characteristics. A conclusion that can be drawn is that the room to maneuver is extended with regard to complexity, efficiency enhancement, and variety of versions. Insights gained hereby are also utilized to analyze two representatives of the branch of industry by way of example. Thereafter, the additive manufacturing value chain, its development, and involved stakeholders are outlined. Diverse business models of the additive manufacturing are depicted and explained systematically. Another important aspect is possible future economic potentials that can be deduced by several technical characteristics. The conclusion of the findings show, that there is room for growth with regard to complexity, enhancement of efficiency, and variety of versions. Furthermore, the learnings are the basis for a detailed analysis of two representatives of this industry by way of examples and case studies. One of the cases deals with the popular online platform and community Thingiverse that offers a platform for publishing, sharing, access, and remixing a broad range of printable digital models. The term remixing—originally known from the music domain—is very often used in various emerging open online platforms to describe the phenomenon of repurposing existing materials to create something new. However, despite its obvious relevance for the number and quality of innovations on such platforms, little is known about the process of remixing and its contextual factors. For that reason, an explorative study of remixing activities on the platform was conducted and is presented. Based on the findings of these empirically observed phenomena, a set of five theoretical propositions, practical recommendations and managerial implications are formulated. Predominant in the analysis are the role of remixes in design communities, the different patterns of remixing processes, the platform features that facilitate remixes, and the profile of the remixing platform's users. Due to disappointed expectations regarding home use 3D printing this democratic form of production has received only little attention. However, not focusing on the technology itself but on the hobbyist users reveals new insights on underlying innovation processes. The findings of a qualitative study with more than 75 designers show amongst other findings, that designers have already internalized the concept of remixing and apply it in various contexts, even beyond the platform. An additional contribution that extends previous research on innovation processes is the identification and description of six different remix processes that can be differentiated by means of the features skill level, trigger and motivation.

The actuality of topic. International relations of Ukraine with its closest neighbors are always relevant, especially in the context of our country's aspiration to integrate into the European Union. Recently, we can state the ag-gravation of relations between Ukraine and Hungary in the context of protecting the rights of national minorities of Transcarpathia, in particular, with regard to the linguistic issue, as well as in connection with the need to address the issue of dual citizenship of Ukraine and Hungary. In this context scientific studies of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations at the present stage are of particular impor-tance. The aim of the study. The article reveals the peculiarities of the relations between Ukraine and Hungary at the present stage, reveals the problems arising in the Ukrainian-Hungarian relations and elaborates proposals for their solution. The specificity of the topic is determined by a comprehensive approach to the application of research methods, among which: formal logic, which clarifies the essence of legislative acts that directly affect the relations between Ukraine and Hungary. Using the method of analysis, the positive and negative features of the institute of dual citizenship were identified. The application of the comparative legal method made it possible to explore the prospects for solving the so-called "language issue" in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The peculiarities of the relations between Ukraine and Hungary in the context of changes taking place in the legislation of Ukraine were first dis-closed, the influence of the adoption of new legislative acts in Ukraine on the Ukrainian-Hungarian relations was researched. Conclusions. Thus, Ukraine and Hungary as neighboring states are constantly implementing cooperation aimed at establishing mutual relations in the key areas of co-operation, systematic contractual work, bilateral agreements and agreements aimed at improving the situation of the citizens of our countries. At the same time, at the present stage, it is necessary to note the aggravation of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, in particular, with regard to ensuring the rights of national minorities, which requires urgent resolution. It is argued that the issue of dual citizenship in Ukraine requires immediate reaction from the legislator, since the legal uncertainty regarding the issue of responsibility for dual citizenship that takes place today leads to chaos and disorder in this area of legal regulation. It is emphasized that the rights of national minorities living in Transcar-pathia should be protected, but taking into account the interests of Ukraine's national security. ; Le but de l'étude. L'article révèle les particularités des relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie à ce stade, identifie les problèmes qui se posent dans les relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie et suggère des moyens de les résoudre. La spécificité du sujet tient à une approche intégrée de l'application des méthodes de recherche, notamment: formelle-logique, à l'aide de laquelle l'essentiel des actes législatifs qui affectent directement les relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie est clarifié. A l'aide de la méthode d'analyse, les caractéristiques positives et négatives de l'institution de la double citoyenneté sont identifiées. L'utilisation de la méthode juridique comparée a permis d'explorer les perspectives de résolution du «problème linguistique» en Ukraine. Nouveauté scientifique. Pour la première fois, les particularités des relations entre l'Ukraine et la Hongrie dans le contexte des changements intervenant dans la législation ukrainienne sont révélées, et l'influence de l'adoption d'une nouvelle législation en Ukraine sur les relations ukraino-hongroises est examinée. Conclusions. Il est avancé que la question de la double citoyenneté en Ukraine exige une réponse immédiate du législateur, dans la mesure où l'incertitude juridique concernant la responsabilité de la double nationalité, qui est le cas aujourd'hui, conduit au chaos et au désordre dans ce domaine de la réglementation juridique. Il a été noté que les droits des minorités nationales vivant en Transcarpatie devraient être protégés, tout en tenant compte des intérêts de la sécurité nationale de l'Ukraine. ; Цель исследования. В статье раскрыты особенности отношений Украины и Венгрии на современном этапе, выявлены проблемы,, возникающие в украино-венгерских отношениях и предложены пути их решения. Спецификой темы обусловлен комплексный подход к применению методов исследования, среди которых: формально-логический, с помощью которого выяснено суть законодательных актов, которые непосредственно влияют на отношения Украины и Венгрии. С помощью метода анализа выявлены положительные и отрицательные черты института двойного гражданства. Применение сравнительно-правового метода позволило исследовать перспективы решения так называемого «языкового вопроса» в Украине. Научная новизна. Впервые раскрыты особенности отношений Украины и Венгрии в контексте происходящих в законодательстве Украины изменений, исследовано влияние принятия новых законодательных актов в Украине на украинско-венгерские отношения. Выводы. Аргументировано, что вопрос с двойным гражданством в Украине требует немедленного реагирования со стороны законодателя, поскольку правовая неопределенность в вопросе ответственности за двойное гражданство, что имеет место на сегодняшний день, приводит к хаосу и беспорядку в этой сфере правового регулирования. Отмечено, что права национальных меньшинств, проживающих в Закарпатье, должны быть защищены, однако с учетом интересов национальной безопасности Украины. ; Мета дослідження. У статті розкриті особливості відносин України та Угорщини на сучасному етапі, виявлені проблеми ,, що виникають в україно-угорських відносинах та запропоновано шляхи їх вирішення. Специфікою теми обумовлений комплексний підхід до застосування методів дослідження, серед яких: формально-логічний, за допомогою якого з'ясовано суть законодавчих актів, які безпосередньо впливають на відносини України і Угорщини. За допомогою методу аналізу виявлено позитивні та негативні риси інституту подвійного громадянства. Застосування порівняльно-правового методу дозволило дослідити перспективи вирішення так званого «мовного питання» в Україні. Наукова новизна. Вперше розкриті особливості відносин України та Угорщини в контексті відбуваються в законодавстві України змін, досліджено вплив прийняття нових законодавчих актів в Україні на українсько-угорські відносини. Висновки. Аргументовано, що питання з подвійним громадянством в Україні вимагає негайного реагування з боку законодавця, оскільки правова невизначеність в питанні відповідальності за подвійне громадянство, що має місце на сьогоднішній день, призводить до хаосу і безладу в цій сфері правового регулювання. Відзначено, що права національних меншин, які проживають в Закарпатті, повинні бути захищені, проте з урахуванням інтересів національної безпеки України.

