Suchergebnisse

While diversification of exports is often a desirable trade objective, it is far from clear how best to tap into new opportunities. This paper discusses the range of avenues of diversification, including (i) expanding the range of markets into which existing products are sold (geographic diversification); (ii) upgrading the value of existing products, including agricultural exports (quality diversification); and (iii) taking advantage of opportunities to expand non-merchandise exports (services diversification), in addition to introducing entirely new export products. All offer opportunities for cost?effective positive policies relating to the incentive regime, backbone services, and export support institutions.

 It has taken me a long time to write a follow up to my first post on Bizarro World. That is because once you begin to think about the strange inversions in which the persecuted are made out to be threats, and the comfortable are made out to be threatened, it is hard to not see it. Our entire world seems reversed and inverted, those who are most subject to violence are made into violent threats, and those who are most comfortable have made the threats to their comfort our central concern with the claims of cancel culture. Bizarro world would be one of those "descriptive theories" that Althusser talks about, something that stops thinking because it seems to be such an accurate description of what one is thinking about. I have decided to approach the topic by breaking it up, by trying to grasp the specificity of the different reversals, following what I did earlier with the inversion of the relation of workers and capitalists to that of the relation of human capital and job providers I would now like to examine the way in which margins and mainstream have also become inverted, and what that inversion means for both terms in question, the dominant culture and the marginal subculture. In doing so I would like to start with a particular philosophy, or spontaneous philosophy, that characterized my life as a young teenager. As a nerdy kid interested in comic books, science fiction, and other things, I fostered the belief, shared by many of my kind, that our rather minor marginalization made us sympathetic to the marginalization of others. This was helped in large part by the fact that many of the dominant comic books when I was growing up, such as the X-Men, Spider-Man, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, were all in some sense allegories of oppression and exclusion. With respect to the first in the list, the idea that the X-Men stand in for an oppressed minority, complete with the conflict between Professor X's integrationist philosophy and Magneto's more militant position, is so entrenched in its reception that it ceases to be subtext (even if it is not true). Comic books were at least in the eighties, both in their culture and in their content, stories of the misunderstood, the maligned, and the excluded. One could raise two questions about this mythology. The first has to do with the allegorical distance of framing the stories of marginalization and exclusion through such science fiction content as genetic mutation, or, in other contexts, alien visitors or androids. In some sense these science fiction elements set up the necessary allegorical distance to make the stories palpable as entertainment. The condition of possibility is the condition of impossibility, however, in that the detouring of exclusion and marginalization through such allegories as the "mutant menace" always made it possible that some readers would miss the point. That people actually did is demonstrated by the twitter posts that ask in all sincerity "When did X become political?" where the X in question is some bit of pop culture such as X-Men or Star Trek that was always steeped in political subtexts. Such posts miss the point, but the possibility of missing the point is inscribed in the text in question and is a necessary condition of its popularity. Of course there are comics, television shows, and books that bridged this allegoric divide, more directly connecting the fictional exclusion of mutants and aliens with the actual history of oppression, but they are to some extent exceptions. There is something awkward, however, when the history of imagined exclusions confronts the real history of discrimination. There are the moments when we realize that the Nazis were an actual political ideology, and not just bad guys that seem ready for the four color word of comics. Second, and more importantly, one could argue that the marginalization I felt at the time was slight and temporary, I was (and remain) a white cis male, after all, and being bullied after school, or made fun of in the back of the bus, is nothing compared to what other adolescents face, nor does it really deserve a place in the ongoing history of persecution and discrimination. However, becoming an outcast of sorts, a nerd, and later a punk, can be understood as a becoming minor in Deleuze and Guattari's sense. For Deleuze and Guattari majority and minor are not simply quantitative matters, but the relation between constant and variable. As Deleuze and Guattari write, "Majority implies a constant, of expression or content, serving as a standard measure by which to evaluate it. Let us suppose that the constant or standard is the average adult-white-heterosexual-European-male-speaking a standard language. It is obvious that "man" holds the majority even if he is less numerous than mosquitos, children, women, blacks, peasants, homosexuals, etc. That is because he appears twice, once in the constant and again in the variable from which the constant is extracted."Since we are speaking of comic books, it is worth noting that superhero comics themselves illustrate this majority, not just in the proliferation of various prefixes appearing before the world "man"," bat, super, iron, spider, etc., man is the constant, the norm, but in the fact that white and male is the unstated norm from which the first "black," "Asian," or gay superhero takes their meaning. Marvel comics in particulr does not bother to create new characters and superpowers it is enough to add "-woman" or "she" to Spider or the Hulk to create a new character. The deviations appear meaningful because the norm is assumed. While this is true of comics, and begins to illustrate the limits of the social justice dimension I alluded to above, I think that becoming a comics nerd is itself a kind of becoming-minor. To quote Deleuze and Guattari again, "Minorities, of course, are objectively definable states, states of language, ethnicity, or sex with their own ghetto territorialities, but they must also be thought of as seeds, crystals of becoming whose value is to trigger uncontrollable movements and deterritorializations of the mean or majority."Not to be too autobiographical, but I would describe my entire life as a passage through different minorities, different subcultures, comics, punk, philosophy, etc., all of these where very different territories, with different languages and cultures, but the overall movement was an attempt to evade majority, to not be the constant, a position which Deleuze and Guattari argue, is all the more oppressive because it is occupied by no one. If all of this language of major and minor seems a bit baroque, then I am reminded of a passage from Deleuze and Guattari that seems uncharacteristically direct. After a few lines that state "There is no subject of the becoming except as a deterritorialized variable of the majority; there is no medium of becoming except as a deterritorialized variable of a minority," they bring up a historical/literary example, writing, "As Faulkner said, to avoid ending up a fascist there was no other choice but to become black." This cuts through the particular neologism to make the stakes clear. Such an assertion has a lot to unpack, but I would argue here that a lot of subcultures, especially those that embrace their deviations and exclusions from the mainstream and are, it is worth saying primarily but not exclusively white, are attempts to avoid becoming fascist, to avoid being part of the majority. You cannot change the color of your skin, but you can change the color of your hair, and that seems like enough especially if it gets the same people to hate you. That is my all too glib summation of some of the politics of punk aesthetics. My main reason for bringing up this little theory of subcultures, as well as the subtext of comic books, now is that it seems to have completely exhausted itself. Comic books, or, more to the point, superheroes, have gone from the margins of our culture to the center. They are the dominant culture, have become majoritarian, and as much as one would like to think that they have carried with it their fundamental minoritarian political aspect the opposite seems to be the case. Love of mutants and other imaginary minorities has not extended to a support for actually existing marginalized groups, but has been mobilized to not only perpetuate exclusions but to become the voice of the majority.In part this happens through the politics of nostalgia, which demands that the present, the film adaptation, identically recalls the past, which in this case means that the film must resemble comics written in the fifties, sixties, and seventies, complete with the racial politics of those eras.  There have been online freak outs over the casting of Idris Elba to play Heimdall in Thor, of John Boyega playing a central role in Star Wars, of Moses Ingram appearing in Obi Wan Kenobi. These deviations from some supposed canon have all been met with vicious online hate campaigns that have led actors to shut down accounts and retreat from the digital public sphere. The demand to preserve the sanctity of one's childhood memories has led to absolute hostility towards any of the social change that has happened since one was a child. Lest this all seem incredibly minor (in the conventional sense) and all too online, I would argue that this cultural nostalgia, the demand that the present match the past, has been thoroughly weaponized into MAGA nostalgia. This hostility is not limited to changes to the canon, but is extended to include even new characters and stories that do not so much recast or change past memories but create new ones. Both Ms. Marvel and She Hulk have been "review bombed" on online review sites, hit with a flurry of negative reviews almost before they air primarily for the crime of casting a muslim woman or a woman in a comic book themed show. There seems to be an entire online niche of people who hate Brie Larson for not only playing Captain Marvel, but for speaking up for diversity in film and film criticism. We live in an age in which a film that was basically an hour and half long recruitment advertisement for the Air Force is seen by its critics as too woke, too concerned with social justice, because of its cast. All of this criticism coalesces in the online mantra, "Get Woke, Go Broke" which threatens companies and brands with boycotts for embracing "social justice."The world of comic book fans has been no less critical of those who criticize their beloved films for their artistic merits. Martin Scorsese famously declared that Marvel films are not cinema, and he has been ridiculed online ever since. It is not enough that these films, the Marvel films, be commercially dominant, being the most financially successful films that are released each year, and culturally dominant, reshaping all of popular culture in their image, they also most be loved and revered by everyone. Dissent cannot be tolerated. Blockbusters must be acknowledged as art. It is at this point that we get our bizarro world inversion of the comic book nerd. The fan of comic book movies is now something of a "sore winner," who continues to act the victim, marginalized, even in his dominance. I would argue that this "sore winner" idea is integral to our contemporary version of the majority, and even fascism to recall the quote about Faulkner. We are far from Deleuze and Guattari's image of a majority that is all the more powerful in being unstated, in being assumed, now dominance, cultural, political, and economic, focuses on its apparent marginalization in order precisely to reassert its dominance. The inversion is not just that comic books have gone  from margins to mainstream, but that marginalization has gone from being the basis of empathy to an expression of dominance. Victimhood is the language of domination. The bizarro world that we are living in is not just that what was once the obsession of a few has become the culture of many, that Moon Knight is now practically a household name, but that grievance against perceived marginalization has become the language of the majority. 

