Suchergebnisse

En tant qu'association faîtière et professionnelle, Formation des parents CH a pour objectif de promouvoir les compétences éducatives des parents. Les mères et les pères ont à leur disposition des offres de formation des parents qui complètent les services de consultation pour parents, et constituent un domaine propre de la formation des adultes. La formation des parents comprend des offres de cours formels, institutionnalisés, et de rencontres en groupes (formation non formelle), ainsi que des offres basées sur l'information, par exemples des guides, des podcasts, ou des contributions vidéo (formation informelle). L'un des principaux défis de la formation des parents est d'atteindre les parents (c'est-à-dire les mères et les pères) d'origines sociales et culturelles variées. Pour y parvenir, il faut des paramètres de formation des parents flexibles, qui s'orientent sur les besoins et les intérêts des parents. C'est pourquoi la Haute école spécialisée bernoise (HESB) a réalisé, sur mandat de l'association faîtière et professionnelle Formation des parents CH, une étude d'innovation afin d'évaluer, de manière exploratoire et participative, les besoins futures des offres de formation des parents. L'accent est mis sur les mères et les pères qui participent rarement, ou jamais, à des offres de formation des parents institutionnalisées (ce qui représente la majorité des parents). Comme l'implication des futurs parents dans les offres à venir de formation de parents est particulièrement important, ils sont également pris en compte. L'objectif principal de l'étude est de créer les bases pour l'innovation en matière de formation des parents. En outre, les résultats de l'étude apportent des pistes de réflexion pour le développement ultérieur des offres de formation des parents en Suisse. La structure familiale actuelle, l'évolution de la situation professionnelle et financière des familles, ainsi que leurs prévisions, ont été analysées à travers une recherche documentaire systématique. Ensuite, les représentations, les besoins et les attentes des parents des trois régions de Suisse ont été explorés de manière participative par le biais d'ateliers et d'un programme de rencontres innovantes entre parents. Sur la base de l'analyse bibliographique, et des ateliers et réunions avec les parents, des recommandations ont été formulées, puis soumises à l'avis d'une experte et de trois experts. Les retours ont enfin permis d'affiner ces recommandations. Ces dernières portent sur les huit thèmes suivants : 1) Améliorer la publicité par les multiplicateurs*ices et la visibilité des plateformes d'information et offres de formation des parents existantes 2) Favoriser le recours aux profesionnels proches dans la vie quotidienne 3) Développer les offres de formation des parents au format numérique 4) Formation et implication de pairs éducateurs*ices 5) Expérimenter à plus grande échelle des rencontres innovantes entre parents (offre de pair à pair) 6) Poursuivre les efforts ciblés pour mieux atteindre les pères avec les offres de formation des parents 7) Thématiser le rôle et la contribution des parents pour la société, et déstigmatiser l'utilisation des offres de formation des parents 8) Améliorer la mise en réseau des offres pour les familles D'une manière générale, il est frappant de constater que le thème de la formation des parents est relativement peu reconnu par la société, et n'a qu'un faible écho, malgré les multiples défis auxquels les familles doivent actuellement faire face. Il est donc d'autant plus souhaitable que les résultats et les recommandations servent de base à la discussion et au développement des offres de formation des parents. En outre, le soutien de la société civile, de la politique et d'autres groupes d'intérêt joue un rôle central pour une formation des parents durable.

Throughout this thesis, past research will be outlined regarding the relationship between PTSD and IPV among war veterans. This research will display why people with PTSD from war are more likely to perpetrate intimate partner violence than are civilians. Then, I will present more evidence as to why veterans post-9/11 veterans may be more likely to perpetrate intimate partner violence than pre-9/11 veterans. Post-9/11 veterans are less likely to get help for their mental health problems, leading them to face a host of life difficulties including disconnectedness from family and friends, unemployment, and substance abuse problems, all of which are also precursors to the perpetration of intimate partner violence. Research also indicates that the general public was more engaged with current events and news pertaining to wars and other government issues in the pre-9/11 era. In turn, this helped veterans receive more respect for serving our country than they do today; and more directly relevant to the topic of this thesis, provided for the recognition that veterans may need assistance in a variety of domains to successfully readjust to civilian life after returning home. Today, people pay less attention to what is going on with war largely because the country has been at war for so long. In turn, this can result in a lack of awareness about the problems post-9/11 veterans are likely to face and a corresponding lack of service availability for their various needs. In order to rectify some of these issues, I will first use prior research to assess what programs currently exist to address the issues of PTSD and IPV among war veterans, and whether these programs address those needs that are either specific to or may be more common among post-9/11 veterans. Using various government resources and reports, including the Veterans Affair's website, I will then assess average wait times for the provision of mental health services for veterans, under the acknowledgement that service availability may be an issue among certain populations and in certain geographic areas. I will conclude this section of my thesis by suggesting what specific program aspects are best incorporated into treatments and therapies for PTSD and IPV among war veterans to help reduce the frequency of these problems, as well as suggest ways to increase service availability among those demographic populations or geographic areas that may be suffering the most. While ensuring that effective treatment programs are utilized and that such programs are readily available for those who wish to access them is a necessary first step in combatting IPV perpetration among war veterans, a second step is helping to ensure that veterans who need such services are willing to seek them. As such, another way intimate partner violence rates could be reduced among war veterans is if the sense of hypermasculinity in society today is reduced. This could lessen rates of IPV because not only is hypermasculinity in itself a consistent predictor of men perpetrating violence against their female partners, but male war veterans may also not feel weak for seeking help for mental disorders if help-seeking is no longer perceived as an unmanly behavior. To this end, I will also conclude my thesis by assessing what programs, if any, currently exist in the military or in society more broadly (i.e., school systems, workplaces, etc.) to reduce hypermasculine ideologies and behaviors; what particular aspects of these programs are found to be most effective; and suggest ways that such programs might become more widespread throughout society in the future.