Corpus Christi, Corpus Delicti: A new narrative contract. Władysław Pasikowski's Aftermath (2012) and the invalidation of the category of the Polish Witness to the HolocaustWładysław Pasikowski's 2012 feature film Aftermath recapitulates and works through the existing resources in documentary cinema that deals with the Polish context of the Holocaust (Claude Lanzmann, Paweł Łoziński, Marian Marzyński, Agnieszka Arnold). It is also founded on the knowledge amassed in the wake of the countrywide debate about the 1941 Jedwabne massacre (2000–1). As such, it rejects the majority narrative of the Holocaust, one told under the banners of the Righteous Among the Nations (the paradigm of innocence), the Polish witness to the Holocaust (triggering an unjustified identification of the Jaspersian paradigm of unimputable, metaphysical guilt with unwarranted guilt), and the alleged collective Polish trauma of the Holocaust.Aftermath is analyzed as a treatise on antisemitism which problematizes and narrativizes phantasms that are central to this socio-cultural pathology, visualizing the mechanism whereby the phantasm of the Jew is constructed and imposed on actual individuals. It also touches upon the Christian roots and identitarian dimension of antisemitism, alongside its central figure: the Crucifixion. Antisemitism is a matter of religion as a doctrine but also religion as an institution.By displaying a plexus of discourses and practices, attitudes and behaviors, Pasikowski defends the great quantifier as a legitimate category to describe the Polish context of the Holocaust. He debunks the essential differentiation between pre-modern and modern antisemitism (including notions about the secondary nature of Polish antisemitism in relation to the German Nazi exterminatory projects targeted at the Jews).The film convincingly portrays antisemitism as dominating the experience and its representation to such an extent that antisemitic culture loses the ability to reflect on the human condition. Where a non-antisemite sees the irreducible strangeness that is inherent to individual existence, the antisemite sees a Jew, etc. The long duration of violence and exclusion has turned the phantasmic and alternative reality of antisemitism into reality tout court, as it produces a materiality of its own, up to and including the materiality of the atrocity (stolen property, looted corpses, etc.).The text offers an extensive discussion of the essential conflict between Aftermath and the system of Polish culture. The aesthetic is political. The juxtaposition of two genre films (the thriller and the Western) and a plebeian protagonist with a domain that is perceived as proper to the intelligentsia provoked widespread shock and rejection. Accusations of kitsch, exaggeration, improbability, and a colonial gaze enabled critics to sidestep, if not invalidate, the director's argument. A study of the reception of Aftermath is a study of class distinction in action.Pasikowski's film portrays antisemitism as a problem of an antisemitic culture and an antisemitic society. This entails a radical invalidation of the notion of antisemitism as an inter-group conflict, thus exposing the fiction and falsehood of such constructs as "dialogue" and "reconciliation."Despite its pessimistic diagnosis, Aftermath raises the possibility of change and the emancipatory potential of self-empowerment. By considering the cultural and social implications of our knowledge about antisemitism and the Polish context of the Holocaust, the film reveala systemic challenge posed by the imperative to revise culture and reject its toxic models. From this perspective, a new narrative becomes possible as a critique of narratives. Corpus Christi, corpus delicti – nowy kontrakt narracyjny. Pokłosie (2012) Władysława Pasikowskiego wobec kompromitacji kategorii polskiego świadka ZagładyFilm fabularny Pokłosie (2012) Władysława Pasikowskiego przynosi rekapitulację i przepracowanie dotychczasowych zasobów kina dokumentalnego dotyczącego polskiego kontekstu Zagłady (C. Lanzmann, P. Łoziński, M. Marzyński, A. Arnold). Ufundowany jest także na wiedzy narosłej po debacie jedwabieńskiej (2000) oraz na odrzuceniu dotychczasowych dominujących większościowych narracji o Zagładzie: spod znaku Sprawiedliwych (paradygmat niewinności) i spod znaku polskiego świadka Zagłady (paradygmat Jaspersowskiej winy niezarzucanej oraz zbiorowej polskiej traumy Zagłady).Tekst proponuje spojrzenie na Pokłosie jako traktat o antysemityzmie, który problematyzuje i narratywizuje fantazmaty oraz mechanizmy kluczowe dla tej społeczno-kulturowej patologii. Wizualizacja obejmuje mechanizm konstruowania fantazmatu Żyda i nakładania go na realne podmioty. Nie omija też chrześcijańskich korzeni i tożsamościowego wymiaru antysemityzmu z centralną figurą Ukrzyżowania. Antysemityzm jest sprawą religii jako doktryny, ale też instytucji.Unaoczniając splot dyskursów i praktyk, postaw i zachowań, Pasikowski broni wielkiego kwantyfikatora jako zasadnej kategorii opisu polskiego kontekstu Zagłady. Obala też istotowe rozgraniczenie między antysemityzmem przednowoczesnym i nowoczesnym (w tym wyobrażenie o podrzędności polskiego antysemityzmu względem niemieckiego nazistowskiego przedsięwzięcia eksterminacyjnego wymierzonego w Żydów).Film w przekonujący sposób pokazuje, że antysemityzm do tego stopnia zawładnął doświadczeniem i jego reprezentacją, że kultura antysemicka straciła możliwość dostępu do namysłu nad ludzką kondycją. Tam, gdzie nieantysemita widzi nieredukowalną obcość przyrodzoną jednostkowej egzystencji, antysemita widzi Żyda etc. Długie trwanie przemocy i wykluczenia sprawia, że z rzeczywistości fantazmatycznej i alternatywnej antysemityzm staje się rzeczywistością tout court. Wytwarza bowiem własną materialność, do materialności zbrodni włącznie.Tekst obszernie omawia istotowy konflikt Pokłosia z systemem kultury polskiej. Estetyczne jest polityczne. Połączenie kina podwójnie gatunkowego (thriller, western) oraz plebejskiego bohatera z domeną uchodzącą za inteligencki monopol wywołało w większości szok i odrzucenie. Zarzuty – kiczu, przesady, braku prawdopodobieństwa, kolonialnego spojrzenia – pozwoliły w dużym stopniu wyminąć, jeśli nie unieważnić, rozpoznania reżysera. Studium recepcji Pokłosia to studium dystynkcji klasowej w działaniu.Film Pasikowskiego pokazuje antysemityzm jako problem kultury antysemickiej i antysemickiego społeczeństwa. Oznacza to radykalną kompromitację wyobrażenia antysemityzmu jako konfliktu międzygrupowego, czego konsekwencją jest obnażenie fałszu i fikcji konstruktów takich, jak "dialog" i "pojednanie".Mimo pesymistycznej diagnozy społecznej, Pokłosie wskazuje na możliwość zmiany i potencjał emancypacji tkwiący w samoupodmiotowieniu. Podejmując refleksję nad tym, co wynika dla kultury i społeczeństwa z wiedzy na temat antysemityzmu i polskiego kontekstu Zagłady, film wskazuje na wyzwanie systemowe w postaci imperatywu rewizji kultury i odrzucenia jej toksycznych wzorów. W tym świetle nowa narracja staje się możliwa – jako krytyka narracji.