Unlike much of the secondary literature on Shakespeare, "Immanent Shakespeares: Politics, Performance, and Pedagogy" labors less to determine what Shakespearean texts might mean than to explore the cultural work these texts do while working in conjunction with contemporary institutions of learning and technologies of performance. Shakespeare studies too often takes the determination (or destabilization) of meaning as its telos, even when it's largely informed by performance criticism. This project sets meaning aside to focus on how Shakespeare's textuality gets mobilized through performance in order to produce material effects--effects that exceed and shape semantic meaning. Semantic and hermeneutic vocabularies leave performance scholars very few terms with which they might interrogate performance's most salient features: duration, embodiment, light, discipline or affect. Making and coming to terms with what Shakespeare can do inevitably involves refiguring the relationship between Shakespeare's text and performance practices. In the dissertation, I argue that the field of Shakespeare studies too often figures the difference between textuality and performance spatially . These spatial models figure performance in prepositional relation to textuality: performances arise from the text or are interpretations of textuality. Performance has largely been understood as an interpretation of a Shakespearean meaning residing within a static (albeit polysemic) textuality. On stage or on screen, performance is continually represented as exterior to--and is considered over-determined by--textuality. My project, instead, figures the difference between stage/screen and page in terms of time. This move, from figures of space to figures of time, forces a reconsideration of many disciplinary assumptions (in literary, film and performance studies). Cultural studies' spatializing tendency, inseparable from the way it often figures difference (as "difference between" two discrete identities), is rooted in a long history of transcendental dialectics. Textuality and performance are framed, spatially, in terms of transcendence (even when stage-centered criticism tries to invert this relation, prioritizing performance, it nevertheless continues to understand difference within a transcendental relation). My project moves from a transcendental, spatial understanding of difference to one rooted in immanent, temporal duration. Giorgio Agamben recently identified "two different trajectories in contemporary French philosophy, both of which pass through Heidegger: a trajectory of transcendence , which includes Levinas and Derrida and goes back through Hussurl to Kant; and a trajectory of immanence , which includes Foucault and Deleuze, and goes back through Nietzsche to Spinoza." The dissertation works throughout to illustrate how this shift--from transcendental, spatial constraint to immanent, temporal production--allows for more nuanced discussions of elements constitutive of performance. The project considers Shakespearean performance within a variety of institutional arenas; different chapters consider reading practices, teaching practices, student performance, theatrical enactment, and new (and old) media engagement. This approach entails a series of interlocking, close, rhetorical readings of particular performances, theatrical/filmic/video/digital media technologies, arts/educational legislation, as well as the institutional discourses accompanying each. These close readings work to refigure the problem of textuality and performance in civic, aesthetic and pedagogical discourses; each chapter, subsequent to this refiguration, ends by proposing innovative, practice-based solutions. In Chapter One, I build on the critique of spatialized understandings of text and performance outlined in the introduction in order to argue that the humanities' figuration of difference and power (alongside attendant assumptions about the relationship between self and structure) continues to hide more than it reveals about culture, history, power and performance. In the chapter, I argue for and illustrate what an alternative, immanent critique might look like. The chapter focuses on two "objects" (a methodological term which seems to point to how performance is always already spatialized): 1) a "radical" or "transgressive" performance of Macbush , a contemporary re-imagining of Macbeth , and 2) a seemingly co-opted, official, "normative" performance of Macbeth sponsored by Boeing, the "right-wing" NEA, and the US Department of Defense. The chapter examines these two ostensibly opposed productions by rehearsing a dialectical or "transcendental" critique and using a common (hackneyed) reading of de Certeau's strategy/tactic distinction--one which emphasizes and prioritizes de Certeau's interest in space. I then complicate this reading by showing how de Certeau's figuration of power and performance within the panoptic city already includes an inclination towards an immanent understanding of power's circulation--one that emphasizes time and complicates the spatial cartographies upon which dialectical movement finds its ground and proper "identity." Through this immanent reading, I argue that dialectical understandings of culture and power rely upon a particular way of understanding the priority of space, one strengthened by Cold War discourses of cultural fronts and quantitative, incursive movements through homogenous space (both Macbeth and Bush, in prioritizing the stability of space over the contingencies of time, make this same tragic flaw in different ways). Ultimately, I argue that an immanent understanding of culture and power corresponds with contemporary changes in the shape of Empire and new ways of conceptualizing the flows of global capital, ways rooted in performance's duration and affect. Further, this immanent reading (and the shape of Empire and history correlative to this approach) highlights the dangers of the Left's reliance upon historical analogies that flatten important differences between Vietnam and Iraq or between Bush and Macbeth. Chapter Two develops the notion of immanent critique by revisiting dualistic notions of self and structure in film theory and performance studies. In this chapter, I look at the spatial arrangement of spectators, specific media, and apparatuses of projection. Through a reading of Prospero's Books , a 1991 "new media" film using proto-HDTV technologies and bourgeoning CGI graphics software, this chapter looks at film's ability, through these technologies, to trouble film theory's traditionally spatial understanding of filmic semiotics and the spectator's relation to the (transcendent) filmic apparatus. This chapter introduces an immanent performance theory to film theory by offering a new reading of the latter's key texts--from Munsterberg and Armheim, to Balazs and Metz, to Benjamin's Artwork essay--highlighting along the way each theorist's relation to the "immanent turn" in cultural studies. Key here will be the role each theorist gives to temporal relations. Particularly useful in rethinking the spectator's relationship to the (new or old media) apparatus is Benjamin's notion of "creative innervation"--a term he uses to show how the spectator's body is productively enlivened, rather than negatively determined, by a technological apparatus which becomes, for him or her, a prosthesis. This chapter puts Benjamin into contact with Deleuze to sketch out what an immanent model of reception might entail once traditional notions of the filmic apparatus' (over-) determinism have collapsed. This immanent understanding of filmic reception--a productive reception modeled in Prospero's Books --builds upon various notions of "pseudopresences" and theories of "affective faciality/physiognomy" sketched out by twentieth century film theorists in order to rethink the presence/absence binary and the various ways in which this binary gets unevenly mapped onto the disciplines of theatre and film. Chapter Three looks at how changing technologies continue to reconstitute the disciplinary gulf between film and theatre. In this chapter, I look at two interlocking performances: Richard Burton's 1964 Electronovision Hamlet and the Wooster Group's "new media" Hamlet . Working with Deleuze's idea of "the theatre of repetition," and continuing to work with Walter Benjamin's notion of "creative innervation," this chapter examines the technologies of repetition each Hamlet employs in order to read, write, and perform with the pre-recorded yet affective and "pseudopresent" specters of history. In July of 1964, three performances of the Burton-Gielgud Hamlet were recorded and edited together thanks to "miracle of Electronovision." The resulting "Theatrofilm" was then screened for two days in over one thousand theaters in order to give audiences the "liveness" of a Broadway show right in their own local theater. Recently, the Wooster Group has been staging another version of Hamlet , one that utilizes the Isadora and Final Cut Pro platforms to digitally remix and reframe the Burton-Gielgud production as an historical background upon which the company acts. Onstage, The Wooster Group imitates the 1964 Hamlet gesture for gesture in what the group likens to an archeological reconstruction, but I argue for an alternate figuration, one that is less spatial and more temporal in its figuration of history. This chapter uses these two performances (and their contemporary technologies) to ask how the so-called "new" media differently mediate our relationship with the past. I argue that new technological interfaces enable us to engage in historiographical research on stages and screens in ways that are singularly durational and within registers that are incommensurate to the textual historiographies of journals and monographs. Each of the Hamlet productions I treat figures a relation to history, treating the past as an interactive ensemble of images that are engageable yet immutably scripted. Chapter Four begins my engagement with critical pedagogy as I attempt to rework Freirean accounts of the classroom as a space of cultural contradiction and potential "liberation." The chapter asks how we might instead see classroom practices as productive of political, economic and ethical behaviors. Since the 1980s, critical pedagogy has rallied for the inclusion of "hip hop in the classroom" as part of a culturally relevant, Freirean model of connecting language with the lived experience of inner-city youth. But the movement begins to achieve success at the very moment hip hop begins losing its geographic specificity. Recently, a number of programs ("Shakespeare is Hip Hop," "Shakespeare: the Remix," and "Shakespeare in Urban Slang") have sought to connect Shakespeare and hip hop as a way of bridging the divide between the spaces of high and low culture. In this chapter, I examine the strange effects of local, culturally specific pedagogical practices fusing Shakespeare and hip hop which--like the music itself--have been removed, practiced and copied outside of what was once their "proper" space. What happens when suburban youth are asked by their teachers to perform Macbeth in hip hop vernacular? YouTube abounds with blackface Shakespeare. More importantly, though, the chapter rethinks intercultural borrowing and how the logic of "appropriation" falsely frames culture as private property at the same time that young people who identify with remix culture increasingly strive for a "creative commons" and continually challenge the spatial proprieties of culture. This chapter puts the "culture wars" into dialogue with the "copyright wars" and argues that, in a world where the line between public and private properties and spaces is increasingly blurred by virtual glocalities, digital rights management software and copyleft legal theories, cultural studies needs to rethink the spatial logic of cultural appropriation. Chapter Five brings immanent critique to the space of the classroom by examining another the Shakespeare teaching docudrama. These films, both fictional and documentary, chronicle "successful" pedagogues and the at-risk students whose lives they transform. In this chapter, I look at a few of these films alongside the No Child Left Behind Act's legislation on "character education." Performing a genealogy of the "character education movement" from the Greeks to 21st century US contexts, this chapter looks at the way in which Shakespearean repetitions operate to construct both a particularly American Shakespeare as well as a particularly American characterization of the student body. Centering on Prince Hal's Saint Crispin's Day speech, this chapter also explores the way in which discourses of national "character" and their corresponding pedagogies rely upon a particularly vertical (patrilineal, spatial, transcendental) notion of repetition and differentiation, one which might be refigured by Hardt and Negri's notion of how the immanent multitude operates in time. This chapter moves from the performance of character to a notion of "performing character." Much as earlier chapters refigured text/performance or apparatus/performance oppositions, this chapter shows how dialectical pedagogies might give way to durational, embodied performance pedagogies. The dissertation's concluding chapter, its post-script, uses the pedants of Love's Labour's Lost to engage in an interdisciplinary genealogy of the geek. I focus on three figures of the student body's relation to technology (the bookworm, the computer nerd, and the drama queen) in order to better understand how the "geek" has gained increased importance as a category of social difference and exclusion. The conclusion asks: How does the alterity of the geek historically produce and trouble the mutual exclusivity of love and labor , humans and machines, males and females, the curricular and the extracurricular, and/or the physical and the metaphysical? As a means of overcoming learning's alienation from the social, the dissertation concludes by introducing a "geek chic" performance pedagogy. This pedagogy uses training in digital video editing to include the social, and often virtual, extracurricular lives of students. Through editing their own performances (as they often already do within the world of social networking sites), students will rehearse the behaviors, gestures, expressions and temporal movements that constitute what we perceive as character. By examining these "character effects," students are trained to understand character differently--less as an originary space or cause of performance and more as a legible effect of performative behavior.