Compound weather and climate events are combinations of climate drivers and/or hazards that contribute to societal or environmental risk. Studying compound events often requires a multidisciplinary approach combining domain knowledge of the underlying processes with, for example, statistical methods and climate model outputs. Recently, to aid the development of research on compound events, four compound event types were introduced, namely (a) preconditioned, (b) multivariate, (c) temporally compounding, and (d) spatially compounding events. However, guidelines on how to study these types of events are still lacking. Here, we consider four case studies, each associated with a specific event type and a research question, to illustrate how the key elements of compound events (e.g., analytical tools and relevant physical effects) can be identified. These case studies show that (a) impacts on crops from hot and dry summers can be exacerbated by preconditioning effects of dry and bright springs. (b) Assessing compound coastal flooding in Perth (Australia) requires considering the dynamics of a non‐stationary multivariate process. For instance, future mean sea‐level rise will lead to the emergence of concurrent coastal and fluvial extremes, enhancing compound flooding risk. (c) In Portugal, deep‐landslides are often caused by temporal clusters of moderate precipitation events. Finally, (d) crop yield failures in France and Germany are strongly correlated, threatening European food security through spatially compounding effects. These analyses allow for identifying general recommendations for studying compound events. Overall, our insights can serve as a blueprint for compound event analysis across disciplines and sectors. ; Plain Language Summary: Many societal and environmental impacts from events such as droughts and storms arise from a combination of weather and climate factors referred to as a compound event. Considering the complex nature of these high‐impact events is crucial for an accurate assessment of climate‐related risk, for example to develop adaptation and emergency preparedness strategies. However, compound event research has emerged only recently, therefore our ability to analyze these events is still limited. In practice, studying compound events is a challenging task, which often requires interaction between experts across multiple disciplines. Recently, compound events were divided into four types to aid the framing of research on this topic, but guidelines on how to study these four types are missing. Here, we take a pragmatic approach and—focusing on case studies of different compound event types—illustrate how to address specific research questions that could be of interest to users. The results allow identifying recommendations for compound event analyses. Furthermore, through the case studies, we highlight the relevance that compounding effects have for the occurrence of landslides, flooding, vegetation impacts, and crop failures. The guidelines emerged from this work will assist the development of compound event analysis across disciplines and sectors. ; Key Points: Using case studies representative of four main compound event types we show how compound event‐related research questions can be tackled. We present user‐friendly guidelines for compound event analysis applicable to different compound event types. We demonstrate that compound events cause vegetation impacts, coastal flooding, landslides, and continental‐scale crop yield failures. ; European COST action DAMOCLES ; NERC ; Swiss National Science Foundation ; Helmholtz Initiative and Networking Fund ; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ; Scientific Employment Stimulus 2017 ; Italian Ministry of University and Research ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme ; AXA Research Fund for support ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology

The research of this article is devoted to the study of borrowings in modern French discourse. The issue of borrowing elements from other language systems in the target language attracts the attention of modern linguists, because it helps to analyze the features and causes of language contacts. Connection with Latin, Greek, Italian, and German enriched the French vocabulary and gave rise to the term «borrowing».But today, linguists are not unanimous in defining borrowing. There are several interpretations and classifications of borrowings developed by scientists around the world. Borrowing is a broad and voluminous concept, so the author tried to clarify this concept from different points of view.Borrowing, as a linguistic phenomenon, illuminates the changes in society. Due to a number of social, political and economic factors, the English language has led to the penetration of its elements into the French vocabulary. Anglicism, as a type of borrowings, are the result of the political and technological dominance of the United States in the world. To keep up with the times and adapt to technical innovations, French borrows terms for naming the latest gadgets designed and released in the United States.There are enough arabisms in the modern French discourse. The entry of borrowings from Arabic into the lexical composition of French indicates the phenomenon of immigration from the former French colonies to the French mainland. Arabisms are used by immigrants to improve their social status, to preserve traditions and religion in everyday life. Native French people use arabisms to encode their messages, because they have a drastic difference from the French graphic and phonetic forms.Despite the conservative tendencies of the French government, borrowings change the French vocabulary, adapting this language to the needs of progress. You may face with borrowings in articles, newspapers and magazines, television programs, books by modern writers, on bright posters etc.The study of borrowings indicates their permanent status in French, although the vast majority of them replicate existing linguistic units. This fact raises the issues of their excessive nature and dangerous threat to the French vocabulary. ; L'investigation de cet article est consacrée à l'étude des emprunts dans le discours moderne. La question des emprunts dans la langue des éléments d'autres systèmes linguistiques attire l'attention des linguistes modernes pour analyser les particularités et les causes des contacts linguistiques. En raison d'un certain nombre de facteurs sociaux, politiques et économiques, certaines langues ont conditionné la pénétration de leurs éléments dans la langue française.L'emprunt , en tant que phénomène linguistique, signale des changements dans la société.Les anglicismes, comme un des types des emprunts, sont le résultat de la domination politique et technologique des États-Unis dans le monde. Pour suivre le rythme et pour s'adapter à l'innovation technique, le français emprunte des termes pour nommer les derniers gadgets qui sont produits aux États-Unis. L'apparition des arabismes dans la composition lexicale de la langue française, indique le phénomène de l'immigration des anciennes colonies françaises vers la partie continentale de la France. Les arabismes sont utilisés par les immigrants pour améliorer leur statut social, pour préserver les traditions et la religion. Les Français autochtones utilisent les arabismes pour coder leurs messages, car ils ont des différences graphiques et phonétiques cardinales de la langue française. Les emprunts pénétrant dans la langue par plusieurs voies (commerce, publicite, cinema, technologies etc). L'abondance des emprunts prévoit une nécessité de leur classification pour que les linguistes puissent s'orienter dans le flot d'emprunts.L'apparition de nouveaux inventions dans toutes les domaines de la vie mène à l'apparition de nouveaux mots dans la langue. Les mots passent un long chemin à travers plusieurs langues. L'assimilation des emprunts devient facile là où ces mots sont convénables pour cette langue.