This collective monograph, titled Kosta P. Manojlović and the Idea of Slavic and Balkan Cultural Unificaton (1918–1941), is the result of research by fourteen scholars from Russia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Portugal, Great Britain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, which were partly presented at an international conference organized by the Muzikološki institut SANU [Institute of Musicology SASA] in November 2016. Kosta P. Manojlović (1890–1946) is one of the most important Serbian musicians and musical intellectuals of the interwar period. His musical activities were diverse and fuitful. As a composer, he was a proponent of the "national style", which was primarily reflected in choral music. In this domain he left pieces of lasting value, such as Sever duva [The North Wind blows] for the mixed choir. His melographic and ethnomusicological work dedicated to Serbian musical folklore is of great significance. He was a pioneer of Serbian musical historiography and a proliferous critic who collaborated with numerous journals and dailies from Yugoslavia and abroad. Kosta Manojlović was also a long-standing Choirmaster of the Beogradsko pevačko društvo [Belgrade Choral Society] and the Pevačko društvo "Mokranjac" [Mokranjac Choral Society]. An important part of his activities was devoted to the administration of musical organizations and institutions. For instance, Manojlović was one of the founders and the Secretary-General of the Južnoslovenski pevački savez [South-Slav Choral Union]. Among his most important achievements in this respect was the opening of the Muzička akademija [Music Academy] in Belgrade in 1937, where he served as the first Chancellor. Research on Kosta Manojlović is scant. In 1990, the Faculty of Music in Belgrade published an anthology titled U spomen Koste P. Manojlovića, kompozitora i etnomuzikologa [Kosta P. Manojlović, composer and ethnomusicologist. In memoriam], comprised mostly of students' papers dedicated to the investigation of his various activities. Insights on Manojlović's contributions can be found in a number of studies by Serbian musicologists and ethnomusicologists, but a detailed monograph devoted to his life and works has not yet been published, nor has a complete bibliography of his writings. For that reason, scholars from the Institute of Musicology SASA in Belgrade resolved to organize an international conference and to prepare a collective monograph focusing on Manojlović's diverse accomplishments. Traces of dominant and less influential ideological and political currents of the first half of the 20th century can be observed in Manojlović's work. As such, the editors decided to bring to light the historical and cultural settings in which Manojlović acted, and more thoroughly examine his numerous activities. This volume is divided into five parts, an introductory section and four thematic units. The introduction comprises one study: Ivana Vesić (Belgrade) and Vesna Peno (Belgrade) have given an overview of Kosta Manojlović's social "networking" and ideological horizons in Yugoslav public and musical spheres from 1919 to 1949, focusing on less well-known facts from his life and the biographies of his fellow composers and musical intellectuals. The first thematic part, titled Balkan and Slavic peoples in the first half of the 20th century: Intercultural contacts, contains three studies. Olga Pashina (Moscow) explores cultural relations between Slavic peoples on the example of the concert tours of Ivan T. Ryabinin, a famous Russian story teller, to Serbia and Bulgaria in 1902. Stefanka Georgieva (Stara Zagora) analyzes the presence of the idea of Slavic cultural unification in Bulgarian musical culture of the interwar period, concentrating on collaborations of various kinds between Yugoslav and Bulgarian musicians, including Kosta P. Manojlović. Ivan Ristić (Kruševac) examines Manojlović's work on Yugoslav-Bulgarian cultural rapprochement, taking into consideration the political and cultural relations between the two countries during the 1920s. The second part, made up of four studies, is titled The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia between ideology and reality. As Secretary-General of the South-Slav Choral Union [SSCS] (1924–1932), Kosta Manojlović was faced with the complex issue of creating an internal institutional arrangement of this national organization. Strong disagreements over the Union's structure and authority indicate the marked polarization of views on the national question in the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia. Biljana Milanović (Belgrade) discusses Manojlović's contribution to the foundation and policies of the SSCS, while Nada Bezić (Zagreb) focuses on relations between the Hrvatski pjevački savez [Croatian Choral Union] and the SSCS from 1924 to 1934. Srđan Atanasovski (Belgrade) investigates Kosta Manojlović's research into musical folklore from the perspective of interwar narratives on "Southern Serbia". Ivana Vesić (Belgrade) centers on Manojlović's collaboration with the Balkanski institut [Institute for Balkan Studies] (1934–1941), taking into account his views on the unification of Balkan and Slavic peoples. The third part, titled Kosta P. Manojlović and church music, contains three papers. Vesna Peno (Belgrade) examines Manojović's role in the construction of theory of Belgrade church chant. Bogdan Đaković (Novi Sad) brings this composer's ecclesiastical choral music into focus, along with his compositional procedures and style. Ivan Moody (Lisbon) considers the approach of Serbian and Bulgarian composers of church music to problems of tradition and modernity in the early 20th century. Finally, the fourth part is comprised of papers that deal with Kosta P. Manojlović as choirmaster, critic and pedagogue. Verica Grmuša (London) explores Manojlović's various activities during his studies of music at Oxford University from 1917 to 1919. Predrag Đoković (Sarajevo) discusses Manojlović's performance and analysis of early music in the interwar years. Aleksandar Vasić (Belgrade) explores Manojlović's achievements in musical criticism, concentrating on his writings published between the two wars in Belgrade's music journals. The final years of Manojlović's life, including his position in newly founded communist Yugoslavia, are surveyed by Ivana Medić (Belgrade). This monograph is the result of interdisciplinary and multifocal research into Kosta Manojlović's life and works. We hope it will stimulate further investigation into the invaluable contributions of this Serbian composer and intellectual to music production, education and research. ; This collective monograph, titled Kosta P. Manojlović and the Idea of Slavic and Balkan Cultural Unificaton (1918-1941), is the result of research by fourteen scholars from Russia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Portugal, Great Britain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, which were partly presented at an international conference organized by the Muzikološki institut SANU (Institute of Musicology SASA) in November 2016.