Ecosystem accounting is a coherent and integrated approach to the assessment of the environment through the measurement of ecosystems, and measurement of the flows of services from ecosystems into economic and other human activity. The scale on which the accounting may be conducted varies: the ecosystems measured may range from specific land cover type areas, such as forests, to larger integrated areas, such as river basins, and may include areas considered to be relatively natural and those that are heavily affected by human activity, such as agricultural areas. The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012—Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting) constitutes an integrated statistical framework for organizing biophysical data, measuring ecosystem services, tracking changes in ecosystem assets and linking this information to economic and other human activity.

This paper sets out the recent history and evolution of the UK governments' performance measurement, monitoring and management systems from the period since 1997 and the election of the New Labor government, until today. Although, as the paper shows many of the changes the New Labor government introduced were at least partially prefigured in changes introduced in the previous two decades or more. The reason that the period since 1997 is so important is because, it represents the period in which the UK governments' system became almost universal across public activities, including measuring performance at the highest levels of government itself. The core of the performance policies developed by government over this period have been the Public Service Agreements (PSAs) promulgated since 1998, of which there have now been five rounds (1998; 2000; 2002; 2004; 2007). Whilst PSAs are not the only performance policies, or measurement, monitoring and reporting systems, they have come to be seen as the pinnacle of the whole system and, in intention at least, driving developments throughout the public services. The paper will cover only the UK government. Over the past decade significant constitutional changes have devolved some central government powers to first the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly, and then more recently the Northern Ireland Assembly.

Doing business in India 2009 is the first country specific subnational report of the doing business series that measures business regulations and their enforcement across India. Doing business in India 2009 covers 10 out of the 12 previously measured cities, and documents their progress. It adds 7 new locations, expanding the study to 17 locations. Comparisons with the rest of the world are based on the indicators in doing business 2009. The indicators in doing business in India 2009 are also comparable with the data in other subnational and regional doing business reports. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where, and why. Other areas that significantly affect business, such as a country's proximity to markets, the quality of infrastructure services (other than services related to the trading across borders indicator), the security of property from theft and looting, the transparency of government procurement, macroeconomic conditions, or the underlying strength of institutions, are not directly studied by doing business.

This chapter begins with a brief summary of economic growth and structural changes in the region since the 1950s and of agricultural and other economic policy developments as they affected the farm sector at the time of and in various stages after independence from colonial powers. The chapter then summarizes estimates of the nominal rate of assistance (NRA) and the relative rate of assistance (RRA) to farmers delivered by national farm and nonfarm policies over the past several decades, as well as the impact of these policies on the consumer prices of farm products, using the project's methodology (Anderson et al. 2008). The final sections point to what the author have learned and draw out implications of the findings, including for poverty and inequality and for possible future directions of policies affecting agricultural incentives in Africa.

Zbor imaat graǵanite: The First Sociological Study, the Polish Sociological Expert Aid to Macedonia in the Mid-1960s and the Post-Earthquake History of Interethnic Relations in SkopjeOn the early morning of 26 July 1963, a calamitous earthquake struck the Macedonian capital of Skopje, taking the lives of 1,070 people and destroying more than two-thirds of the urban fabric. The politically non-aligned Yugoslav government immediately issued a call for help for the earthquake-torn city, which was picked up by more than eighty states across the globe, as well as the United Nations and other international organizations. The domestic authorities, in turn, sought to reimagine post-disaster Skopje as a "City of Solidarity," a symbol of the trans-bloc cooperation, and an "Open City" – one open to domestic and intra-federal migrations and the epitome of the trans-Yugoslav state-building slogan of "brotherhood and unity." However, the mounting interethnic tensions in the 1980s, the Yugoslav dissolution, and the 2001 insurgency dramatically shifted the public optics over the post-earthquake urban reconstruction and demographic politics – a narrative which found a particular stronghold in the memory politics of post-2001 Macedonia.construct their own interpretations of the social change.The present paper discusses one overlooked episode from the post-earthquake reconstruction of Skopje: from December 1964 to April 1965, the first ever large-scale sociological survey was conducted among Skopjans as part of the Polish expert aid and the preparations for the UN-sponsored Skopje Urban Project. Although the published study contained an exclusive portrayal of the economic and demographic features of the local households and revealed some of the major interethnic issues in the city, it never received proper treatment by the authorities and – up to the Yugoslav dissolution – in the scholarship. Thus, in order to present the major outcomes of this cross-national endeavor, I reconstruct the prehistory, the fieldwork and the immediate results of the survey by triangulating a set of archival materials, semi-structured interviews with its Polish and Macedonian conveners, and secondary literature on Skopje's urban reconstruction. Finally, I argue that the survey – its realization, results and aftermath – can be read as a key to a better understanding of the post-earthquake history of Skopje and the interethnic relations in the city.Збор имаат граѓаните: Првата социолошка студија, полската социолошка експертска помош во Македонија од средината на 1960-тите и пост-земјотресната историја на меѓуетнички односи во СкопјеСкопското утро од 26 јули 1963 година е моментот кога градот беше погоден од катастрофален земјотрес што резултираше со 1070 жртви, а уништи и две третини од градските објекти и инфраструктура. Политички неврзаната југословенска влада веднаш објави повик за помош на разурнатиот град, на којшто, пак, одговорија преку 80 држави ширум светот, Обединетите нации и други меѓународни организации. Овој голем одзив ги поттикна домашните власти да го преобмислат пост-земјотресно Скопје како "Град на солидарноста" – симбол на трансблоковската соработка – и "Отворен град" – отворен за домашни миграции и миграции во рамки на Федерацијата, како и пример за сè-југословенската државотворна парола "братство и единство". Сепак, растечките меѓуетнички тензии во 1980-тите, распадот на Југославија и конфликтот од 2001 година придонесоа за драматичен пресврт на јавната призма за пост-земјотресната обнова и демографските политики; наратив што беше особено промовиран преку мемориските политики во Македонија по 2001 година.Овој труд се однесува на една прилично занемарена епизода од пост-земјотресната обнова на Скопје: првата социолошка студија од поголеми размери во градот, од декември 1964 година до април 1965 година, изведена како дел од полската експертска помош за пост- земјотресно Скопје и во рамки на подготовките за Генералниот план за Скопје, спонзорирани од страна на ОН. Иако објавената студија содржеше екслузивни резултати за економските и демографските услови во коишто живееја локалните домаќинства и преглед за некои од доминантните меѓуетнички проблеми во градот, студијата не го доби потребното вниманите од властите, а до распадот на Југославија беше занемарена и во научната литература. Па така, со цел да ги презентирам главните резултати од овој меѓудржавен проект, во овој труд ќе ја реконструирам предисторијата, теренското истражување и првичните резултати на социолошката студија преку триангулација на архивски материјали, полуструктурирани интервјуа со полските и македонски истражувачи ангажирани за работата на студијата и секундарна литература за скопската урбана обнова. Конечно, заклучувам дека студијата – нејзината реализација, резултати и последователни толкувања – може да се чита како клуч за подобро разбирање на пост-земјотресната историја на Скопје и меѓуетничките односи во градот. Obywatele mają głos. Pierwsze studium socjologiczne, polska socjologiczna pomoc ekspercka w Macedonii w połowie lat 60. XX wieku i historia stosunków międzyetnicznych w Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemiPoranek w Skopje 26 lipca 1963 roku był momentem, kiedy miasto zo­stało dotknie katastrofalnym trzęsieniem ziemi, które przyniosło 1070 ofiar [wśród mieszkańców – JS], i zniszczyło dwie trzecie miasta. Należąca do blo­ku państw niezaangażowanych Jugosławia natychmiast poprosiła o pomoc dla zrujnowanego miasta, na którą odpowiedziało 80 państw z całego świata, z Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych i z innych organizacji międzynaro­dowych. Tak masowa reakcja [ze strony świata] zainspirowała miejscowe władze do wymyślenia [na nowo] Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi jako "miasta solidarności" – symbolu współpracy ponad podziałami na bloki [politycz­ne] i "miasta otwartego" na migrację wewnętrzną [w ramach republiki] i w ramach Federacji [jugosłowiańskiej], wreszcie jako przykład [reali­zacji] ogólnojugosłowiańskiego państwowotwórczego hasła "braterstwo i jedność". Jednakże rosnące od lat 80. XX wieku napięcia międzyetnicz­ne, rozpad Jugosławii i konflikt z 2001 roku przyniosły dramatyczny zwrot na płaszczyźnie oficjalnej w kwestii odnowy [miasta] po trzęsieniu ziemi i w stosunku do polityki demograficznej. Ta narracja była szczególnie pro­mowana poprzez praktyki upamiętniania w Macedonii po 2001 roku.Niniejszy artykuł zajmuje się całkiem zapomnianym epizodem z cza­sów przebudowy Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi: [przedmiotem analizy będzie] pierwsze większe socjologiczne opracowanie obejmujące okres od grudnia 1964 do kwietnia 1965, które jest częścią polskiej pomocy eksperckiej dla Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi w ramach przygotowań do tzw. planu general­nego dla miasta, finansowanego przez ONZ. Pomimo, że opublikowane studium zawiera wyjątkowe dane co do ekonomicznego i demograficznego poziomu życia miejscowych gospodarstw domowych i przegląd najważ­niejszych problemów międzyetnicznych w mieście, nie zyskało koniecznej uwagi ze strony władz, a do rozpadu Jugosławii nie było zauważane tak­ że w literaturze naukowej. Celem mojego artykułu jest zatem prezentacja głównych wyników badań tego międzynarodowego projektu, rekonstruk­cja badań terenowych i pierwszych rezultatów socjologicznych [wywiadów] przy zastosowaniu metody triangulacyjnej [korzystającej z wielu technik badawczych]: analizy materiałów archiwalnych, nieustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z polskimi i macedońskimi badaczami zaangażowanymi w pra­cę nad projektem, opracowań dotyczących odnowy tkanki miejskiej Skopje. W konkluzji dowodzę, że opracowanie – jego realizacja, wyniki i prognozy – można czytać jako klucz do lepszego zrozumienia stosunków etnicznych i historii Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi. archiwalnych, nieustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z polskimi i macedońskimi badaczami zaangażowanymi w pra­cę nad projektem, opracowań dotyczących odnowy tkanki miejskiej Skopje. W konkluzji dowodzę, że opracowanie – jego realizacja, wyniki i prognozy – można czytać jako klucz do lepszego zrozumienia stosunków etnicznych i historii Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi.

