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Saudi Arabia, controlled by the Al Saud dynasty since 1932, holds tremendous global influence through its management of the Islamic faith's birthplace and through its vast oil deposits. Since the 1940s, close US-Saudi official relations have weathered a series of setbacks, and the US Administration has attempted to bolster US connections to Saudi officials as the kingdom embarks on a series of major internal and foreign policy initiatives. Successive U.S. administrations have referred to the Saudi regime as an important partner, and the United States has maintained political-economic-military ties with the country while subjecting it to legislative supervision and facing some congressional resistance. As part of its ongoing commitment to ensuring the internal and external security of the kingdom, the United States continues to press on the implementation of significant reform programs. Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, has maintained close ties with the United States. The U.S.-Saudi partnership is one of America's most important, longstanding, and complex bilateral links in the Middle East. It has been tested by several challenges, including oil policies, the Arab Israeli conflict, and hostility with Iraq. Especially following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America, in which many of those involved were Saudi dissidents, both sides have questioned and reevaluated the link. This article offers a history of the U.S.-Saudi connection Political- Economic-Military and explores its nature, difficulties, and limits.

In a consideration of the economic problems that confront agriculture there is much wisdom in a return to the classical tradition of treating these problems within the context of the political economy. In our division of labour in professional effort we have departed from this tradition; and our work has been weakened as a consequence. The Older Economists were deeply concerned about agriculture. They did not, however, make the mistake of treating agriculture in isolation, as if it belonged in another category to be studied, one might be led to suppose, by a different set of analytical models and presumably, largely by surveys and statistics. Such procedures certainly are not in keeping with what the Older Economists did as they put together an engine for economic analysis and laid down a roadbed for policy. On the contrary, their major premises and the basic policies that emerged were heavily weighted with agricultural affairs. This is evident when we consider the attention they gave to the production of food, the distribution of rewards to factors, particularly to rent and land. Whether our analysis pertains to labour, finance, trade, agriculture, or any other problem sphere, we will do well to formulate our approach in terms of the economy as a whole. We need especially to view agriculture as an integral part of the political economy and not as a series of particular farm problems treated as if they were self-contained.

This article is structured into five main parts. It begins with a brief description of the new relationship established between China and Latin America, which is an important source of natural resources for the Chinese economy. Then it describes the Chinese economic transformation in recent decades and its relation to energy consumption. Next, it discusses recent developments in the production and consumption of energy worldwide and the entry of China as a major player. In the fourth section, it analyzes the rise of China in the global energy market. Finally, it analyzes the relationship between economic growth and Chinese energy production and consumption in the medium and long term.

Repeated crises reveal the shortcomings not only of methods of business management and economic policy, but also the non-compliance of economic theory with the real processes that take place in the world economy, and the requirements of the growth of general pros-perity.
The essay deals with reflections concerning the causes of the weaknesses of economic sciences and new directions of their development.

Data is an important business resource. It forms the basis for various digital technologies such as artificial intelligence or smart services. However, access to data is unequally distributed in the market. Hence, some business ideas fail due to a lack of data sources. Although many governments have recognised the importance of open data and already make administrative data available to the public on a large scale, many companies are still reluctant to share their data among other firms and competitors. As a result, the economic potential of data is far from being fully exploited. Against this background, we analyse current developments in the area of open data. We compare the characteristics of open governmental and open company data in order to define the necessary framework conditions for data sharing. Subsequently, we examine the status quo of data sharing among firms. We use a qualitative analysis of survey data of European companies to derive the sufficient conditions to strengthen data sharing. Our analysis shows that government data is a public good, while company data can be seen as a club or private good. Latter frequently build the core for companies' business models and hence are less suitable for data sharing. Finally, we find that promoting legal certainty and the economic impact present important policy steps for fostering data sharing.

Critiques the current Canadian approach toward foreign policy as smug, complacent, & self-deluded concerning Canadian values, virtues, & morals. The author questions whether Canadian cultural, intellectual, & academic activities & accomplishments should be placed on public display abroad; whether foreign policies should be based on the idea that Canadian values & culture would benefit all people & cultures; & whether their foreign efforts should propagate & proselytize their putative values. The author concludes that Canadians should recognize that their economic success & multicultural development is due as much to their geography & resources as to the quality of their souls. L. A. Hoffman

1. The British eastern exchange banks : an outline of the main factors affecting their business up to 1914 / J. Leighton Boyce -- 2. British shipping companies and East and South-East Asia, 1860-1939 / Francis E. Hyde -- 3. Some comments on population growth in South-East Asia with special reference to the period since 1830 / Charles A. Fisher -- 4. Indonesian export and production from the decline of the culture system to the First World War / J.A.M. Caldwell -- 5. Thailand's rice trade and the allocation of resources / James C. Ingram -- 6. Western enterprise and the development of the Malayan tin industry to 1914 / Wong Lin Ken -- 7. Chinese estate workers' strikes in Malaya in March 1937 / J. Norman Parmer -- 8. Immigration and permanent settlement of Chinese and Indians in Malaya : and the future growth of the Malay and Chinese communities / T.E. Smith.