El enfoque Una Salud requiere de una estrecha relación entre los profesionales veterinarios con otros actores y factores del medio donde desarrollan sus actividades. Este trabajo aborda los aspectos que deberían considerarse al incluir los dominios de competencias del enfoque Una salud en el contexto de la formación veterinaria. Se tratan rasgos de los diseños curriculares y analizan posturas en torno a la formación basada en competencias, para proponer la opción del modelo sistémico complejo. Para que los veterinarios logren incrementar su desempeño efectivo e impactar positivamente en sus territorios laborales, es necesario fortalecer su pensamiento sistémico sobre la interdependencia de la salud humana, animal y ambiental, así como su capacidad de moverse en diferentes entornos sociales, políticos, legales y culturales. Los profesionales de la medicina veterinaria deben ser competentes para diseñar, gestionar y evaluar las interacciones entre los seres humanos, los animales y su medio y conformar equipos multidisciplinarios. Las estrategias educativas para mejorar la comprensión de los estudiantes de los determinantes sociológicos y ecológicos de la salud, así como sus responsabilidades profesionales, no deberían ser un agregado a planes de estudio por demás disciplinares y fragmentados ; The One health approach requires a close relationship between veterinary professionals and other actors and factors in the environment where they carry out their activities. This paper addresses the aspects that should be considered when including the domains of the One Health approach competencies in the context of a veterinary study program. Features of the curricular designs are discussed and positions on competency-based training are analyzed in order to propose the option of the complex-systemic model. In order for veterinarians to be able to enhance their effective performance and positively impact on their working environments, it is necessary to strengthen their systemic thinking about the interdependence of human, animal and environmental health, as well as their ability to move in different social, political, legal and cultural environments. Veterinary medicine professionals must be competent to design, manage and evaluate interactions between humans, animals and their environment and to be part of multidisciplinary teams. Educational strategies to enhance students' understanding of the sociological and ecological determinants of health, as well as their professional responsibilities, should not be an add-on to too fragmented and disciplinary curricula. ; A abordagem One Health requer uma relação estreita entre os profissionais veterinários com outros atores e fatores do ambiente onde desenvolvem suas atividades. Este artigo aborda os aspectos que devem ser considerados ao incluir os domínios de competência da abordagem Uma Saúde no contexto do treinamento veterinário. Discutem-se características dos desenhos curriculares e analisam-se posicionamentos em torno da formação por competências, a fim de propor a opção do modelo sistêmico complexo. Para que o veterinário possa aumentar seu desempenho efetivo e impactar positivamente seus territórios de trabalho, é necessário fortalecer seu pensamento sistêmico sobre a interdependência da saúde humana, animal e ambiental, bem como sua capacidade de se movimentar em diferentes esferas sociais, políticas, jurídicas e cultural Os profissionais da medicina veterinária devem ser competentes para projetar, gerenciar e avaliar as interações entre humanos, animais e seu ambiente e formar equipes multidisciplinares. Estratégias educacionais para melhorar a compreensão dos alunos sobre os determinantes sociológicos e ecológicos da saúde, bem como suas responsabilidades profissionais, não devem ser adicionadas a currículos que de outra forma seriam disciplinares e fragmentados.

La cultura se ha utilizado como estrategia de regeneración urbana por su permeabilidad hacia otras áreas del desarrollo. Desde hace más de 30 años, el centro de Monterrey ha experimentado deterioro, pérdida de población y abandono, con lo que la estrategia del sector público ha sido realizar proyectos de regeneración urbana con fuerte implicación cultural. A pesar de la magnitud y la inversión de los proyectos, no se han logrado los objetivos esperados. En cambio, a partir del año 2013 surgen proyectos desde iniciativas bottom-up que están transformando positivamente el lugar. Se analizan los proyectos de regeneración urbana implementados en el centro mediante entrevistas a actores clave. Entre los principales resultados, destacan las iniciativas bottom-up como procesos de regeneración cultural capaces de transformar el territorio y el tejido social. La falta de diálogo entre actores es uno de los principales obstáculos para producir transformaciones más contundentes en el contexto sociourbano. ; La cultura s'ha utilitzat com a estratègia de regeneració urbana per la seva permeabilitat cap a altres àrees del desenvolupament. Des de fa més de 30 anys, el centre de Monterrey ha experimentat deteriorament, pèrdua de població i abandonament, de manera que l'estratègia del sector públic ha estat realitzar projectes de regeneració urbana amb forta implicació cultural. Tot i la magnitud i la inversió dels projectes, no s'han aconseguit els objectius esperats. En canvi, a partir de l'any 2013 sorgeixen projectes des d'iniciatives bottom-up que estan transformant positivament el lloc. S'analitzen els projectes de regeneració urbana mitjançant entrevistes a actors clau. Entre els principals resultats, destaquen les iniciatives bottom-up com a processos de regeneració cultural capaços de transformar el territori i el teixit social. La falta de diàleg entre actors és un dels principals obstacles per produir transformacions més contundents en el context sociourbà. ; La culture a été utilisée comme stratégie de régénération urbaine en raison de sa perméabilité à d'autres domaines de développement. Pendant plus de 30 ans, le centre de Monterrey a connu une détérioration, une perte de population et un abandon, alors que le secteur public avait pour stratégie de mener à bien des projets de revitalisation urbaine à forte implication culturelle. Malgré l'ampleur et l'investissement des projets, ceux-ci n'ont pas atteint les objectifs escomptés. D'autre part, depuis 2013, les projets sont issus d'initiatives ascendantes qui transforment positivement le lieu. Les projets de régénération sont analysés à travers des entretiens avec des acteurs clés. Parmi les principaux résultats, citons les initiatives ascendantes en tant que processus de régénération culturelle capables de transformer le territoire et le tissu social. L'absence de dialogue entre les acteurs est l'un des principaux obstacles à une transformation plus forte du contexte socio-urbain. ; Culture has been used as an urban regeneration strategy due to its permeability to other areas of development. For more than 30 years, the center of Monterrey, Mexico, has experienced deterioration, population loss and abandonment, where the strategy of the public sector has been to carry out urban regeneration projects with strong cultural involvement. Despite the magnitude and investment of these projects, they have not achieved the expected objectives. Since 2013, however, projects have emerged from bottom-up initiatives that are positively transforming the place. Through interviews with key actors, this paper analyzes urban regeneration projects implemented in the center of Monterrey. Among the main results, cultural regeneration processes based on bottom-up initiatives are revealed to be capable of transforming the territory and the social fabric. However, the lack of dialogue between actors is one of the main obstacles to produce more forceful transformations in the socio-urban context.