Executive SummaryThe Take Kare Safe Space (TKSS) program is one of the functions of Stay Kind (formally, the Thomas Kelly Youth Foundation) established in response to concerns about the safety of young people at night. The program commenced operations at Town Hall in December 2014, Kings Cross in July 2015, and Darling Harbour in February 2017. It operates year-round from 10pm to 4am on Friday and Saturday nights. Recent funding cuts have forced the closure of the Darling Harbour Site and restricted operation of the Kings Cross Safe Space to Saturday nights.The NSW Government's Department of Justice provided funding to conduct an evaluation of the TKSS program. The evaluation was informed by the NSW Government's Program Evaluation Guidelines and included process, outcome and economic indicators. The evaluation relied on internal program-level data, routinely collected data; and, interview and survey data.Until recently, internal program level data was collected by TKSS ambassadors using pen and paper. Recent changes have seen the development of an app (through in-kind support from the University of Technology, Sydney), that will streamline the collection of data, improve the time lag for the reporting process as well as support a richer source of data collection. This analysis, however, relies on historical data collected using pen and paper. Over the period of interest, December 2014 – April 2019 (inclusive), records indicate that 66,455 people had been supported by the TKSS program with 62% of users being males and 66% aged between 18-25 years. Most users were perceived by the TKSS ambassadors to have a high level of intoxication (46%) with 8% perceived to be under the influence of drugs. Most users (66%) spent time at the safe space and 19% were supported in other ways (defined as incidents). The type of incidents recorded by ambassadors include minimising the risk of physical assault, sexual assault, theft or injury. Over the period of interest, ambassadors intervened to avert the risk of serious harm in 735 cases from a total of 3,633 incidents, 20% of all incidents.Routinely collected data sources used in this analysis included: crime, emergency department (ED) and ambulance data. Generalised linear models for time series counts were used to specify segmented regressions for data extracted over the period 2009-2018. The two main segments modelled were the introduction of the Liquor Amendment Act (LAA) and the start of the TKSS program. Given that TKSS and the introduction of LAA were implemented within 2 years (at most) of each other, the attributed effect to each intervention on rates of offences is difficult to discern since these interventions are combined with complex interactions over time and with dynamic population movements. For ED admissions, the results were unclear about the true effect of the TKSS program on either head-injury related admission or alcohol-related admissions. For the ambulance data analysis, similarly to the crime analysis data, the results were unable to discern a statistically significant reduction in assault-related or drug and alcohol-related ambulance dispatches. Reasons identified included low monthly counts, background noise and the relatively short time between LAA and TKSS. In summary, the analysis of routinely collected data sources was not able to disentangle the potential attribution of the TKSS program in reducing crime or ED admissions. Nevertheless, and although this analysis is only a retrospective observational study, Figure 11 shows assaults started to increase again from 2015 but not related Emergency Department presentations or related Ambulance call-outs, which might reflect the important point that a key function of TKSS program is the prevention of relatively serious harms (those that require emergency services) as opposed to preventing the occurrence of crimes per se.A questionnaire was developed to explore clients use and satisfaction with the Safe Spaces. Of the 157 participants, 61% were male, the average age was 23 years; 42% had completed tertiary education and 38% were employed full time. Ninety-four percent of participants consumed alcohol at hazardous levels and 23% had been professionally diagnosed with a mental health condition. Over a half of the participants accessed a Safe Space by themselves with the majority using the service to receive water, to sober up or charge their phones. Ninety percent of participants were extremely satisfied with the service and would recommend it to friends.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders, including staff from NSW Police and Ambulance, St Vincent's, City of Sydney, licensed venues and clients of the program. All interviews were recorded (in audio or written form) with consent, transcribed and subjected to a thematic analysis which identified and explored salient themes within and across the data. The identified strengths of the TKSS program were various and routinely shared across stakeholder groups, serving to reinforce the validity of findings. The most salient strengths identified across the interview dataset were the program's role in filling a service gap in nightlife settings; improving efficiency and effectiveness of emergency services and other stakeholders operating in nightlife settings; and, the ambassadors' ability to de-escalate conflict and provide welfare services through the performance of early, proactive and non-judgmental, interventions. Perceived weaknesses of the TKSS program included: a lack of public awareness around the program; the ability of the program to service its current localities given staff and volunteer levels; and misunderstandings regarding the scope and function of the TKSS program by some stakeholders. Stakeholders, while noting the above challenges were universally satisfied with the performance of the program and felt that it was meeting its stated objectives.A benefit-cost analysis of the TKSS program was undertaken by comparing benefits and costs. Benefits included the value of serious harm averted and the social (community) value attached to lives saved through ambassador interventions. Costs included operating expenses and the market value of volunteer time. Several sensitivity analyses tested the robustness of results to changes in assumptions. Over the period December 2014 – April 2019 (inclusive), the benefits of the TKSS program are estimated at $7.46 million and operating costs at $2.79 million with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.67, suggesting that a $1 investment in the program results in $2.67 of benefits. When the TKSS program was fully operational in three sites (i.e., in 2016-17), the benefit-cost ratio increased to 3.83, suggesting that a $1 investment in the program results in $3.83 of benefits. These results are conservative and the return on investment is likely to be much higher given that the analysis does not quantify the full spectrum of benefits associated with the TKSS program such as: improved public safety and amenity; more efficient resource allocation for service providers; improved partnership, communication and resourcing to manage Sydney nightlife; and, the flow on effects for tourism and investment.The TKSS program has withstood several significant challenges since opening including sporadic funding, a variation to the modus operandi and, significant capital works within the boundaries of the program. Despite these challenges, the TKSS program has met it objective to provide a harm reduction service where vulnerable young people can access support and a safe place or a safe passage home. The benefits that could be quantified outweigh the cost of delivering the program suggesting that Safe Spaces are a good economic investment that should be supported with appropriate funding.

