Suchergebnisse

In the past decade, there has been a steady rise in left-wing violence in South Asia, confined mostly to India & Nepal. The key characteristics of this uprising are (1) it is rural/agrarian in nature; (2) there is a strong element of ideological presence; (3) it targets a certain class, the state, & its institutions; & (4) victims of this uprising are both civilians & officials (now estimated to be over 10,000). While both countries acknowledge the presence of these factors in their political process, their official definition of this conflict is ambiguous. Do these violent encounters satisfy the definition of civil war? Is it an insurgency? If indeed it is a civil war & the groups fighting the war against the state are insurgents, what constitutes their key objectives? This article seeks to place the nature & character of this conflict within a theoretical framework. It makes an ethno-political analysis of this uprising. It audits the human cost associated with this violence. &, finally, it explores the group motivational factors behind this uprising & the consequent responses of the concerned state. 3 Tables, 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

ROBERT NOZICK SEEKS TO EXTRACT A SUBSTANTIVE THEORY OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE ("THE ENTITLEMENT THEORY") FROM WHAT HE TAKES TO BE THE FORMAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RIGHTS (OR RIGHTS-BASED) THEORY. THE UNSOUNDNESS OF HIS ARGUMENTS SUPPORTS THE LONGSTANDING SUSPICION THAT ALL SUCH THEORIES ARE CONCEPTUALLY CONFUSED AND IDEOLOGICAL BIASED. YET UPON EXAMINATION, THE CLASSICAL (CHIEFLY LOCKEAN) VIEWS THAT NOZICK REGARDS AS A PROTOTYPE OF NATURAL RIGHTS THEORY WITHSTAND THAT SUSPICION PRECISELY IN SO FAR AS THEY LACK THE FORMAL PROPERTIES OF HIS OWN THEORY. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDE THAT THEORIES OF THE CLASSICAL FORM ARE BETTER EQUIPPED TO RESOLVE POLITICAL ARGUMENTS.

Freedom in the World is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The methodology of this survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories.

Freedom in the World is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The methodology of this survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories.

Among other social and political changes, post-materialist theory anticipated the need to strengthen democracy in political institutions in post-industrial societies. This change in political values would mean that in addition to growth in post-materialist values, parties would be pushed to take an alternative view of politics that would entail greater assimilation of democratic procedures. This paper partially and empirically tests the validity of this explanation in four European party systems. The Greens are the focus, since they are considered the parties that best fit the post-materialist profile. In particular, the paper aims to ascertain whether the Greens display a significantly better positioning in respect to support for democracy and the congruence of their voters than other parties, as theory leads us to believe. The explanation of higher levels of party congruence is also expected to be related to post-materialist party features. The findings of this research did not show enough evidence to validate our theoretical expectations.

A discussion of Left politics in the 2004 presidential race contends that the reason the Kerry-Bush choice has boiled down to the lesser of two evils is because of the current lack of strong social movements in the US. Although serious problems with John Kerry's record are acknowledged, he presents the only hope of defeating President George W. Bush, who represents a far worse alternative. Inadequacies of Ralph Nader's anticorporatism campaign are pointed out to suggest that Nader could help bring Bush down if he focused on Bush as the corporate tool he is rather than avoiding that critique in an effort to build a third party. The difficulties encountered in raising genuine political issues in a national campaign are examined, along with the appropriate time & method for building social movements capable of boosting future third-party candidates. It is concluded that these efforts must be delayed until after Nov, & liberal democrats must now focus on supporting John Kerry in order to prevent a "Bush suzerainty.". J. Lindroth

Abstract
This article begins to undertake a human rights analysis of the increasing number of migrants who die annually while trying to cross the borders of Europe in an irregular manner. Over the past 20 years, border policies increasingly focus on (pro-active, extraterritorial, privatized, and securitized) border management instead of on classical (reactive, territorial, and public) border control. On the basis of existing data, it seems plausible to assume that the increasing migrant mortality is an unintended side-effect of this shift from control to management. The article argues that it is possible to collect data, which are more reliable than those presently available, and presents data from a pilot project carried out on Sicily in November 2011. Presuming better data can be collected; two diverging human rights approaches are developed – a conventional approach holding that European states are not accountable under human rights law for these side-effects and a functional approach holding that human rights law does impose obligations on European states in this context. On all four doctrinal issues which are relevant to the problem (jurisdiction, positive obligations, standing, and collective state responsibility), these diverging approaches lead to diverging doctrinal positions. A choice between the two approaches implies not only legal but also moral, ethical, and political choices.