Group III-Nitride semiconductors: indium nitride (InN), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) and their alloys continue to attract significant scientific interest due to their unique properties and diverse applications in photonic and electronic applications. Group-III nitrides have direct bandgaps which cover the entire spectral range from the infrared (InN) to the ultraviolet (GaN) and to the deep ultraviolet (AlN). This makes III-nitride materials suitable for high-efficient and energy-saving optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs). The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 was awarded for the invention of efficient GaN blue LEDs, which further accelerated the research in the field of group III-nitride materials. GaN and related alloys are also suitable for high-temperature, high-power and high-frequency electronic devices with performance that cannot be delivered by other semiconductor technologies such as silicon (Si) and gallium arsenide (GaAs). For example, GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been widely adopted for radio frequency (RF) communication and power amplifiers, high-voltage power switches in radars, satellites, and wireless base stations for 5G. Recently, nitrogen (N)-polar group-III nitrides have drawn much attention due to their advantages over their metal-polar counterparts in e.g. HEMTs. These include feasibility to fabricate ohmic contacts with low resistance, an enhanced carrier confinement with a natural back barrier, and improved device scalability. Despite intensive research, the growth of micrometer-thick high-quality N-polar GaN based materials remains challenging. One of the major problems to develop device-quality N-polar nitrides is the high surface roughness, which results from the formation of hexagonal hillocks or step-bunching. Another significant hurdle is the unintentional polarity inversion, which reduces the crystalline quality and prohibits device fabrication. This licentiate thesis focuses on the development of N-polar AlN and GaN heterostructures on SiC substrates for HEMT RF applications. The overall aim is to exploit the advantages of the hot-wall MOCVD concept to grow high-quality N-polar HEMT structures for higher operational frequencies and improved device performance. In order to achieve this goal, special effort is dedicated to understanding the effects of growth conditions and substrate orientation on the structural properties and polarity of AlN, GaN and AlGaN grown by hot-wall MOCVD. N-polar AlN nucleation layers (NLs) with layer by layer growth mode and step-flow growth mode can be achieved on on-axis and 4_ offaxis SiC (000¯1), respectively, by carefully controlling V/III ratio and growth temperature. Utilizing scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) we have established a comprehensive picture of the atomic arrangements, local polarity and polarity evolution in AlN, GaN/AlN and AlGaN/GaN/AlN in the cases of low-temperature and high-temperature AlN NLs both for on-axis and off-axis substrates. We have shown that typically employed methods for polarity determination using potassium hydroxide wet etching could not provide conclusive results in the case of mixed-polar AlN as Al-polar domains may be easily over-etched and remain undetected. Atomic scale electron microscopy is therefore needed to accurately determine the polarity. We further have developed growth strategy and have optimized the epitaxial process for N-polar GaN, and have demonstrated high quality N-polar AlGaN/GaN/AlN heterostructures. ; Additional funding agencies: Chalmers University of technology; ABB; Ericsson; Epiluvac; FMV; Gotmic; Saab; SweGaN; UMS; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research under Grants No. FL12-0181, No. RIF14-055, and No. EM16-0024; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University, Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU No.2009- 00971.

Recent research on the discursive and rhetorical forms of Mayan hieroglyphic texts has demonstrated how language and writing were used to frame, not just represent, Pre-Columbian Mayan history. Research on the role of metaphor in this framing has only just begun, and despite the well-known multimodal character of Mayan hieroglyphic texts, research on the role of metaphors in pictorial images has been even more limited. Previous research has not fully documented metaphor variation, particularly as it materializes across different modalities, media, places, and times. Doing so will allow for more subtle and elaborate interpretations of metaphor use and meaning in these texts, particularly its role in historical and political framing. This study adopts a conceptual definition of metaphor, which views metaphor as the use of one semantic domain to provide semantic structure to another. This definition can explain continuities of meaning across different modalities, media, times, and places. This contrasts with other approaches that limit metaphor to set rhetorical forms and thus cannot capture how metaphor might vary across usages. A mixed-methods approach is used that integrates corpus linguistics to account for variation through statistical analysis, and discourse analysis to account for continuity of use through examination of the communicative context. This study examines the political metaphor RULERS ARE TREES, which uses well-known plant symbolism to describe and depict pre-Columbian Mayan elites. It documents (1) the forms this metaphor takes when materialized in the different modalities of writing and pictorial images, (2) how these modalities affect the semantic structure of the metaphor, (3) how this single metaphor materialized across the different media of monumental architecture, portable objects, and codices, across different places or polities, and times by different historical actors, and (4) how this variation and its socio-political and historical context of use ultimately led the metaphor to change. This study focuses on variation from the Early (250 -599 A.D.) to Late Classic (600- 900/1100 A.D.) periods. This study demonstrates that metaphor materializes distinctly in the two modalities examined. In writing, the metaphor uses distinct grammatical forms, in line with other corpus research on grammar and metaphor. Particularly, the metaphor uses the abstractive suffix and noun incorporation. In pictorial images, the metaphor materializes through the superimposition or fusion of Mayan rulers' body parts and parts of trees. In writing, the metaphor's semantic structure is not fully elaborated, but in pictorial images its semantic structure must be elaborated because it is a compositional modality, showing precisely how a ruler was similar to a tree. This study also shows that variation of the metaphor was encouraged by changing political climates at the end of the Late Classic period that saw an increase in political competition. This partially manifested in a proliferation of hieroglyphic texts wherein elites reinterpreted circulating political discourse in novel ways. Elites from the polity of Palenque, in Chiapas, Mexico, created novel uses of the metaphor in writing by reinterpreting nonmetaphorical language in light of pictorial instances of the metaphor on vases, and transferred the metaphor to a different media, monumental architecture. Variation of the metaphor was part of co-occurrent linguistic change where distinct social dialects were emerging. These processes led to a metaphor shift in which a particular lexical item was semantically extended to have a new metaphorical sense. These results have significance for understanding the role of the materiality of metaphor in the construction of metaphorical meaning, something that has been underexamined due to the universalizing tendency of conceptual approaches that do not fully document metaphor variation. As a result, this study challenges some tenets of conceptual approaches and develops a more robust method for understanding metaphor variation, from a diachronic perspective. These results also highlight the importance of metaphor in understanding linguistic change in Mayan languages.