Tourism, as the third largest export sector in the world, is of great importance to global communities (UNWTO, 2018). Global Wellness Institute (2018) until 2022 predicted for the medical tourism industry an average of ≈8% of annual growth; however, with one of the highest risks, i.e. disease risk (in this case COVID-19), since April 6 2020, 96% of the world's countries have travel restrictions: About 43 percent of states have closed all or part of their borders. About 21 percent of states have introduced travel bans for passengers from certain countries affected by COVID-19. About 27 percent of states have suspended all or part of their international flights to their The remaining 9% of states have applied the following travel restrictions: (i) the requirement to immediately dissociate or quarantine, normally within 14 days since the arrival at destination; (ii) annulment or revocation of the visa upon arrival; (iii) travel bans for passengers arriving from certain regions (UNWTO, 2020). As a result, the tourism industry, alongside with medical tourism, is experiencing a major recession and the GWI (2018) forecast for 2022 loses its meaning. As a new form of tourism, medical tourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry. Medical tourism can be defined as a "purposeful trip abroad to receive medical care" (Keckley and Underwood, 2008). Medical tourism can be viewed from two perspectives (Plianbangchang, 2018): Reactive means medical care that pays special attention to the treatment or elimination of existing diseases; Rehabilitation of the disabled is a conventional medicine that is sometimes called the sickness Proactive approach to health ensures/preserves the well-being, these services are focused on health promotion and disease Heung et al. (2011), Ganguli and Ebrahim (2017), Tham (2018), Nilashia et al. (2019) found that the development of medical tourism in Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore is mainly influenced by the following factors: competence/human capital, infrastructure andsuperstructure, government approach/policy/regulation, the range of developed services, communication between different market segments, investment opportunities, lack of strategic planning, underdeveloped public-private partnerships and international cooperation, shortcomings in marketing and branding strategies, lack of a unified accreditation and certification system. However, the authors did not single out and assess one of the most important phenomena hindering development – the consequences caused by risk factors. Lithuanian researchers studied the risk in various aspects: patient safety, adverse event management, risk factor management and assessment (Kaleininkaitė and Trumpaitė, 2007; Buškevičiūtė and Leškevičiūtė, 2008; Kanapeckienė and Jurkuvėnas, 2009; Staliūnienė, 2009; Mekšriūnaitė and Rudaitis, 2013; Paškevičius, 2014; Stasytytė and Aleksienė, 2016; Jankauskienė and Kostereva, 2019; Babinskas and Kanapeckienė, 2019, etc.), however, the management of tourism risk factors has not been sufficiently studied yet. The following authors have examined the risk management of medical tourism in foreign literature: Wybo, 2004; Camillo, 2015; Mutalib et al., 2016; Winsena et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2017; Plianbangchang, 2018; Ravulakollu et al., 2018; Nilashia et al., 2019; Lubowiecki-Vikuk and Dryglas, 2019; Hyder et al., 2019. The problem of the research is how to effectivelymanage the risk factors of medical tourism. The aim of the research is to develop a management model after analysing the risk factors of medical tourism. Objectives of the study: (1) to define medical tourism risk factors; (2) to analyse risk managementalgorithms. Research methods: comparative logical analysis ofscientific literature, modelling, generalization. Medical tourism organizations can be called complex socio-technical organizations that operate in a complex dynamic environment. As a result, these organizations are exposed to external and internal risk factors that need to be identified, analysed, assessed, prioritized, and managed. In this work, the author solved the problem: how to effectively manage the risk factors of medical tourism. During the analysis of the performed scientific literature, it was found that we can ensure a successful risk cleaning process by keeping with the following consistency: risk analysis, anticipation of possible accidents/factors, strategic planning, ensuring control and feedback, risk profiling, during which all possible risk factors are classified and prioritized. The risk of medical tourism involves two stages: first, when patients are abroad and second, when patients leave the hospital and return to their place of residence. Lack of information and insufficient communication between the doctor abroad and in the home country is another negative effect of medical tourism as the continuity of patient care is interrupted. Health information is not transferred from foreign hospitals to the home country, which can lead to several consequences, such as the inability to identify potential complications in a timely manner and the toxicity caused by the drugs used (Carrera and Lunt, 2010). Cammillo (2015) has attributed the emergence of medical tourism risk to the lack or scarcity of strategic managementskillsatthedestination.Strategicmanagement is a dynamic process in which the current situation is constantly assessed and each step is planned/forecasted. This requires a strong understanding of the organization as well as an understanding of the global environment in which the organization operates. This includes situation analysis SWOT. In this context, strategic management is forced to include risk assessment, risk management, crisis management and prevention strategies, and effective interdepartmental communication. The above-mentioned author singles out the following risk factors that have to be assessed during strategic risk management:1. Human error; 2. Office error; 3. Trust in the wrong person; 4. Unauthorized procedures; 5. Unlimited access to electronic data; 6. Unrestricted access for third parties; 7. Improper maintenance; 8. Insufficient control; 9. Misuse of confidential information; 10. Errors of court; 11. Improper standard operating procedures. Conclusions After examining the risk factors of medical tourism, they can be divided into two categories: external and internal risk Based on the research of tourism risk aspects conducted by researchers in recent years, tourist/patient risk perceptions are often summarized from five to seven aspects. Five aspects of risk covered financial/economic risk, psychological risk, operational risk, equipment or technical risk, health risk, accident/physical risk and social risk. In addition to these dimensions, six dimensions of risk included one more risk, i.e. time risk, and seven aspects of risk included loss of opportunity. After analysing risk management systems/algorithms/ models, it was determined that the most significant preconditions for a successful medical tourism risk management process are the following: risk analysis/ forecasting; identification of accidents/factors; strategic planning; ensuring control and feedback; risk profiling, during which all possible risk factors are classified and ; Medicinos turizmo organizacijas galima vadinti kompleksinėmis sociotechninėmis organizacijomis, kurios veikia sudėtingoje dinaminėje aplinkoje. Todėl šios organizacijos yra veikiamos išorinių ir vidinių rizikos veiksnių, kuriuos reikia identifikuoti / analizuoti / vertinti / prioretizuoti ir valdyti. Šiame straipsnyje autorius sprendė problemą – kaip veiksmingai valdyti medicinos turizmo rizikos veiksnius. Analizuodamas mokslinę literatūrą autorius nustatė, kad užtikrinti sėkmingą rizikos valdymo procesą galima laikantis šio nuoseklumo: rizikos analizė; galimų nelaimingų įvykių / veiksnių numatymas; strateginis planavimas; kontrolės ir grįžtamojo ryšio užtikrinimas; rizikos profilio sudarymas, kurio metu visi galimi rizikos veiksniai yra klasifikuojami ir prioretizuojami.

Метою роботи було розробити алгоритм, методичні підходи та етапи проведення мультикритеріального аналізу рішень (МКАР) в Україні; систематизувати та обґрунтувати вибір критеріїв, визначення вагових коефіцієнтів критеріїв та їх обчислення на прикладі інноваційних лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) при лікуванні онкологічних і орфанних захворювань для ефективного використання ресурсів охорони здоров'я при впровадженні «Державної стратегії реалізації державної політики забезпечення населення лікарськими засобами на період до 2025 року».Результати. Методом систематизації встановлено, що у світовій практиці для системи оцінки технологій охорони здоров'я (ОТОЗ) МКАР набуває більшого практичного застосування, особливо у діяльності агентств з ОТОЗ. Обґрунтовані і запропоновані основні кластери критеріїв, необхідні для базового використання для МКАР в Україні при виборі ЛЗ, а саме: ефективність та безпека; економічні аспекти; соціальні та етичні аспекти; особливості захворювання. Встановлено, що при розробці моделі МКАР чи її адаптації завжди необхідно враховувати локальні епідеміологічні, статистичні дані та потреби вітчизняної системи охорони здоров'я. Обґрунтовано та запропоновано алгоритм, етапи і людський капітал для проведення МКАР в Україні з урахуванням систематизації даних з керівництв ISPOR та LSE: структуризація проблеми, розробка вітчизняної моделі МКАР, оцінка моделі, валідація, звіт та розробка плану дій на прикладі орфанних та онкологічних захворювань. Нами встановлені вагові коефіцієнти критеріїв при виборі ЛЗ для лікування онкологічних та орфанних захворювань за результатами кейс-досліджень з експертами, які приймають рішення щодо закупівель ЛЗ. Експертами були визначені різні показники важливості критеріїв при досліджуваних захворюваннях з використанням спеціально розроблених анкет. Результати оброблені за допомогою програмного пакету Microsoft Excel. Встановлено, що два критерії – ефективність та витрати мали найвищу вагу для експертів, які беруть участь у прийнятті рішень при фінансуванні, а критерій інноваційності ЛЗ є менш значимим при визначенні пріоритетів для закупівель.Висновки. Встановлено, що МКАР при виборі ЛЗ для страхового забезпечення набув широкого використання в агентствах з ОТОЗ. Результати проведеного кейс-дослідження в Україні свідчать, що використання МКАР є ефективним і перспективним інструментом для прийняття науково обґрунтованих, прозорих рішень з реімбурсації, фінансування державних програм, страхового забезпечення, особливо інноваційних високовартісних лікарських засобів в Україні з метою раціонального розподілу ресурсів на фармацевтичну допомогу населенню відповідно до завдань «Державної стратегії реалізації державної політики забезпечення населення лікарськими засобами на період до 2025 року». ; In many developed countries, the needs of the population in health protection technology exceeds government financing of health care system. Actually, there are no common models for funding priorities in health care system. To remain a major fields for financing is a serious task for health experts all over the world.Aim. To develop an algorithm, methodological approaches and stages of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in Ukraine; to systematize and substantiate the criteria selection, criteria weights and their calculation on the example of innovative medicines in the treatment of oncology and orphan diseases for the efficient use of health care resources in the implementation of the State strategy of National Drug Policy for the period up to 2025.Results. In this paper we used method of systematization, that in practice of developed countries for health technology assessment (HTA) MCDA started to be implemented in practice, in particular by HTA agencies. The main core clusters of criteria that are basis for use in MCDA models in Ukraine are substantiated and proposed: 1) therapeutic effect and safety; 2) economics; 3) social and ethical factors; 4) disease description, acknowledging that MCDA models should always be adapted to the decision problem and the local settings (epidemiological, statistical data and needs of the national health system). The algorithm, stages and human capital for MCDA inUkraine were considered and systematized based on the data of ISPOR and LSE guidelines: problem structuring, development of the local MCDA model, evaluation, validation, report and elaboration of an action plan on the example of oncology and orphan diseases. We have analysed criteria weights for selection of medicines for the treatment of oncology and orphan diseases based on case studies with experts who are decision makers on medicines procurement. The findings indicate the presence of different value judgements of the importance of criteria in case studies using specially designed questionnaires. The results were processed using the Microsoft Excel software package. It has been established that the two criteria – therapeutic effect and costs were of the highest importance for experts involved in decision-making in financing and the innovation is less relevant in determining procurement priorities.Conclusions. The MCDA for medical insurance widely used by HTA the agencies worldwide was outlined in our article. Results of the case studies conducted in Ukraine showed that MCDA is an effective and promising tool for scientifically substantiated, transparent decision-making on reimbursement, drug program financing, insurance provision, in particular innovative high-priced medicines with the purpose of rational allocation of resources for pharmaceutical assistance to the population in accordance with the objectives of the National Drug Policy implementation for the period up to 2025. ; Целью работы было разработать алгоритм, методические подходы и этапы проведения мультикритериального анализа решений (МКАР) в Украине; систематизировать и обосновать выбор критериев, определение весовых коэффициентов критериев и их вычисление на примере инновационных лекарственных средств (ЛС) при лечении онкологических и орфанных заболеваний для эффективного использования ресурсов здравоохранения при внедрении «Государственной стратегии реализации государственной политики обеспечения населения лекарственными средствами на период до 2025 года».Результаты. Методом систематизации установлено, что в мировой практике для системы оценки технологий здравоохранения (ОТЗ) МКАР приобретает большое практическое применение, особенно в деятельности агентств по ОТЗ. Обоснованы и предложены основные кластеры критериев, необходимые для базового использования при проведении МКАР в Украине с целью выбора ЛС, а именно: эффективность и безопасность; экономические аспекты; социальные и этические аспекты; особенности заболевания. Установлено, что разработка модели МКАР или ее адаптация всегда должны учитывать локальные эпидемиологические, статистические данные и потребности отечественной системы здравоохранения. Обоснован и предложен алгоритм, этапы и человеческий капитал для проведения МКАР в Украине с учетом систематизации данных руководств ISPOR и LSE: структуризация проблемы, разработка отечественной модели МКАР, оценка модели, валидация, отчет и разработка плана действий на примере орфанных и онкологических заболеваний. Нами установлены весовые коэффициенты критериев при выборе ЛС для лечения онкологических и орфанных заболеваний по результатам кейс-исследований, проведенных с экспертами, которые принимают решения по закупкам ЛС. Экспертами были определены различные показатели важности критериев при исследуемых заболеваниях с использованием специально разработанных анкет. Результаты обработаны с помощью программного пакета Microsoft Excel. Установлено, что два критерия – эффективность и затраты имели наивысший вес для экспертов, участвующих в принятии решений при финансировании, а критерий инновационности ЛС был менее значимым при определении приоритетов для закупок.Выводы. Установлено, что МКАР при выборе ЛС для страхового обеспечения получил широкое использование в деятельности агентств ОТЗ. Результаты проведенного кейс-исследования в Украине свидетельствуют о том, что использование МКАР является эффективным и перспективным инструментом для принятия научно обоснованных, прозрачных решений по реимбурсации, финансированию государственных программ, страхового обеспечения, особенно инновационных дорогостоящих ЛС в Украине с целью рационального распределения ресурсов на фармацевтическую помощь населению в соответствии с задачами «Государственной стратегии реализации государственной политики обеспечения населения лекарственными средствами на период до 2025 года».