The Internet is a wide network of computers in constant evolution. Each year, more and more organizations are connected to this worldwide network. Each of them has its own structure and administration that are not publicly revealed for economical, political, and security reasons. Consequently, our perception of the Internet structure, and more specifically, its topology, is incomplete. In order to balance this lack of knowledge, the research community relies on network measurements. Most of the time, they are performed based on the well-known tool traceroute. However, in practice, an operator may privilege other technologies than IP to forward packets inside its network. MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) is one them. Even if it is heavily deployed by operators, it has not been really investigated by researchers. Prior to this thesis, only two studies focused on the identification of MPLS tunnels in traceroute data. Moreover, while one of them does not take all possible scenarios into account, the other lack of precision in some of its models. In addition, MPLS tunnels may hide their content to traceroute. Topologies inferred from such data may thus contain false links or nodes with an artificially high degree, leading so to biases in standard graph metrics used to model the network. Even if some researchers already tried to tackle this issue, the revelation of hidden MPLS devices in traceroute data is still an open question. This thesis aims at characterizing MPLS in two different ways. On the one hand, at an architectural level, we will analyze in detail its deployment and use in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks in order to improve its state-of-the-art view. We will show that, in practice, more than one IPv4 trace out of two crosses at least one MPLS tunnel. We will also see that, even if this protocol can simplify the internal architecture of transit networks, it also allows some operators to perform traffic engineering in their domain. On the other hand, MPLS will be studied from a measurement point of view. We will see that routers from different manufacturers may have distinct default behaviors regarding to MPLS, and that these specific behaviors can be exploited to identify MPLS tunnels during traceroute measurements. More precisely, we will focus on new methods able to infer the presence of tunnels that are invisible in traceroute outputs, as well as on mechanisms to reveal their content. We will also show that they can be used in order to improve the inference of Internet graph properties, such as path lengths and node degrees. Finally, these techniques will be integrated into Trace the Naughty Tunnels (TNT), a traceroute extension able to identify all types of MPLS tunnels along a path towards a destination. We will prove that this tool can be used in order to get a detailed quantification of MPLS tunnels in the worldwide network. TNT is publicly available, and can therefore be part of many future studies conducted by the research community. ; Internet est un immense réseau informatique en constante évolution. Chaque année, de plus en plus d'organisations s'y connectent. Chacune d'elles est gérée et administrée indépendamment des autres. En pratique, l'architecture interne de leur réseau n'est pas rendue publique pour des raisons politiques, économiques, ou de sécurité. Par conséquent, notre perception de la structure d'Internet, et plus particulièrement de sa topologie, est incomplète. Afin de pallier ce manque de connaissance, la communauté de la recherche s'appuie sur des mesures de réseau. La plupart du temps, elles sont réalisées avec l'outil traceroute. Cependant, des technologies autres que IP peuvent être privilégiées pour transférer les paquets dans un réseau. MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) est l'une d'entre elles. Même si cette technologie est largement déployée dans Internet, elle n'est pas bien étudiée par les chercheurs. Avant cette thèse, seulement deux travaux se sont intéressés à l'identification d'MPLS dans les données collectées avec traceroute. Alors que le premier ne prend pas en compte tous les scénarios possibles, le second propose des modèles qui manquent de précision. De plus, les tunnels MPLS peuvent dissimuler leur contenu à traceroute. Les topologies inférées sur base de ces données peuvent donc contenir de faux liens, ou des noeuds avec un degré anormalement élevé. Les différentes modélisations d'Internet qui en résultent peuvent alors être biaisées. Aujourd'hui, la question de la révélation des routeurs MPLS qui sont invisibles dans les données de mesure n'est toujours pas résolue, même si certains chercheurs ont déjà proposé quelques méthodes pour y parvenir. Cette thèse a pour but de caractériser MPLS de deux manières différentes. Dans un premier temps, au niveau architectural, nous analyserons en détail son déploiement et son utilisation dans les réseaux IPv4 et IPv6 afin d'améliorer l'état de l'art. Nous montrerons qu'en pratique, plus d'une trace IPv4 sur deux traverse au moins un tunnel MPLS. Nous découvrirons également que bien que ce protocole peut être utilisé pour simplifier l'architecture interne des réseaux de transit, il peut aussi être déployé pour la mise en place de solutions d'ingénierie de trafic. Dans un second temps, MPLS sera étudié d'un point de vue mesure. Nous verrons que les comportements par défaut liés au protocole varient d'un fabricant de routeur à l'autre, et qu'ils peuvent être exploités afin d'identifier les tunnels MPLS dans les données traceroute. Plus précisément, nous découvrirons de nouvelles méthodes capables d'inférer la présence de tunnels invisibles avec traceroute, ainsi que de nouvelles techniques pour révéler leur contenu. Nous montrerons également qu'elles peuvent être utilisées afin d'améliorer la modélisation d'Internet. Pour terminer, ces techniques seront intégrées à Trace the Naughty Tunnels (TNT), une extension de traceroute qui permet d'identifier tous les types de tunnels MPLS le long du chemin vers une destination. Nous prouverons que cet outil peut être utilisé pour obtenir des statistiques détaillées sur le déploiement d'MPLS sur Internet. TNT est disponible publiquement, et peut donc être librement exploité par la communauté de la recherche pour de multiples futures études.