Chinese Buddhism entered a "revival" era since the 1980s, an era that brings changes to religious life, distanciating itself from the past in a modernization attempt, while maintaining a deep connection to tradition. Pushou temple (普寿寺), which opened in 1991 on mount Wutai (五台山) in China, is caught in the middle of these metamorphosis processes. This model temple, the largest institution for Buddhist nuns in mainland China, also hosts an Institute for Buddhist studies (中国五台山尼众佛学院). It chose to specialize in areas such as monastic discipline, education, and philanthropy, and in doing so launched the "Three-Plus-One" project ("三加一" 僧伽教育工程) in 2006 in cooperation with Dacheng temple (大乘寺), the Bodhi Love Association (菩提爱心协会), and the Qingtai retirement home (清泰安养园). According to Rurui (如瑞, 1957- ), the abbess of Pushou temple, the head of the Institute for Buddhist studies, and at the origin of the project, these three aspects are essential to monasticism : cultivation is at the base of saṅgha education, education is an insurance on the future, and philanthropy a "skilful means". Making these features coexist can be seen as a strategy devised by Pushou temple to "produce" Buddhism according to the expectations of the monastic and lay communities, society, and the state. From an ethnographic perspective, this research examines how this particular temple participates in China's religious and social life, and how contemporary Buddhism is redefined within this temple. This research aims at better understanding the movements of institutional Buddhism in the context of contemporary mainland China. ; Le bouddhisme chinois est entré depuis les années 1980 dans une période de « renouveau » entraînant des mutations de la vie religieuse, entre distanciation d'avec le passé dans un souci de modernisation, et réaffirmation du rapport à la tradition. Le temple Pushou (普寿寺), ouvert en 1991 sur le mont Wutai (五台山) en Chine, est à la croisée de ces processus de métamorphose. Ce temple modèle, la plus large institution pour les nonnes bouddhistes en Chine continentale, et hébergeant également un Institut d'études bouddhistes (中国五台山尼众佛学院), a choisi de se développer dans des domaines comme la discipline monastique, l'éducation, et la philanthropie. Pour couvrir ces différents aspects, il a d'ailleurs créé le projet « Trois-Plus-Un » ("三加一" 僧伽教育工程) en 2006, combinant les efforts de plusieurs institutions, les temples Pushou et Dacheng (大乘寺), l'association caritative Bodhi (菩提爱心协会), et la maison de retraite Qingtai (清泰安养园). Selon Rurui (如瑞, 1957- ), abbesse du temple Pushou, directrice de l'Institut, et instigatrice du projet, ces trois aspects sont indispensables au monachisme : l'élévation spirituelle est à la base de l'éducation du saṅgha, l'éducation est une assurance sur le futur, et la philanthropie un « moyen expédient ». On peut d'ailleurs voir dans leur coexistence une stratégie adoptée par le temple Pushou dans sa manière de « produire » le bouddhisme, en fonction des attentes de la communauté monastique et laïque, de la société séculière, et des instances politiques. À partir d'un travail ethnographique, cette recherche entend alors rendre compte de la façon dont le temple s'inscrit dans la vie religieuse et sociale en Chine, et de la façon dont ces éléments propres au bouddhisme contemporain se recomposent en son sein, participant ainsi à l'étude des mouvements du bouddhisme institutionnel contemporain en Chine continentale.

In Brazil, the growing political polarization that culminated in the election of Jair Bolsonaro in 2018 consolidated a shift in educational policy that had already been pointed out in previous years, as demonstrated by the Nonpartisan school movement performance. In this article, we analyze the curriculum of human and social sciences in secondary education in Brazil from the Brazilian Learning Standards, and how that document reflects the rise of these conservative movements. On the one hand, it was observed that important categories for the social sciences, such as gender, were removed, thus removing the centrality of categories such as racism and social inequalities; on the other hand, there is a strong dispute over the meanings of other concepts, such as human rights. Both actions converge to fine-tune the human and social sciences curriculum with the guidelines of conservative movements in the educational field. ; Al Brasil, la creixent polarització política que va culminar amb l'elecció de Jair Bolsonaro el 2018 va consolidar un gir en la política educativa que ja havia estat assenyalat en anys anteriors, com ho demostra l'acompliment del moviment Escola sense Partit. En aquest article, s'analitza el currículum de les ciències humanes i socials en l'educació secundària al Brasil des de la Base Nacional Comú curricular, i com aquest document reflecteix el sorgiment d'aquests moviments conservadors. Es va observar que, d'una banda, han estat retirades categories importants per a les ciències socials, com el gènere, i també ha estat retirada la centralitat de categories com el racisme i les desigualtats socials; d'altra banda, hi ha una forta disputa sobre els significats d'altres conceptes, com els drets humans. Totes dues accions convergeixen en un intent d'afinar el currículum de les ciències humanes i socials amb les directrius dels moviments conservadors en el camp educatiu. ; En Brasil, la creciente polarización política que culminó con la elección de Jair Bolsonaro en 2018 consolidó un giro en la política educativa que ya había sido señalado en años anteriores, como lo demuestra el desempeño del movimiento Escuela sin Partido. En este artículo, se analiza el currículum de las ciencias humanas y sociales en la educación secundaria en Brasil desde la Base Nacional Común Curricular, y cómo este documento refleja el surgimiento de estos movimientos conservadores. Se observó que, por un lado, han sido retiradas categorías importantes para las ciencias sociales, como el género, y también ha sido retirada la centralidad de categorías como el racismo y las desigualdades sociales; por otro lado, existe una fuerte disputa sobre los significados de otros conceptos, como los derechos humanos. Ambas acciones convergen en un intento de afinar el currículum de las ciencias humanas y sociales con los lineamientos de los movimientos conservadores en el campo educativo. ; Au Brésil, la polarisation politique croissante qui a culminé avec l'élection de Jair Bolsonaro en 2018 a consolidé un changement de politique éducative déjà signalé les années précédentes, comme en témoigne la performance du mouvement École sans Parti. Dans cet article, le curriculum des sciences humaines et sociales dans l'enseignement secondaire au Brésil est analysé à partir de la Base nationale commune du curriculum, et comment ce document reflète la montée de ces mouvements conservateurs. On a fait observer que, d'une part, des catégories importantes pour les sciences sociales avaient été supprimées, telles que le genre, supprimant ainsi le caractère central de catégories telles que le racisme et les inégalités sociales; d'autre part, il y a un fort différend sur la resignification d'autres concepts, tels que les droits humains. Les deux actions convergent dans une tentative d'ajuster le programme des sciences humaines et sociales avec les lignes directrices des mouvements conservateurs dans le domaine de l'éducation.