In many developed countries, the needs of the population in health protection technology exceeds government financing of health care system. Actually, there are no common models for funding priorities in health care system. To remain a major fields for financing is a serious task for health experts all over the world.Aim. To develop an algorithm, methodological approaches and stages of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in Ukraine; to systematize and substantiate the criteria selection, criteria weights and their calculation on the example of innovative medicines in the treatment of oncology and orphan diseases for the efficient use of health care resources in the implementation of the State strategy of National Drug Policy for the period up to 2025.Results. In this paper we used method of systematization, that in practice of developed countries for health technology assessment (HTA) MCDA started to be implemented in practice, in particular by HTA agencies. The main core clusters of criteria that are basis for use in MCDA models in Ukraine are substantiated and proposed: 1) therapeutic effect and safety; 2) economics; 3) social and ethical factors; 4) disease description, acknowledging that MCDA models should always be adapted to the decision problem and the local settings (epidemiological, statistical data and needs of the national health system). The algorithm, stages and human capital for MCDA inUkraine were considered and systematized based on the data of ISPOR and LSE guidelines: problem structuring, development of the local MCDA model, evaluation, validation, report and elaboration of an action plan on the example of oncology and orphan diseases. We have analysed criteria weights for selection of medicines for the treatment of oncology and orphan diseases based on case studies with experts who are decision makers on medicines procurement. The findings indicate the presence of different value judgements of the importance of criteria in case studies using specially designed questionnaires. The results were processed using the Microsoft Excel software package. It has been established that the two criteria – therapeutic effect and costs were of the highest importance for experts involved in decision-making in financing and the innovation is less relevant in determining procurement priorities.Conclusions. The MCDA for medical insurance widely used by HTA the agencies worldwide was outlined in our article. Results of the case studies conducted in Ukraine showed that MCDA is an effective and promising tool for scientifically substantiated, transparent decision-making on reimbursement, drug program financing, insurance provision, in particular innovative high-priced medicines with the purpose of rational allocation of resources for pharmaceutical assistance to the population in accordance with the objectives of the National Drug Policy implementation for the period up to 2025. ; Целью работы было разработать алгоритм, методические подходы и этапы проведения мультикритериального анализа решений (МКАР) в Украине; систематизировать и обосновать выбор критериев, определение весовых коэффициентов критериев и их вычисление на примере инновационных лекарственных средств (ЛС) при лечении онкологических и орфанных заболеваний для эффективного использования ресурсов здравоохранения при внедрении «Государственной стратегии реализации государственной политики обеспечения населения лекарственными средствами на период до 2025 года».Результаты. Методом систематизации установлено, что в мировой практике для системы оценки технологий здравоохранения (ОТЗ) МКАР приобретает большое практическое применение, особенно в деятельности агентств по ОТЗ. Обоснованы и предложены основные кластеры критериев, необходимые для базового использования при проведении МКАР в Украине с целью выбора ЛС, а именно: эффективность и безопасность; экономические аспекты; социальные и этические аспекты; особенности заболевания. Установлено, что разработка модели МКАР или ее адаптация всегда должны учитывать локальные эпидемиологические, статистические данные и потребности отечественной системы здравоохранения. Обоснован и предложен алгоритм, этапы и человеческий капитал для проведения МКАР в Украине с учетом систематизации данных руководств ISPOR и LSE: структуризация проблемы, разработка отечественной модели МКАР, оценка модели, валидация, отчет и разработка плана действий на примере орфанных и онкологических заболеваний. Нами установлены весовые коэффициенты критериев при выборе ЛС для лечения онкологических и орфанных заболеваний по результатам кейс-исследований, проведенных с экспертами, которые принимают решения по закупкам ЛС. Экспертами были определены различные показатели важности критериев при исследуемых заболеваниях с использованием специально разработанных анкет. Результаты обработаны с помощью программного пакета Microsoft Excel. Установлено, что два критерия – эффективность и затраты имели наивысший вес для экспертов, участвующих в принятии решений при финансировании, а критерий инновационности ЛС был менее значимым при определении приоритетов для закупок.Выводы. Установлено, что МКАР при выборе ЛС для страхового обеспечения получил широкое использование в деятельности агентств ОТЗ. Результаты проведенного кейс-исследования в Украине свидетельствуют о том, что использование МКАР является эффективным и перспективным инструментом для принятия научно обоснованных, прозрачных решений по реимбурсации, финансированию государственных программ, страхового обеспечения, особенно инновационных дорогостоящих ЛС в Украине с целью рационального распределения ресурсов на фармацевтическую помощь населению в соответствии с задачами «Государственной стратегии реализации государственной политики обеспечения населения лекарственными средствами на период до 2025 года». ; Метою роботи було розробити алгоритм, методичні підходи та етапи проведення мультикритеріального аналізу рішень (МКАР) в Україні; систематизувати та обґрунтувати вибір критеріїв, визначення вагових коефіцієнтів критеріїв та їх обчислення на прикладі інноваційних лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) при лікуванні онкологічних і орфанних захворювань для ефективного використання ресурсів охорони здоров'я при впровадженні «Державної стратегії реалізації державної політики забезпечення населення лікарськими засобами на період до 2025 року».Результати. Методом систематизації встановлено, що у світовій практиці для системи оцінки технологій охорони здоров'я (ОТОЗ) МКАР набуває більшого практичного застосування, особливо у діяльності агентств з ОТОЗ. Обґрунтовані і запропоновані основні кластери критеріїв, необхідні для базового використання для МКАР в Україні при виборі ЛЗ, а саме: ефективність та безпека; економічні аспекти; соціальні та етичні аспекти; особливості захворювання. Встановлено, що при розробці моделі МКАР чи її адаптації завжди необхідно враховувати локальні епідеміологічні, статистичні дані та потреби вітчизняної системи охорони здоров'я. Обґрунтовано та запропоновано алгоритм, етапи і людський капітал для проведення МКАР в Україні з урахуванням систематизації даних з керівництв ISPOR та LSE: структуризація проблеми, розробка вітчизняної моделі МКАР, оцінка моделі, валідація, звіт та розробка плану дій на прикладі орфанних та онкологічних захворювань. Нами встановлені вагові коефіцієнти критеріїв при виборі ЛЗ для лікування онкологічних та орфанних захворювань за результатами кейс-досліджень з експертами, які приймають рішення щодо закупівель ЛЗ. Експертами були визначені різні показники важливості критеріїв при досліджуваних захворюваннях з використанням спеціально розроблених анкет. Результати оброблені за допомогою програмного пакету Microsoft Excel. Встановлено, що два критерії – ефективність та витрати мали найвищу вагу для експертів, які беруть участь у прийнятті рішень при фінансуванні, а критерій інноваційності ЛЗ є менш значимим при визначенні пріоритетів для закупівель.Висновки. Встановлено, що МКАР при виборі ЛЗ для страхового забезпечення набув широкого використання в агентствах з ОТОЗ. Результати проведеного кейс-дослідження в Україні свідчать, що використання МКАР є ефективним і перспективним інструментом для прийняття науково обґрунтованих, прозорих рішень з реімбурсації, фінансування державних програм, страхового забезпечення, особливо інноваційних високовартісних лікарських засобів в Україні з метою раціонального розподілу ресурсів на фармацевтичну допомогу населенню відповідно до завдань «Державної стратегії реалізації державної політики забезпечення населення лікарськими засобами на період до 2025 року».

