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This is a library using normative research methods. The research data are most derived from some law sources which were dominantly based on applicable laws and regulations. The registration of the transfer of rights has been based on Article 37 paragraph (1) of Government Regulation Number 27 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. However, Article 37 paragraph (2) in the above mentioned Government Regulation has not even been considered taboo. This phenomenon is made by the writer to reveal that registration can facilitate the acquisition of land rights on the basis of direct agreements that are worth doing. Therefore, the head of the district / city land office is asked to carry out registration for the transfer of the rights. To assess the truth of the agreement made directly, the head of the land office must make a discretion that does not burden the applicant or the public who need services for the acquisition of rights to the land. This agreement must be based on good intentions, so that the agreements made have value. This agreement is made to avoid disputes in the future. Registration of the agreement under the hand must be done selectively so that the implementation is right so that this activity can get legal certainty over the rights to the land. To avoid confusion in the community, the Head of the Distrrict / City Land Office data is requested by the Minister of Agrarian Affairs in the field of spatial planning of the national land agency to make certain regulations.

Smart contracts and blockchain technology have the potential to change tremendously the contractual practices. Together with the development of blockchain-based technology, many well-known companies and other private or public entities such as governments take advantage of smart contracts. On the one hand, there are costs connected with the programming and coding of smart contracts, or training those administering them, on the other hand, however, it seems to be true that smart contracts will bring greater certainty and extra cost saving for those who apply them in their business dealings. During recent years, rapid technological development has resulted in plenty of changes in the way how financial services are conducted. Blockchain technology is predicted to disrupt the current environment of business dealings by enabling the unprecedented ways to cooperate and communicate between the parties of the contract. ; Rozwój tzw. inteligentnych kontraktów przypadł w dużej mierze na okres czasowy ostatnich kilku lat, a stało się to możliwe dzięki dużym postępom w technologii blockchain. Inteligentne umowy postrzegać należy jako kolejny krok w rozwoju umów w Internecie. Jest to związane z wprowadzeniem kryptografii, a dodatkowo także automatyzmu procesów oraz umożliwienia automatycznego wykonywania umów, po tym jak spełnią się przesłanki zaprogramowane w kodzie programistycznym. Technologia blockchain, w tym inteligentne umowy, mają istotne znaczenie dla całego sektora finansowego, gdyż umożliwiają zwiększenie przejrzystości oraz ograniczeniu kosztów transakcji, w tym kosztów ukrytych. Ma to miejsce dzięki bardziej wydajnemu zarządzaniu danymi, ograniczeniu pośrednictwa finansowego i usprawnieniu procesów.

This article discusses the problems with enforcement of decisions of international courts. The issue of compliance by states with decisions of international courts is critical for the whole system of international law. If states cannot rely on law and have it clarified and enforced through courts' judgements, international law would become useless, disregarded, avoided and replaced by economic or military pressure or force. There exist a variety of different enforcement mechanisms in courts with global (International Court of Justice, World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body) and regional (European Court of Justice, Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Court of Eurasian Economic Union) reach. Basically every international court has got some type of formal enforcement mechanism, even if it is only political in nature. But none can be called very effective and in particular – efficient. Some of them are equipped with economic sanctions (suspension of concessions, penalty payment, lump sum). They are not used often though. One should note that records of compliance with decision of courts which are able to impose sanctions are also far from being perfect. In particular, it seems that wealthy states can simply afford bearing economic sanctions without execution of the court decision. They therefore "buy themselves out" of their legal obligations. There is no doubt that for the sake of international legal certainty and stability it is desirable that international community pays more attention to improving the mechanisms for enforcement of decisions of international courts.

This article discusses the problems with enforcement of decisions of international courts. The issue of compliance by states with decisions of international courts is critical for the whole system of international law. If states cannot rely on law and have it clarified and enforced through courts' judgements, international law would become useless, disregarded, avoided and replaced by economic or military pressure or force. There exist a variety of different enforcement mechanisms in courts with global (International Court of Justice, World Trade Organi-zation Dispute Settlement Body) and regional (European Court of Justice, Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States, Court of Eurasian Economic Union) reach. Basi-cally every international court has got some type of formal enforcement mechanism, even if it is only political in nature. But none can be called very effective and in particular – effi-cient. Some of them are equipped with economic sanctions (suspension of concessions, penalty payment, lump sum). They are not used often though. One should note that records of compliance with decision of courts which are able to impose sanctions are also far from being perfect. In particular, it seems that wealthy states can simply afford bearing economic sanc-tions without execution of the court decision. They therefore "buy themselves out" of their legal obligations. There is no doubt that for the sake of international legal certainty and stability it is desirable that international community pays more attention to improving the mechanisms for enforcement of decisions of international courts.

The freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) has been applied in 35 risk assessment areas in 45 countries across the six inhabited continents (11 applications using FISK v1; 25 using FISK v2). The present study aimed: to assess the breadth of FISK applications and the confidence (certainty) levels associated with the decision-support tool's 49 questions and its ability to distinguish between taxa of low-to-medium and high risk of becoming invasive, and thus provide climate-specific, generalised, calibrated thresholds for risk level categorisation; and to identify the most potentially invasive freshwater fish species on a global level. The 1973 risk assessments were carried out by 70 + experts on 372 taxa (47 of the 51 species listed as invasive in the Global Invasive Species Database ), which in decreasing order of importance belonged to the taxonomic Orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes, Characiformes, Salmoniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, with the remaining approximate to 8% of taxa distributed across an additional 13 orders. The most widely-screened species (in decreasing importance) were: grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, common carp Cyprinus carpio, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. Nine `globally' high risk species were identified: common carp, black bullhead Ameiurus melas, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, Chinese (Amur) sleeper Perccottus glenii, brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, largemouth (black) bass Micropterus salmoides, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. The relevance of this global review to policy, legislation, and risk assessment and management procedures is discussed.

The freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) has been applied in 35 risk assessment areas in 45 countries across the six inhabited continents (11 applications using FISK v1; 25 using FISK v2). The present study aimed: to assess the breadth of FISK applications and the confidence (certainty) levels associated with the decision-support tool's 49 questions and its ability to distinguish between taxa of low-to-medium and high risk of becoming invasive, and thus provide climate-specific, generalised, calibrated thresholds for risk level categorisation; and to identify the most potentially invasive freshwater fish species on a global level. The 1973 risk assessments were carried out by 70 + experts on 372 taxa (47 of the 51 species listed as invasive in the Global Invasive Species Database www.iucngisd.org/gisd/), which in decreasing order of importance belonged to the taxonomic Orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes, Characiformes, Salmoniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, with the remaining ≈ 8% of taxa distributed across an additional 13 orders. The most widely-screened species (in decreasing importance) were: grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, common carp Cyprinus carpio, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. Nine 'globally' high risk species were identified: common carp, black bullhead Ameiurus melas, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, Chinese (Amur) sleeper Perccottus glenii, brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, largemouth (black) bass Micropterus salmoides, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. The relevance of this global review to policy, legislation, and risk assessment and management procedures is discussed.

The Indonesian state has a responsibility in ensuring the prosperity of its citizens in accordance with the ideals of the nation as contained in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Equitable welfare can be created when equality of economic, political, socio-cultural rights, equal treatment before the law is well implemented, constitution expressly mandates that social welfare is the highest priority of Indonesia's public policy. The reciprocal relationship between law and economics is a reference in fulfilling the needs of the community. The Pancasila economic system is the Indonesian economic system which in its implementation always adheres to the national personality. Economic activities involving the interests of many people are needed by the Law so that every problem that occurs can be resolved in accordance with the applicable rules. Economic activities in society must always move, develop and order according to the needs of the community in a country. Economic law by realizing the prosperity of the people of Indonesia needs to be harmonized. The development of economic activities that are relatively more rapid so far, needs to be followed by the development of legal arrangements, so that people's prosperity can be realized in accordance with the hopes and ideals of the nation. Basically the study of economic law is directed at increasing the carrying capacity of legislation that regulates economic activities. The complete set of laws or legislation will provide legal certainty for the implementation of legal relations that create rights and obligations for legal subjects, in general, as well as in the relations of economic activities in particular