Social conventions are learned mostly at a young age, but are quite different from other domains, like for example sensorimotor skills. The first people to define conventions just picked an arbitrary alternative between several options: a side of the road to drive on, the design of an electric plug, or inventing a new word. Because of this, while setting a new convention in a population of interacting individuals, many competing options can arise, and lead to a situation of growing complexity if many parallel inventions happen. How do we deal with this issue?Humans often exhert an active control on their learning situation, by for example selecting activities that are neither too complex nor too simple. This behavior, in cases like sensorimotor learning, has been shown to help learn faster, better, and with fewer examples. Could such mechanisms also have an impact on the negotiation of social conventions ? A particular example of social convention is the lexicon: which words we associated with given meanings. Computational models of language emergence, called the Language Games, showed that it is possible for a population of agents to build a common language through only pairwise interactions. In particular, the Naming Game model focuses on the formation of the lexicon mapping words and meanings, and shows a typical burst of complexity before starting to discard options and find a final consensus. In this thesis, we introduce the idea of active learning and active control of complexity growth in the Naming Game, in the form of a topic choice policy: agents can choose the meaning they want to talk about in each interaction. Several strategies were introduced, and have a different impact on both the time needed to converge to a consensus and the amount of memory needed by individual agents. Firstly, we artificially constrain the memory of agents to avoid the local complexity burst. A few strategies are presented, some of which can have similar convergence speed as in the standard case. Secondly, we formalize what agents need to optimize, based on a representation of the average state of the population. A couple of strategies inspired by this notion help keep the memory usage low without having constraints, but also result in a faster convergence process. We then show that the obtained dynamics are close to an optimal behavior, expressed analytically as a lower bound to convergence time. Eventually, we designed an online user experiment to collect data on how humans would behave in the same model, which shows that they do have an active topic choice policy, and do not choose randomly. Contributions from this thesis also include a classification of the existing Naming Game models and an open-source framework to simulate them. ; Nous apprenons très jeunes une quantité de règles nous permettant d'interagir avec d'autres personnes: des conventions sociales. Elles diffèrent des autres types d'apprentissage dans le sens où les premières personnes à les avoir utilisées n'ont fait qu'un choix arbitraire parmi plusieurs alternatives possibles: le côté de la route où conduire, la forme d'une prise électrique, ou inventer de nouveaux mots. À cause de celà, lorsqu'une nouvelle convention se crée au sein d'une population d'individus interagissant entre eux, de nombreuses alternatives peuvent apparaître et conduire à une situation complexe où plusieurs conventions équivalentes coexistent en compétition. Il peut devenir difficile de les retenir toutes, comment faisons-nous pour trouver un accord efficacement ? Nous exerçons communément un contrôle actif sur nos situations d'apprentissage, en par exemple sélectionnant des activités qui ne soient ni trop simples ni trop complexes. Il a été montré que ce type de comportement, dans des cas comme l'apprentissage sensori-moteur, aide à apprendre mieux, plus vite, et avec moins d'exemples. Est-ce que de tels mécanismes pourraient aussi influencer la négociation de conventions sociales? Le lexique est un exemple particulier de convention sociale: quels mots associer avec tel objet ou tel sens? Une classe de modèles computationels, les Language Games, montrent qu'il est possible pour une population d'individus de construire un langage commun via une série d'interactions par paires. En particulier, le modèle appelé Naming Game met l'accent sur la formation du lexique reliant mots et sens, et montre une typique explosion de la complexité avant de commencer à écarter les conventions synonymes ou homonymes et arriver à un consensus. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons l'idée de l'apprentissage actif et du contrôle actif de la croissance de la complexité dans le Naming Game, sous la forme d'une politique de choix du sujet de conversation, applicable à chaque interaction. Différentes stratégies sont introduites, et ont des impacts différents sur à la fois le temps nécessaire pour converger vers un consensus et la quantité de mémoire nécessaire à chaque individu. Premièrement, nous limitons artificiellement la mémoire des agents pour éviter l'explosion de complexité locale. Quelques stratégies sont présentées, certaines ayant des propriétés similaires au cas standard en termes de temps de convergence. Dans un deuxième temps, nous formalisons ce que les agents doivent optimiser, en se basant sur une représentation de l'état moyen de la population. Deux stratégies inspirées de cette notion permettent de limiter les besoins en mémoire sans avoir à contraindre le système, et en prime permettent de converger plus rapidement. Nous montrons ensuite que la dynamique obtenue est proche d'un comportement théorique optimal, exprimé comme une borne inférieure au temps de convergence. Finalement, nous avons mis en place une expérience utilisateur en ligne sous forme de jeu pour collecter des données sur le comportement d'utilisateurs réels placés dans le cadre du modèle. Les résultats suggèrent qu'ils ont effectivement une politique active de choix de sujet de conversation, en comparaison avec un choix aléatoire.Les contributions de ce travail de thèse incluent aussi une classification des modèles de Naming Games existants, et un cadriciel open-source pour les simuler.