This paper proposes a theoretical reflection on the challenges that food regulation presents, from an analysis of the recent national Plan "AccionAR"(Dec. 894/2020) in relation to food public policy implementation in Argentina. The Argentinean Food Program against Hunger (Res. Min. de Desarrollo Social 8/2020) is the node point of these programs. This normative potentiality, but also some of its limitations in future implementation, are pointed out. As analysis guide, three concepts are retrieved from the document of Plan AccionAR: "interministerial and intersectoral work methodology", "integral territorial approach", and "citizenship building focus". The meaning and scope of these expressions are analyzed, interpreting them from different study areas. Some contributions of administrative law studies are combined with notions of critical geography, gender studies and the care work problem ; Este trabajo propone una reflexión teórica sobre los desafíos que presenta la regulación de la cuestión alimentaria a partir del análisis del reciente Plan Nacional "AccionAR" (Dec. 894/2020) en relación con la implementación de los programas de política pública alimentaria en Argentina. El Plan Argentina contra el Hambre (Res. Min. de Desarrollo Social 8/2020) es el punto nodal de estos programas. Se procura señalar las potencialidades que presenta esta normativa, pero también algunas de sus limitaciones en vistas a su futura implementación. Como guías del análisis, se recuperan tres conceptos del documento que contiene el Plan AccionAR: "metodología de trabajo interministerial e intersectorial", "abordaje territorial integral" y "enfoque de construcción de ciudadanía". Se analiza el significado y alcance de estas expresiones, interpretándolos desde diversas áreas de estudios. Se combinan algunos aportes de la doctrina administrativista con nociones de la geografía crítica, la perspectiva de género y la problemática de la cuestión del cuidado. ; Cet article propose une réflexion théorique sur les défis posés par la régulation de la question alimentaire basée sur l'analyse du récent Plan National «AccionAR» (déc. 894/2020) en relation avec la mise en œuvre des programmes de politique alimentaire publique en Argentine. Le Plan Argentine contre la Faim (Rés. Min. De Développement Social 8/2020) est le point nodal de ces programmes. On tente de souligner le potentiel de ce règlement, mais aussi certaines de ses limites en vue de sa mise en œuvre future. Pour guider l'analyse, trois concepts sont récupérés du document qui contient le Plan AccionAR : « méthodologie de travail interministérielle et intersectorielle », « approche territoriale globale » et « approche de construction citoyenne. La signification et la portée de ces expressions sont analysées, en les interprétant à partir de différents domaines d'étude. Certains apports de la doctrine administrative se conjuguent à des notions de géographie critique, de perspective de genre et de problématique de la question des soins. ; Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão teórica sobre os desafios que apresenta a regulação da questão alimentar, a partir da análise do recente Plano nacional "AccionAR" (Dec. 894/2020) em relação a implementação dos programas de política pública alimentar na Argentina. O Programa Argentina contra a Fome (Res. Min. de Desarrollo Social 8/2020) é o ponto nodal desse programas. Procura-se salientar as potencialidades que apresenta esta normativa, mas também algumas das suas limitações em uma futura implementação. Como guias da análise, recuperam-se três conceitos do documento que contem o Plano AccionAR: "metodologia de trabalho interministerial e intersectorial", "abordagem territorial integral", e "enfoque de construção de cidadania". Se analisa o significado e alcance dessas expressões, interpretando-as desde diversas áreas de estudos. Combina-se alguns aportes da doutrina administrativista com noções da geografia critica, a perspetiva de género e a problemática da questão do cuidado.

L'exploitation forestière artisanale représente à la fois un enjeu et un défi majeurs dans l'optique d'une gestion durable et légale des forêts en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). Bien qu'elle constitue un potentiel économique important, le secteur demeure cependant dans le domaine informel et illégal, en raison notamment des lacunes juridiques. Pour tenter de le réguler, les arrêtés n°84/2016 du 29 octobre 2016 relatif à l'exploitation forestière et n°85/2016, qui institutionnalise l'Unité Forestière Artisanale (UFA), ont été édictés par le Ministère de l'Environnement. La présente étude, conduite dans la Province de Maï-Ndombe entre janvier et février 2018, décrit les perceptions des parties prenantes sur l'applicabilité de ces textes et les défis de mise en oeuvre des UFA dans cette région. Des enquêtes ont été réalisées essentiellement avec l'administration forestière, les autorités politico-administratives et les exploitants artisanaux. L'analyse qualitative des données recueillies a permis d'établir des convergences ou divergences entre les déclarations des différents acteurs. Les résultats montrent que les textes régissant le secteur du sciage artisanal sont peu connus et/ou non respectés par les acteurs sur le terrain. Les exploitants accèdent à la profession sans détenir au préalable les documents administratifs requis. La licence d'abattage est utilisée à la place du permis de coupe artisanal et le carnet ou registre d'exploitation n'est tenu pour aucune opération forestière. Les souches des arbres abattus ou les billes ne comportent aucun marquage, rendant impossible une quelconque traçabilité. En outre, les différents acteurs n'ont pas les compétences techniques, financières et matérielles adéquates pour gérer une UFA. Cette étude révèle donc que, quatre années après l'instauration des UFA, rien n'est effectif sur le terrain. La mise en oeuvre de ce dispositif demeure un défi opérationnel en RDC. Le risque d'une réglementation « coquille creuse » est grand malgré le caractère non durable de l'exploitation du bois. Un renforcement des capacités des acteurs clés apparaît indispensable pour rendre effectif ce nouveau mode de gestion des forêts. ; Artisanal logging represents both a major issue and a major challenge for sustainable and legal forest management in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Although it has significant economic potential, the sector remains informal and illegal, mainly due to legal loopholes. In an attempt to regulate it, decrees no. 84/2016 of October 29, 2016 on logging, and no. 85/2016, which institutionalizes the Artisanal Forest Unit (AFU), was issued by the Ministry of the Environment. This study, conducted in the Province of Maï-Ndombe in February 2018, describes the perceptions of stakeholders on the applicability of these texts and the challenges of implementing AFUs in this region. Surveys were conducted primarily with the forestry administration, political-administrative authorities and artisanal loggers. The qualitative analysis of the data collected made it possible to establish convergences or divergences between the statements of the various actors. The results show that the texts governing the artisanal sawmilling sector are little known and/or not respected by the actors in the field. Operators enter the profession without first having the required administrative documents. The felling license is used instead of the artisanal cutting permit, and the logbook or logging register is not kept for any forestry operation. The stumps of felled trees or logs are not marked, making traceability impossible. In addition, the various actors do not have the technical, financial and material skills required to manage an AFU. This study therefore reveals that, four years after the establishment of AFUs, nothing is effective on the ground. The implementation of this system thus remains a major operational challenge in the DRC. The risk of a "hollow shell" regulation is high despite the unsustainable nature of timber exploitation. Capacity building of key actors appears to be essential to make this new forest management method effective. ; Peer reviewed