The study, titled "Reconstruction Of The Sport Institute Coaching Arragements In Legislation" aims to analyze the No. 3 Year 2005 about the National Immune System in the second generation of adults, the political system in Indonesia and the form of breaking up in the Constitution. The method used in this study is normative legal research, the approach taken Law approach, historical approach and comparative approach, there are three sources of legal material, namely the source of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The legal material collection technique analyzes the Minutes of the Indonesian National System, a study of students by collecting and analyzing the population, as well as researchers from the internet. The analysis of the law in the study with descriptive descriptive techniques of the. The results showed that the problem can be concluded as the cause of the obscurity of the norms of the National Sports Committee in 36 articles (1) and (3), based on the SKN Draft Bill, the KONI is written National Sports with the aim to protect the citizenship of KONI. KOI only has to go to the internet and it will take an internal competition. The overlapping of authority in the development of sports due to the absence of legal certainty. Giving the concept of setting up KONI and KOI after being in the mid-1980s, KONI and KOI will eventually be led by a third, Reconstruction in the SKN Law makes it appear that it has a disadvantage so it does not cause conflict.

with inabilities keep on expanding in Indonesia; the most astounding number of individuals with incapacities is in West Java Province, from the age gathering, ages 18-60 years possess. The most experienced inabilities were leg surrenders (21.86%), mental hindrance (15.41%) and discourse (13.08%). Alluding to the consequences of an investigation from the University of Brawijaya Disability Study and Service Center, there were 1,835 individuals with handicaps in Bandung who required strengthening by government and non-legislative associations to build certainty of incapacities. Trust in the public arena assumes vital job in structure chances to incapacity SMEs, Bandung regional government itself underpins the handicap strengthening development, one of them is the making of DifablePunyaKarya (DPK) program in a joint effort with a non-legislative association called Mata Hati Indonesia. There are a few obstructions in running this program, from the consequences of perceptions in the field, the primary snag to DPK items is the network's trust in item quality, social disgrace, and not completely marked items (brand), no underwriters and not appropriate for utilization. This study examines how the branding can affect brand trust with product certification as moderating; the research approach used is quantitative with descriptive method and single cross-sectional research design. From the population of 200 consumers taken 67 samples using the Slovin formula, respondents taken were respondents who had bought DPK products and were domiciled in the city of Bandung, West Java. This study was tested using PLS (Partial Least Square Method) with the help of XLSTAT software.

ABSTRACTGeneral elections are the manifestation of democracy. General elections have a close relationship with the formulation of Article 1 Paragraph (1), Paragraph (2), and Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia stating that Indonesia is a unitary state, adheres to the people sovereign system, and is a law state. There is no democracy without elections. Therefore, the citizens' right to choose and to be elected are constitutional rights protected by the Constitution. In its implementation, it still causes many problems. The most fundamental of which is the absence of a special judicial body in resolving the regional election disputes. The purpose of this study is to find out how the Constitutional Court presents the legal certainty as the results of the regional election disputes so far and how the ideal form of the special judicial body is dealing with disputes on regional election results nationally. The author uses a type of normative juridical research with the method of legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary and secondary data used are statutory regulations, several jurisprudences, books, and legal journals. In this study, the author hypothesizes that the most ideal form of a special judicial body which handles election results disputes is to establish a special court named the State Administrative Court through the 1945 Constitution amendment mechanism which focuses on handling cases relating to the Executive, including the handling of disputes on regional election results.Keywords: Local Election, Special Judicial Agency,Constitutional Court

The legal aspect of civil registration is to obtain as much legal certainty as possible about personal events. Civil registration institutions are government institutions, the state administrative agency in charge, serves to record all family events and has the right, the authority to issue provisions in the field of population and citizenship. As a result of recording and publishing the provision, it has a legal connection with one's civil status or individual law. With the enactment of Law 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and PP 9 of 1975 as implementing regulations, the public needs for Civil Registry Institutions are increasingly important. Research on this scientific work was a type of normative legal research. Civil records had carried out the tasks carried out by the state well, namely by serving each party who will report the mixed marriages carried out by the parties as well as possible, which is a problem is the lack of public awareness of the importance of the reporting. The implementation of mixed marriages can be carried out if the parties have fulfilled all the requirements determined by the law as contained in Article 60 Paragraph (1) of Law 1 Year 1974. Whereas the Record Institution was only tasked to record the mixed marriage events. Every legal act carried out by any particular person has an impact or effect both for himself and for the other party. No exception in mixed marriages is the legal consequences that arise, both for mixed marriages and for children born from the mixed marriages.