This research is aimed to discover the interrelation between marital satisfaction, religiouscommitment and marital commitment globally and based on its types, personal, moral, andstructural. The sampling of the research is 315 persons, with age 20 until 58 years old. The resultof the research shows there is a significant correlation between marital satisfaction and maritalcommitment, religious commitment and marital commitment, marital satisfaction together withreligious commitment and marital commitment. It is also discovers that marital commitmentinfluences personal commitment and moral commitment, while religious commitment influencespersonal commitment, moral commitment, and structural commitment.Keywords: marital satisfaction, religious commitment, marital commitment Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, dan komitmen pernikahan secara global dan menurut tipenya, komitmen personal, moral, dan struktural. 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Si l'on se penche sur le détail des engagements pris lors de la conférence pour l'emploi, des 60.000 emplois nouveaux projetés sur quatre ans,25.000 devraient être créés grâce à la réforme des titres-services. Ce dossier a fait l'objet de nombreux débats et a donné naissance à une «seconde génération» de titre-service. Malgré les nombreuses discussions sur ce sujet, notamment entre les différents partenaires de la coalition au pouvoir, certaines questions importantes méritent d'être approfondies, questions qui sont cruciales pour le succès des titres-services. Nous argumentons notamment que les titres-services ne sont pas nécessairement suffisamment attractifs pour les travailleurs et les consommateurs. Nous nous interrogeons ensuite sur les champs d'activités couverts par le titre-service. Les titres-services sont-ils suffisamment attractifs pour les travailleurs ? Pasnécessairement pour tous. L'accord qui a été négocié distingue le cas des allocataires sociaux de celui des autres prestataires. Pour ces derniers, ils seront soumis à un régime totalement souple (pas de minimum d'heures à prester, CDD ou CDI) pendant les trois premiers mois et ensuite ils devront passer sous contrat à durée indéterminée sans minimum d'heures à prester. Les allocataires sociaux, s'ils peuvent prester quelques heures pendant les 6 premiers mois, tout en gardant leur statut d'allocataire, devront être engagés après six mois sous contrat à durée indéterminée pour un travail d'au moins un mi-temps. On pense tout spécialement aux personnes actives en ALE qui seront invitées à passer dans le système des titres-services avant la fin de l'année. Dans la mesure où celles-ci sont majoritairement des femmes, le plus souvent cohabitantes ou dans une moindre mesure, chefs d'une famille monoparentale, la question centrale est donc de savoir si les avantages monétaires et non-monétaires - en particulier compte tenu du caractère pénible de la tâche (nettoyage principalement) et de la fragmentation des prestations - seront suffisants pour inciter les demandeurs d'emploi à s'insérer dans le système des titres-services. Pour les chefs de famille monoparentale, la réponse est plus que probablement négative. Pour les cohabitants, les avantages monétaires du titre-service sont plus élevés dans la mesure où l'allocation de chômage est nettement plus basse que celle des chefs de famille. De toute manière, et ce contrairement à la situation actuelle, les travailleurs(ses) ALE devront être disponibles pour entrer sur le marché du travail à partir d'octobre 2004. Ces personnes ne pourront donc pas refuser une offre d'emploi "titre-service" pour autant que cette offre soit jugée "adéquate". Les titres-services sont-ils suffisamment attractifs pour les consommateurs ? Cela dépendra de la confiance que les opérateurs pourront développer. Pour que les consommateurs soient intéressés par l'utilisation de titres-services, il ne suffit pas que le prix les rende accessibles, il faut également que les ménages soient convaincus de l'opportunité de déléguer un certain nombre de tâches accomplies auparavant dans la sphère domestique ou informelle. Ainsi, le travail au noir dans le secteur du nettoyage à domicile repose sur une logique de réseau: on engage une personne qui est renseignée comme une «personne de confiance» par un autre usager. En ce qui concerne le titre-service, les entreprises doivent être agréées mais il apparaît que les conditions d'agrément sont très souples et ne reposent pas sur des exigences précises notamment en termes d'encadrement des travailleurs. C'est dans ce cadre que l'on peut souligner l'apport de certains opérateurs d'économie sociale qui ont une longue expérience d'encadrement de travailleurs peu qualifiés. De plus, si le secteur de l'aide à domicile était jusqu'alors réservé au non-marchand caractérisé par une finalité de service à la collectivité et non de profit, l'accès du secteur privé à but lucratif est désormais ouvert. Se pose donc également la question de savoir comment le secteur privé à but lucratif peut développer le capital de confiance nécessaire dans ce champ. Faut-il limiter les titres-services au champ de l'aide ménagère? Oui dans la mesure où il faut réserver ce type d'instrument dans des domaines dans lesquels la mise en concurrence de différents opérateurs ne pose pas de problème sur le plan de la qualité et de l'équité. Avec la mesure de titre-service, un nouveau type de régulation «quasi-marchande» est en effet introduit dans le champ de l'aide à domicile dans laquelle des prestataires de nature différente - publics, privés lucratifs, et d'économie sociale, du secteur marchand et du secteur non-marchand - sont mis en concurrence dans un champ jusqu'alors réservé aux organisations non-marchandes. Cette seconde génération de titre-service est un instrument qui privilégie, de facto, un objectif de politique économique et de création d'emploi dans le secteur de l'aide ménagère par rapport à un objectif de politique sociale d'aide à des personnes dépendantes. Cette régulation concurrentielle ne pose pas de problèmes déontologiques particuliers dans le cas des services ménagers stricto senso. Elle pourrait être étendue dans des activités comme celle du petit jardinage. En revanche, elle peut occulter un enjeu essentiel comme celui de l'équité. En effet, des services dans un champ comme celui de l'aide aux personnes dépendantesdoivent être accessibles en termes de prix pour toute personne qui en a le besoin. Elle pose également la question de la régulation de la qualité. En effet, les services aux personnes - comme l'accueil de l'enfance et l'aide à domicile aux personnes dépendantes - sont composés d'une articulation entre des tâches techniques et du temps relationnel. Ainsi, l'exacerbation de la concurrence peut déboucher sur une baisse de la qualité des services, en l'absence de normes attestant de la fiabilité des prestataires. Si la conférence réserve, comme il nous semble souhaitable, le titre-service à certaines activités comme l'aide ménagère, elle laisse, du même coup, ouverte la question des besoins non satisfaits dans le champ de l'aide à domicile aux personnes dépendantes ou dans l'accueil de l'enfance.

Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso with the highest school enrolment rates in the country, has not been included in the Decennial Plan for the Development of Basic Education in Burkina Faso implemented since 2002. At the same time, Ouagadougou is experiencing a high demographic growth rate in the country (the rate of growth between two censuses 1996 and 2006 is 7.6 %) with a significant need for basic social infrastructure (education and health) due to the rapid spatial spreading of the city. In research, little is known on the socio-spatial dimension of intra-urban inequalities in education, in the case of Ouagadougou as in other cities on the African continent. This thesis investigates the socio-spatial factors of inequalities in primary school enrolment in Ouagadougou by using a new approach to spatial inequalities in school supplies (through the merger of the georeferenced schools and the schools resulting from the database of school statistics), and by highlighting the factors (individuals, families and contextual) influencing school enrolment of children aged between 9 and 11 years old. Data used in thesis included data from the 2006 general census of the population and housing, school statistics (2000 to 2014), data from the georeferencing of schools and data from surveys with institutional actors in education. Analysis methods used include quantitative (bivariate, classic logistic regression, multilevel logistic regression), qualitative (analysis of the interviews contained) and spatial analysis. The results of this study show that very few development partners intervene in the field of education in Ouagadougou. Those who intervene essentially make outreach, provision of school supplies to students, and very little is being done to build new classrooms. In the cases of the school supply, public primary schools are more implanted in the city centre. The schools who implanted in the slums around the city of Ouagadougou are essentially private and have a bad learning condition. The development of school supplies on the periphery of Ouagadougou city is not depending only on the political will but also depends on management of urban space in which the parcelling has an important role. With regards of analysis of the school factors, the familial status of children is very determined in the school enrolment of children in the city centre, particularly for girls who are used in the domestic activities. In contrast, at the periphery untied, the variables who determined the school enrolment of children are the household's economic conditions and the parent's educational level. Other factors such as the presence of tap water in the household and the possession of transport locomotion are favourable of children's schooling in Ouagadougou. The analysis also shows that there is a contextual effect (even if family effects are more important) in the children's schooling in Ouagadougou. In fact, more the children reside in 'well-educated neighborhoods', more they have likely to enrol in school. ; Le Plan Décennal de Développement de l'Éducation de Base (PDDEB) mis en place depuis 2002 au Burkina Faso (devenu depuis 2012, le Plan de Développement Stratégique de l'Éducation de Base) n'a pas concerné Ouagadougou, la capitale, considérée comme privilégiée en matière de scolarisation, car présentant les taux de scolarisation les plus élevés du pays. Dans le même temps, Ouagadougou connaît une forte croissance démographique (son taux d'accroissement intercensitaire entre 1996 et 2006 est de 7,6 %), avec pour corollaire un besoin important en infrastructures sociales de base (éducation et santé), et un étalement spatial rapide de la ville. Sur le plan scientifique, la dimension socio-spatiale des inégalités intra-urbaines en matière d'éducation reste très peu abordée, à Ouagadougou comme dans les autres villes du continent africain. La thèse traite des facteurs socio-spatiaux des inégalités de scolarisation au primaire à Ouagadougou, d'une part en menant une approche inédite des inégalités spatiales de l'offre scolaire (à travers la fusion du fichier des écoles géoréférencées avec celui des écoles issues de la base de données des statistiques scolaires), d'autre part en mettant l'accent sur les facteurs (individuels, familiaux et contextuels) de la fréquentation scolaire chez les enfants âgés de 9 à 11 ans. Pour ce faire, elle mobilise plusieurs sources de données : le recensement général de la population et de l'habitation de 2006, les statistiques scolaires (2000 à 2014), le géoréférencement des écoles et des entretiens réalisés auprès des acteurs institutionnels de l'éducation. Les méthodes d'analyse utilisées sont à la fois quantitatives (bivariée, régression logistique classique et régression logistique multiniveau), qualitatives (analyse de contenu des entretiens) et spatiales. Les résultats montrent que très peu de partenaires au développement (ONGs, associations, institutions bilatérales et multilatérales, etc.) interviennent dans le domaine de l'éducation à Ouagadougou. Ceux qui interviennent font essentiellement de la sensibilisation, de la dotation de fournitures scolaires aux élèves, et moins de la construction de nouvelles salles de classes. En matière d'offre scolaire, les écoles primaires publiques sont concentrées au centre de la ville. Les écoles qui sont dans la périphérie non lotie sont surtout privées offrant des mauvaises conditions d'apprentissage. Le développement de l'offre scolaire publique à la périphérie de Ouagadougou n'est pas seulement une question de volonté politique. Il dépend aussi de la gestion de l'espace urbain dans laquelle des facteurs comme le lotissement jouent un rôle important. En termes de facteurs explicatifs de la scolarisation, le statut familial de l'enfant est plus déterminant dans la scolarisation des enfants, particulièrement des filles sans lien de parenté avec le chef de ménage en raison de leur utilisation dans les travaux domestiques. Par contre, dans la périphérie non lotie, le niveau de vie du ménage et le niveau d'instruction des parents sont les plus déterminants. D'autres facteurs notamment la présence de robinet dans le ménage et la possession d'un moyen de déplacement jouent positivement dans la scolarisation des enfants à Ouagadougou. Les analyses indiquent aussi qu'il existe des effets contextuels (même si les effets familiaux sont plus dominants) dans la scolarisation des enfants à Ouagadougou. En effet, plus les enfants résident dans un quartier instruit, plus ils ont la chance d'être scolarisés.