Metaphor is a central component of human cognition and communication. While metaphors can be studied for their own sake from a linguistic perspective as a process of meaning extension at various levels (be it morphological, lexical or syntactical) or as a rhetorical device used in argumentation, metaphor studies have broadened their scope and touched upon many other scientific disciplines among the cognitive and social sciences. As a result, metaphors have become a central topic in many disciplines, including linguistics, philosophy, psychology, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, communication studies, political science, education science or translation studies. Among these disciplines, politics remains one prominent area where to find metaphors, as has been highlighted by many scholars (see among others Carver & Pikalo, 2008; Charteris-Black, 2011, 2013; Lakoff, 2002; Musolff, 2004, 2016). This can be explained by two main factors. On the one hand, most of our political concepts are metaphorical in nature (Lakoff, 2002, 2004). This means that our understanding of complex and abstract political concepts and processes relies on conceptual metaphors that 'provide ways of simplifying complexities and making abstractions accessible' (Semino, 2008:90). On the other hand, metaphors are central to the domain of politics because they have the potential to frame the debate (Lakoff, 2004) and indirectly convey hidden ideologies (Goatly, 2007). Using a particular metaphor to depict a given reality will activate a particular frame and highlight some aspects of this reality while hiding others. Through framing, 'metaphor helps construct particular aspects of reality and reproduce (or subvert) dominant schemas' (Koller, 2009: 121). This framing function of metaphors suggests that they influence or even determine the representations of a given reality in the receiver's mind. This framing function of metaphors can be associated with their persuasive role in rhetoric (see Charteris-Black, 2011). In this talk I will report on the results of two sets of studies we have been conducting as part of an interdisciplinary project on the evolution of the discourse about Belgian federalism. The first set of studies (Perrez & Reuchamps, 2015b; Reuchamps et al., 2018) tackle the framing effect of metaphors and aim at understanding under which conditions metaphors might influence citizens' representations and preferences about Belgian federalism. Among other things, I will highlight the methodological issues related to these types of behavioral experiments and discuss the mediating role of political knowledge on the framing effect of metaphors. The second set of studies propose semiotic analyses of metaphor use in different types of political corpora, including citizen discourse, institutional discourse and media discourse about Belgian federalism (see for instance Heyvaert, 2019; Perrez & Reuchamps, 2015a). In this part of the presentation, I will question the notion of political discourse itself (see Randour et al., 2020) and focus on the notion of variation in political metaphor use, e.g. understanding why particular metaphors emerge in particular political contexts (or which type of metaphors are produced by which of type political actors?) and how they evolve in one or several discourse communities.‬‬‬‬‬‬ Building on the results of these studies, I will also argue that Deliberate Metaphor Theory (Steen, 2008, 2017) provides an appropriate theoretical framework to account for the rhetorical potential of political metaphors.‬‬ By focusing on these two interrelated dimensions of metaphor use in political discourse, I will try and highlight the cross-fertilization potential of such interdisciplinary research, by showing what metaphor studies can gain, as well theoretically as methodologically, from privileged contact with political science, in the hope that this can be a source of inspiration for any kind of interdisciplinary enterprise. ; Peer reviewed

According to recent works in the framework of conceptual history, the notion of the future in the IberoAmerican world began to crystallize between the end of the 18th century and the second half of the 19th century. Speculations about "the future" on both shores of the Atlantic would show, following Javier Fernández Sebastián, the profound impact of the progressive philosophies of history on the social political discourse that led to a clear politicization of time, parallel to the temporalization of the political concepts. The last decade of the 18th century was the one in which Manuel Belgrano, trained in the ideas of the European Enlightenment, entered the service of the Hispanic monarchy as secretary of the Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires at a time when his family was going through a delicate economic situation. For Belgrano, it meant a contribution to family prestige as well as the opportunity to become part of a fundamental transoceanic political program. Faced with general diagnoses of decadence and the need for regeneration, the Monarchy sought to reactivate its domains in relation to the Peninsula with a project with imperial overtones and Belgrano immediately became aware of what it meant to be part of it. ?e objective of this work is to investigate the perception of time in Belgrano, his notion of "future" and the connection with other concepts that supported his speech prior to the breakdown that the events of Bayona and the beginning of the Revolutionary wars led to. For this, both his correspondence and other writings of that period are a way of access to the beginnings of Belgranian thought, subject to later logical rethinking based on the ups and downs of the coming conjunctures. ; Según trabajos recientes en el marco de la historia conceptual la noción de futuro en el mundo iberoamericano comenzó a cristalizarse entre fines del siglo XVIII y la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Las especulaciones sobre "el porvenir" en ambas orillas del Atlántico mostrarían, siguiendo a Javier Fernández Sebastián, el profundo impacto de las filosofías progresivas de la historia en el discurso político social que condujeron a una clara politización del tiempo, paralelo a la temporalización de los conceptos políticos. La última década del siglo XVIII fue aquella en que Manuel Belgrano, formado en las ideas de la Ilustración europea, ingresó al servicio de la monarquía hispánica como secretario del Consulado de Comercio de Buenos Aires en momentos en que su familia atravesaba una delicada situación económica. Para Belgrano, significaba un aporte al prestigio familiar además de la oportunidad de convertirse en parte de un programa político transoceánico fundamental. Frente a diagnósticos generales de decadencia y necesidad de regeneración, la Monarquía buscaba reactivar sus dominios en relación a la Península con un proyecto con tintes imperiales y Belgrano tomó consciencia de inmediato de lo que significaba ser parte. El objetivo de este trabajo es indagar la percepción del tiempo en Belgrano, su noción de "futuro" y la conexión con otros conceptos que sustentaron su discurso previo al quiebre que supusieron los sucesos de Bayona y el inicio de las guerras de Revolución. Para ello, tanto su correspondencia como otros escritos de ese periodo son una vía de acceso a los inicios del pensamiento belgraniano, sujeto a lógicos replanteos posteriores en función de los vaivenes de las coyunturas venideras.