Метою роботи було розробити алгоритм, методичні підходи та етапи проведення мультикритеріального аналізу рішень (МКАР) в Україні; систематизувати та обґрунтувати вибір критеріїв, визначення вагових коефіцієнтів критеріїв та їх обчислення на прикладі інноваційних лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) при лікуванні онкологічних і орфанних захворювань для ефективного використання ресурсів охорони здоров'я при впровадженні «Державної стратегії реалізації державної політики забезпечення населення лікарськими засобами на період до 2025 року».Результати. Методом систематизації встановлено, що у світовій практиці для системи оцінки технологій охорони здоров'я (ОТОЗ) МКАР набуває більшого практичного застосування, особливо у діяльності агентств з ОТОЗ. Обґрунтовані і запропоновані основні кластери критеріїв, необхідні для базового використання для МКАР в Україні при виборі ЛЗ, а саме: ефективність та безпека; економічні аспекти; соціальні та етичні аспекти; особливості захворювання. Встановлено, що при розробці моделі МКАР чи її адаптації завжди необхідно враховувати локальні епідеміологічні, статистичні дані та потреби вітчизняної системи охорони здоров'я. Обґрунтовано та запропоновано алгоритм, етапи і людський капітал для проведення МКАР в Україні з урахуванням систематизації даних з керівництв ISPOR та LSE: структуризація проблеми, розробка вітчизняної моделі МКАР, оцінка моделі, валідація, звіт та розробка плану дій на прикладі орфанних та онкологічних захворювань. Нами встановлені вагові коефіцієнти критеріїв при виборі ЛЗ для лікування онкологічних та орфанних захворювань за результатами кейс-досліджень з експертами, які приймають рішення щодо закупівель ЛЗ. Експертами були визначені різні показники важливості критеріїв при досліджуваних захворюваннях з використанням спеціально розроблених анкет. Результати оброблені за допомогою програмного пакету Microsoft Excel. Встановлено, що два критерії – ефективність та витрати мали найвищу вагу для експертів, які беруть участь у прийнятті рішень при фінансуванні, а критерій інноваційності ЛЗ є менш значимим при визначенні пріоритетів для закупівель.Висновки. Встановлено, що МКАР при виборі ЛЗ для страхового забезпечення набув широкого використання в агентствах з ОТОЗ. Результати проведеного кейс-дослідження в Україні свідчать, що використання МКАР є ефективним і перспективним інструментом для прийняття науково обґрунтованих, прозорих рішень з реімбурсації, фінансування державних програм, страхового забезпечення, особливо інноваційних високовартісних лікарських засобів в Україні з метою раціонального розподілу ресурсів на фармацевтичну допомогу населенню відповідно до завдань «Державної стратегії реалізації державної політики забезпечення населення лікарськими засобами на період до 2025 року». ; In many developed countries, the needs of the population in health protection technology exceeds government financing of health care system. Actually, there are no common models for funding priorities in health care system. To remain a major fields for financing is a serious task for health experts all over the world.Aim. To develop an algorithm, methodological approaches and stages of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in Ukraine; to systematize and substantiate the criteria selection, criteria weights and their calculation on the example of innovative medicines in the treatment of oncology and orphan diseases for the efficient use of health care resources in the implementation of the State strategy of National Drug Policy for the period up to 2025.Results. In this paper we used method of systematization, that in practice of developed countries for health technology assessment (HTA) MCDA started to be implemented in practice, in particular by HTA agencies. The main core clusters of criteria that are basis for use in MCDA models in Ukraine are substantiated and proposed: 1) therapeutic effect and safety; 2) economics; 3) social and ethical factors; 4) disease description, acknowledging that MCDA models should always be adapted to the decision problem and the local settings (epidemiological, statistical data and needs of the national health system). The algorithm, stages and human capital for MCDA inUkraine were considered and systematized based on the data of ISPOR and LSE guidelines: problem structuring, development of the local MCDA model, evaluation, validation, report and elaboration of an action plan on the example of oncology and orphan diseases. We have analysed criteria weights for selection of medicines for the treatment of oncology and orphan diseases based on case studies with experts who are decision makers on medicines procurement. The findings indicate the presence of different value judgements of the importance of criteria in case studies using specially designed questionnaires. The results were processed using the Microsoft Excel software package. It has been established that the two criteria – therapeutic effect and costs were of the highest importance for experts involved in decision-making in financing and the innovation is less relevant in determining procurement priorities.Conclusions. The MCDA for medical insurance widely used by HTA the agencies worldwide was outlined in our article. Results of the case studies conducted in Ukraine showed that MCDA is an effective and promising tool for scientifically substantiated, transparent decision-making on reimbursement, drug program financing, insurance provision, in particular innovative high-priced medicines with the purpose of rational allocation of resources for pharmaceutical assistance to the population in accordance with the objectives of the National Drug Policy implementation for the period up to 2025. ; Целью работы было разработать алгоритм, методические подходы и этапы проведения мультикритериального анализа решений (МКАР) в Украине; систематизировать и обосновать выбор критериев, определение весовых коэффициентов критериев и их вычисление на примере инновационных лекарственных средств (ЛС) при лечении онкологических и орфанных заболеваний для эффективного использования ресурсов здравоохранения при внедрении «Государственной стратегии реализации государственной политики обеспечения населения лекарственными средствами на период до 2025 года».Результаты. Методом систематизации установлено, что в мировой практике для системы оценки технологий здравоохранения (ОТЗ) МКАР приобретает большое практическое применение, особенно в деятельности агентств по ОТЗ. Обоснованы и предложены основные кластеры критериев, необходимые для базового использования при проведении МКАР в Украине с целью выбора ЛС, а именно: эффективность и безопасность; экономические аспекты; социальные и этические аспекты; особенности заболевания. Установлено, что разработка модели МКАР или ее адаптация всегда должны учитывать локальные эпидемиологические, статистические данные и потребности отечественной системы здравоохранения. Обоснован и предложен алгоритм, этапы и человеческий капитал для проведения МКАР в Украине с учетом систематизации данных руководств ISPOR и LSE: структуризация проблемы, разработка отечественной модели МКАР, оценка модели, валидация, отчет и разработка плана действий на примере орфанных и онкологических заболеваний. Нами установлены весовые коэффициенты критериев при выборе ЛС для лечения онкологических и орфанных заболеваний по результатам кейс-исследований, проведенных с экспертами, которые принимают решения по закупкам ЛС. Экспертами были определены различные показатели важности критериев при исследуемых заболеваниях с использованием специально разработанных анкет. Результаты обработаны с помощью программного пакета Microsoft Excel. Установлено, что два критерия – эффективность и затраты имели наивысший вес для экспертов, участвующих в принятии решений при финансировании, а критерий инновационности ЛС был менее значимым при определении приоритетов для закупок.Выводы. Установлено, что МКАР при выборе ЛС для страхового обеспечения получил широкое использование в деятельности агентств ОТЗ. Результаты проведенного кейс-исследования в Украине свидетельствуют о том, что использование МКАР является эффективным и перспективным инструментом для принятия научно обоснованных, прозрачных решений по реимбурсации, финансированию государственных программ, страхового обеспечения, особенно инновационных дорогостоящих ЛС в Украине с целью рационального распределения ресурсов на фармацевтическую помощь населению в соответствии с задачами «Государственной стратегии реализации государственной политики обеспечения населения лекарственными средствами на период до 2025 года».