The article analyzes four areas of social life - the so-called "information power", public morality, public information and mass-media information. It's argued that they have become closely related in the information-dependent society. Understanding of their cross correlations and mutual determinations, as well as interconnections of those categories, is an important matter on the way of Intellectual Property philosophic research, believing the IP is one of the fundamental social institutions of our time.Regarding the abovementioned, the purpose of this research paper is to synthesize a socio-philosophical vision of nowadays mutual determination and correlation of "information power", public morality, public information and mass-media information aspects of social reality. Then we obtain an opportunity to make appropriate extrapolation of these links and interdependencies into a social institution of Intellectual Property.At first glance, the relationship amidst mentioned four categories together is not quite obvious, as well as their relation to the Intellectual Property institution. But it becomes clearer when we define each of those aspects.The phenomenon of "information power" is functionally associated with the Intellectual Property institution: countries-innovators maximize their organizing (political & legal) and technological efforts to maintain a monopoly for intellectual property protected products as long as possible. In particular that applies to the objects protected by industrial property laws (i.e. patents), and the objects of copyright (for literary works, software, other "intellectual capacious" products). On effective protection of this monopoly it may depend the whole prospects of domination of some countries in the post-industrial world. Sometimes the use of "information power" ignores the principles of public morality, leaving the ideas of humanism, equality, freedom of information exchange, free access to knowledge and technologies, and some other noble postulates declared by the governments of leading countries regularly.In its turn Public Morality institution is essential to the substantiation of intellectual property, to the legitimization of this kind of "monopoly for knowledge" in information-dependent society. The state of public morality makes an influence upon the ideology formation inside different societies, including mental manifestations of their attitude towards the property itself, and intellectual property in particular.The Public Information is rather capacious notion. In the context of intellectual property it is most applicable to cases where the validity of intellectual-legal monopoly expires, and the product of creative or intellectual activity goes into the category of "the public domain". If we would restrict ourselves by terminology of Ukrainian legislation about information, then we could conclude that "public information" is almost incompatible with any monopoly on information. Therefore the right to distribute the information subjected as "a matter of public interest" (i.e. public information) sometimes comes into logical conflict with intellectual property rights. And further everything will already depend on a philosophical interpretation, as any intellectual product has its value for society's growth potential, so any object of intellectual property may be considered a priori as one that is "a subject of public interest" accordingly. But here we should recall the constitutional principles of the private property inviolability, and respect to the author's exclusive rights to own, to use and to dispose with the results of his own intellectual or creative work. After all, any work must be fairly rewarded, and the intellectual work especially.The term "mass-media information" is not the same as "public information". The mass-media info is not so much related to the content, as to the audience towards it meant to be distributed (i.e. to unlimited number of people), and depends on the means and methods of broadcasting (using various media). The social significance of the mass-media information also varies. The Intellectual Property institution "meets" the mass-media institution in communicative space. The media are able to promote intellectual property commercialization very effectively. It's obvious that the media often do a popularizing effect, a distribution function for the newly created intellectual property objects. At the same time creative & intellectual products affect directly to the media ranking, filling their pages and diversifying their broadcasting by interesting creative production, that surely finds its audience.The reflection of referred issues is performed within the Doctor habil. Dissertation for philosophic research named "Intellectual Property Institution at the age of Information and Postmodernity: social-philosophic view". Methodological grounds of the research are based on general scientific methods and ad hoc approaches (as particularly are dialectical and comparative-legal methods, systemic, attributive, cognitive and procedural approaches).Selected problematic's relevance is determined by the increasing weight and significance of intellectual property at the Information age. The Intellectual Property institution has become an inalienable sociocultural attribute of post-industrial society. Thus, the comprehension of informational and ethical nature of Intellectual Property enables to create a more objective view of the transformation's character for this specific kind of property at current sociocultural realities. ; В статье анализируются четыре сферы социального бытия - т. н. "информационная сила", общественная мораль, публичная информация и массовая информация. Утверждается, что все они в информационно зависимом обществе довольно тесно связаны, а осмысление их взаимных корреляций и детерминаций является важным на пути исследования интеллектуальной собственности как одного из фундаментальных социальных институтов современности. Понимание информационной и этической природы интеллектуальной собственности даёт возможность сформировать более объективное представление о характере трансформации данного вида собственности в нынешних социокультурных реалиях. ; У статті аналізуються чотири сфери соціального буття - т. зв. "інформаційна сила", суспільна мораль, публічна інформація й масова інформація. Стверджується, що всі вони в інформаційно залежному суспільстві є доволі тісно пов'язаними, а осмислення їхніх взаємних кореляцій і детермінацій є важливою справою на шляху дослідження інтелектуальної власності як одного з фундаментальних соціальних інститутів сучасності. Розуміння інформаційної та етичної природи інтелектуальної власності надає можливість скласти більш об'єктивне уявлення про характер трансформації цього різновиду власності в нинішніх соціокультурних реаліях.