Die Erstellung des nationalen Berichtes zur Situation der Jugend in Luxemburg geht auf den Artikel 15 (1) des Jugendgesetzes vom 4. Juli 2008 zurück, wonach der Minister, zu dessen Zuständigkeitsbereich die Jugendpolitik gehört, der Abgeordnetenkammer alle fünf Jahre einen Bericht vorlegt. Nach dem ersten Bericht im Jahr 2010, der als Gesamtbericht verschiedene Themen behandelte, thematisierte der zweite Bericht im Jahr 2015 die Übergänge vom Jugend- ins Erwachsenenalter. Der thematische Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden dritten Berichtes ist das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit von Jugendlichen in Luxemburg. Der Bericht umfasst zwei Teile: eine wissenschaftliche Analyse und Bestandsaufnahme, die von dem Centre for Childhood and Youth Research (CCY) an der Universität Luxemburg erstellt wurde, sowie einen Beitrag des Ministeriums für Bildung, Kinder und Jugend, welche den Kontext erläutert und die zukünftigen Schwerpunkte der luxemburgischen Jugendpolitik reflektiert. Bei der wissenschaftlichen Analyse und Bestandsaufnahme stehen die Jugendlichen und ihre subjektiven Sichtweisen, ihre Bewertungen und Handlungen im Zusammenhang mit ihrem Wohlbefinden und ihrer Gesundheit im Fokus. Der Bericht zeigt auf, (1) wie Jugendliche ihr Wohlbefinden und ihre Gesundheit einschätzen, (2) was Jugendliche für ihr Wohlbefinden und ihre Gesundheit tun oder nicht tun, (3) welche Bedeutung das soziale Umfeld für das Wohlbefinden der Jugendlichen hat, (4) wie Jugendliche die Covid-19-Pandemie und die Maßnahmen wahrnehmen und (5) wie luxemburgische Experten über das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit Jugendlicher diskutieren. Die Datengrundlage bilden vor allem die eigens für den Bericht erhobenen Daten aus standardisierten Umfragen und qualitativen Interviews. Um die Veränderung der Situation der Jugendlichen durch die Covid-19-Pandemie zu beschreiben, wurde während der Erarbeitung des Jugendberichtes eine weitere Studie entwickelt und durchgeführt, deren Ergebnisse im Bericht gesondert dargestellt werden. Der Bericht liefert eine umfassende Informationsgrundlage für die zukünftige Ausrichtung und Weiterentwicklung der Jugendpolitik der luxemburgischen Regierung, die in einem nationalen Jugendpakt zusammengefasst wird. Er richtet sich sowohl an Fachleute in den verschiedenen jugendrelevanten Arbeitsfeldern als auch an Studierende und alle Leserinnen und Leser, die an fundierten Informationen zur Jugend in Luxemburg und deren Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit interessiert sind. ; L'élaboration du rapport national sur la situation de la jeunesse au Luxembourg se fonde sur l'article 15 (1) de la loi sur la jeunesse du 4 juillet 2008, selon laquelle le ministre ayant dans ses attributions la politique de la jeunesse soumet un rapport tous les cinq ans à la Chambre des Députés. Après le premier rapport en 2010, rapport global qui traitait différents sujets, le deuxième rapport 2015 a thématisé le passage de la jeunesse à l'âge adulte. Le présent troisième rapport met l'accent sur le bien-être et la santé des jeunes au Luxembourg. Le rapport se décline en deux volets : une analyse scientifique et état des lieux qui a été réalisé par le Centre for Childhood and Youth Research (CCY) à l'Université du Luxembourg ainsi qu'une contribution du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enfance et de la Jeunesse qui expose le contexte et les priorités futures de la politique de la jeunesse au Luxembourg. L'analyse scientifique et l'état des lieux placent les jeunes et leurs perceptions subjectives, leurs évaluations et leurs actions en relation avec leur bien-être et leur santé au centre des réflexions. Le rapport montre : (1) comment les jeunes perçoivent leur bien-être et leur santé, (2) ce que les jeunes font ou ne font pas pour leur bien-être et leur santé, (3) l'importance que revêt l'environnement social pour le bien-être des jeunes, (4) comment les jeunes perçoivent la pandémie de Covid-19 et les mesures prises dans ce contexte et, (5) comment les experts luxembourgeois discutent du bien-être et de la santé des jeunes. Les données de base sont en premier lieu celles recensées à partir d'enquêtes standardisées et d'entretiens qualitatifs. Alors que le rapport sur les jeunes était en cours d'élaboration, une autre étude a été mise au point et réalisée pour décrire le changement de la situation des jeunes induite par la pandémie de Covid-19. Les résultats de cette étude sont présentés séparément dans le rapport. Le rapport fournit des informations de base globale pour l'orientation future et le développement de la politique de jeunesse du gouvernement luxembourgeois, s'inscrivant dans un pacte national pour la jeunesse. Il s'adresse autant aux experts dans les différents domaines de travail pertinents pour la jeunesse qu'aux étudiants et à toute personne souhaitant bénéficier d'informations approfondies sur les jeunes au Luxembourg et sur leur bien-être et leur santé.