In urban Africa, informal street food trade is often accompanied by processing activities, including slaughtering, brewing, grilling or cooking. Food and drinks are often prepared on open fires using wood as a fuel. When wood is used as a fuel, it generally emits smoke containing various pollutants. Previous studies showed that limited capital, lack of education and expression are the main barriers to the implementation of new technologies in the informal sector. It has been argued that the use of cleaner technologies, especially those relevant for the energetic aspect of informal production, would provide affordable net benefits to society in terms of public health, climate change mitigation and food security, but without showing how this could be done in a specific case. This thesis investigated whether a cleaner production approach would be beneficial: economically and for health and safety to roadside vendors in an informal context. The study aimed to provide insights as to whether government could show presence in such settings not only as (unwelcome) regulator, but in a supportive way by introducing cleaner and more efficient means of production, mainly clean-burning technologies in the informal food and drinks preparation. The specific objectives of this thesis were to: ➢ Compare the resource usage and pollution loads associated with traditional vs. cleaner methods of informal roadside food and drink preparation; ➢ Establish whether the cost-savings deriving from increased resource efficiency of cleaner methods would be sufficient motivation for producers to adopt these; ➢ Observe and document other constraints to the adoption of cleaner methods of production by attempting to demonstrate resource efficiency gains and emission reductions possible under real conditions of informal food and drinks production. Two cleaner technologies were considered: efficient wood stoves, which are known to have sizeable benefits in terms of reduced fuel wood usage and smoke emissions (though investigated to date mainly in the context of household energy usage), and anaerobic digestion, which can potentially serve simultaneously as receptacle and treatment for organic wastes, and produce biogas to serve fuel needs. This study combined qualitative and quantitative field observations in a case study setting with experimental work to study the biogas production potential of slaughtering waste. The case study location, Nyanga township in Cape Town, served as a representation of the many urban African settings in which roadside catering occurs. Nyanga township has both formal and informal housing. Its population including many unskilled and unemployed people also makes it a good place for informal activities. One common informal economic activity in Nyanga is the production of cooked meals and drinks. This is done on street corners alongside the road around the transport interchange, where many people pass by and vendors provide various services. The cooked meals include roasted lamb, pork and beef. Live chickens are slaughtered and plucked, and also sold whole for home preparation. An African beer known as umqombothi is locally prepared in two processes, with each process involving approximately two hours of cooking using a 230 L drum. In the field work, it was investigated how much wood was used in open fires compared to efficient wood stoves, specifically for the activity of chicken plucking and umqombothi mashing. The respective fuel costs were calculated and the air quality in the street-side workplace were measured in term of levels of particulate matter less than 10 micron (PM10). It was observed in the field that in most cases sheep and chicken slaughter waste was dumped alongside the road. This dumping was due to the lack of slaughtering facilities in the area. Many other reports have stated that the lack of adequate infrastructure in informal settlements is the cause of inappropriate waste dumping. The qualitative observations confirmed that the meat and other cooked meals were prepared using inefficient methods linked not only to the waste of resources but also to waste of money and exposure to polluted air from burning wood. Air quality measurements showed smoke levels near open fires to be about 8 times higher than when using an efficient wood stove. PM10 levels of 4 900 ±1 500 µg/m3 were measured near chicken pluckers using open fires for their hot water, while when using a stove the PM10 averaged 590 ± 130 µg/m3 . Smoke levels near biogas stoves were measured at 310 ±140 µg/m3 . The stoves used in this study reduced the quantity of wood used for plucked chicken production by a factor of 6. This reflected a reduction in energy otherwise wasted around the pot in the inefficient traditional cooking method. Stove use reduced the solid waste as well as the smoke accordingly. If a stove lasted 3 years, the vendors would save an estimated R33 700 on fuelwood in case they used harvested wood, and if wood waste is used, the fuelwood savings over three years would be R6 300. It was estimated that 100 kg of slaughtering waste dumped every day could generate enough biogas for 7 vendors to be provided with enough thermal energy for their catering trades. Based on the experimental work conducted, it was calculated that a digester of a size of 76 m3 would be needed for this amount of slaughtering waste. The main conclusions of the thesis are: • Cleaner technologies, in the form of efficient wood stoves and biogas reactors and stoves, showed significant saving potential in the informal roadside food and drink production processes investigated in Nyanga, Cape Town. • The wood stoves investigated in this study were suitable for chicken plucking (which use 25 L pots) but not for the mashing stage of umqombothi preparation (which is done in 230 L drums). • The use of these stoves resulted in a 6-fold reduction in wood burned, as well as an 8-fold reduction in particulate air pollution in the workplace. These stoves also offered a very fast payback time (of the order of a few weeks) and significant fuel wood cost savings to caterers. • Biogas stoves were the cleanest of the three methods compared and should be affordable to caterers if a reasonably priced gas supply were available, but the biogas reactor installation represents an infrastructure investment that could not be paid for by the caterers. • A biogas intervention would ensure the reduction of slaughter waste, which is often indiscriminately dumped and thus a significant health hazard. The main recommendations of the study are: • Since wood stoves would offer fast payback times for fuel wood using traders, the local economic development section of local government should aim to stimulate and develop local business to provide such stoves to caterers. • While the slaughter waste can be used as a substrate for biogas generation, for it to become available to the vendors, local government should invest in this as a form of urban infrastructure. • Slaughtering facilities should be built for the vendors where the waste can be kept together and may be used by the municipalities or other bodies. • Similar studies in other developing countries are also encouraged, so as to develop the specific insights on the affordability of achieving benefits to society in terms of public health, climate change mitigation and food security worldwide. Enough time should be allocated for research that combines social interactions in the field with scientific measurements.

Abstract Impossible Landings: Precarity, Populism and Walling in a 'European' Refugee CrisisbyAlessandro TiberioDoctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, BerkeleyProfessor Michael Watts, Co-ChairProfessor Jon Kosek, Co-ChairThe rise of populist movements that gathered momentum in 2016 across Europe and the European settler-colonial world has seriously challenged the US-led neoliberal order as much as the discourse around 'globalization' that such order promoted and defended. Such crisis has been most striking in countries like the UK and the US, with the votes for Brexit and Trump, given that for the last 30 years successive government administrations of both center-right and center-left political alignments there have been championing neoliberal reforms domestically and internationally, but the rise of populist movements has been years in the making in the folds of ordinary life across the 'European' world, and can arguably be best understood through an ethnographic research of the everyday space-making and border-renegotiating social processes that made a rightward shift possible in individual and collective consciences and that also allowed it to gather momentum at a wider scale.I have focused my research on the borderlands of what I call 'Mediterranean Central Europe' in and around the now mostly white-Italian border-town of Trieste, formerly the main port of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and today sitting at the Italian border to Slovenia. Dominant discourses on a local level have traditionally idealized the city and its inhabitants as quintessentially 'European' even more than 'Italian', and in its borderlands at the edge of the Balkans the renegotiation of borders with non-European 'Eastern' and Muslim othered subjects and spaces has historically been particularly explicit. At the same time, Trieste has also represented a model of border un-making or un-walling thanks to the local anti-psychiatric movement led by Doctor Basaglia, that in the 1970s successfully advocated for the closure of asylums and for the transformation of wider society by multiplying spaces of encounter between formerly interned patients and the general population at large. The current model of asylum seekers' reception in the city promoted by ICS (the Italian Consortium of Solidarity) inherited and followed the same decentralizing logic, and since the 1990s has been promoting the transformation of the 'European' space of the city though everyday practices of border renegotiation. Over the course of a multi-year ethnographic fieldwork since 2013, I have looked at the longer history of experiments with walling and un-walling in the city, and finally focused on the 2015/16 moment, when I have explored the remaking of 'European' borders in Trieste's borderlands during the boom of the 'Balkan migration route(s)'. At that time, I have investigated different forms of border renegotiation practices from a neo-liberal standpoint, by far-right groups and by radical-left activists, and attempted to understand their different politics on an individual, collective and regional level.In the midst of a strong reactionary wave on a wider scale, 2016 also saw the election of a far-right city administration in Trieste at the conjuncture of lingering economic stagnation and of a boom in the arrivals of asylum-seeking migrants traveling across the Balkans and hailing especially from Pakistan and Afghanistan. In an attempt to understand the reactionary closure of European borders in the conjuncture of 2015/16, in the context of both the post-2008 'economic crisis' and of what has been commonly referred to as the 'European refugee crisis' of 2015, in my work I show the ways in which the two processes have articulated with one another though the lived and perceived experience of what Italians call 'precarietà' or precarity, referring to the widespread sense of insecurity resulting from the introduction of sweeping neoliberal reforms in Italy and Europe at large, and in particular from the 'flexibilization' of the job market and life conditions in general. I further show how in Trieste and elsewhere the articulation of these two processes has engendered a third crisis, namely an 'identity crisis', a crisis of 'Europe' and of what may be called 'European', and has led to the new desires for border closure or walling and to the rise of far-right populist movements possibly heralding a post-neoliberal moment. In particular, I argue that current reactionary tendencies in Trieste and in many parts of the 'European' world in the current conjuncture are the result of the widespread perception of a deep crisis in the gendered and racialized commonsensical idea of 'Europe', and particularly of 'European' privilege and exceptionalism, and have emerged in the attempt to defend it. Further, I argue that the perception of such crisis and the related desires for border closure among many white-Europeans stem from the widespread idealization of 'precarity' or insecurity as a European problem, in their eyes justifying wall-building of a 'natural' reaction. Finally, in my study I also question the naturalized necessity of such a reactionary logic in the contemporary conjuncture and present the possibility for radical alternatives.In this sense, I argue that the different politics of far right and radical left 'anti-globalization' movements, both opposing the 'free movement' of capital, are produced through alternative forms of space-making and border-renegotiation in everyday life on a 'local' level, understanding their sense of belonging as tied to a bounded homeland or to a shared space of encounter respectively. In order to understand these different politics, I looked at the production of 'local' communities in collective gardening projects where highly precarized Italians renegotiated their relationship with both land and homeland in everyday life. I have then also carried out participant observation in mixed collective gardens shared by Italians and Afghan or Pakistani asylum seekers, and in other mixed spaces that offered interesting opportunities to understand ordinary border renegotiation practices in relationship to one's sense of precarity or insecurity. Finally, in order to understand border renegotiation both on a communal and on an individual level, during long interview sessions with both Italians and Central Asian migrants I have used individual 'mad map' drawing exercises to encourage the representation of one's condition of precarity and ways to renegotiate any perceived need for security, as a form of mental mapping method adopted and adapted from the American anti-psychiatric movement Icarus, of which I have been part of for years in California. In this context, my work finally also argues that in places like Trieste it is alternative readings of 'precarity', questioning exclusivists senses of belonging and based on appreciating relational forms of insecurity between differently-precarious 'European' and 'non-European' subjects, that may make a different politics of border renegotiation possible. In particular, the production of common spaces enabling the acceptance of mutual vulnerability between such differently-precarious subjects may allow not only for the renegotiation but also for the actual questioning and un-walling of the borders of 'Europe' themselves.