The article researches certain types of referendums in foreign countries to solve issues regarding an opportunity to implement this experience in Ukraine. The authors study peculiarities of referendum in Switzerland. Following the example of the United States of America the role of referendum as an effective tool to solve political, social and other problems has been presented. The authors analyze legislative regulation of local referendum institute in Poland. Attention has been focused on the meaning of imperative referendums which related to the issue of certain territories in Great Britain. The authors provided Ukrainian experience on local referendums. The article also distinguished between All-Ukrainian and local referendums. Referring to the draft law 'On Local Referendums', collisions, incompliance with international practice, lack of basic definitions which is necessary for the best efficiency of this institute as well as legal certainty have been found. The article has proposed to abolish legislative gap regarding regulation of local referendums in Ukraine. Opinion on the necessity to borrow foreign experience and implement nonbinding referendum as one of the institutes of direct democracy has been given. Attention has been focused on the necessity to increase legal awareness of population to prevent certain political parties from using this institute for lobbying of their interests. The authors focus on the need to develop legislative provisions aimed at regulating the mentioned issue to create a background for implementation of an imperative referendum which in turn will contribute to implementation of Constitutional provisions which relate to government by the people and people's participation in settlement of state affairs.

This study is entitled "The Authority of Tourism Village Management in the Perspective of Bali Provincial Regulation Number 4 of 2019 Regarding Desa Adat." The initial idea of this study originated from the norms in the formation of a tourist village so that the principles and objectives of tourism have not yet been achieved, especially the welfare of the local community, namely "Krama Desa Adat", as implementers, implementers, conservationists and agricultural developers in Bali. Balinese culture as the main foundation of tourism development that is able to prosper the local community. This research focuses on two legal issues namely, How is the authority of the Provincial Government of Bali in preparing Local Regulations on Tourism Villages? How is the authority of Desa Adat in the management of Tourism Villages based on Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2019 About Desa Adat.?The research method that used in this thesis is normative legal research methods. Normative legal research is done by analyzed relevant legislation and literature. The approach used is statue approach and conceptual approach Both of these problems were examined using normative legal research methods and using relevant legal theories to analyze these problem.Based on the analysis, it is known that the Provincial Government has the authority to cerate Regional Regulations to guarantee legal certainty in organizing a Tourism Village in the Province so that it is in accordance with the principles and objectives of tourism, namely the welfare of the community, especially Krama Desa Adat.Keywords: Authority, Tourism Village, Tourism, Customary Village.

The purpose of this study were 1) To explain the legal consequences on the transition of land right under the deed of hand as evidence, 2) To explain the Deed Under Power of Hands For Evidence. This study, using normative juridical research and studied approach to legislation (the statute approach) which means that a problem will be seen from the legal aspect and to examine the legislation, then linked to the issues discussed, with material collected by conduct a literature study. Based on this research can be concluded 1)The legal consequences on the transition of land right under the deed of hand as evidence is not valid, because deed made and prepared by the parties to the contract in person, and not before a notary or other authorized officials.Deed under the hand strength can be absolute proof of the deed if legalized or notarized. Deed under hand notarized the deed generally made by the parties concerned on the agreement of both parties, while on his signature or thumbprint and executed before a notary. 2) Every deed under the hand required spiked with a letter dated statement from a notary or an officer appointed by the Act. Function deed under the hand that was authorized notary is certainty over the signature as that is party to sign it certainly was not anyone else.Keywords: As a result of the Law; Transfer of Rights to Land; Hands Down Deed; Evidence.

Telemedicine has found its way into legislation through the so-called E-Health Act. It can serve as an aid in the provision or application of medical services by means of information and communication technologies, if patient and practitioner cannot be at the same location. The principle of orality must be observed. The extent to which this can create the relationship of trust necessary for informed consent must be weighed up. It must also be checked whether all the findings needed for proper informed consent are available. As a rule, a prior personal examination is therefore indispensable, as only in this way can the indication for the intervention as well as the anaesthetic and surgical suitability of the patient be determined with sufficient certainty. Standardised informed consent forms must be checked for their content and individualised for the specific case, in order to have a sound basis for discussion with the patient. Particularly, the risk-benefit ratio, costs, insurance cover, possible complications and, if applicable, risks of implant loss of the intended measure should be mentioned. The timing of the informed consent consultation depends on the urgency of the measure. In the case of measures that can be planned and are not acutely indicated, the timepoint must be chosen so that the patient still has the opportunity to consider and ask supplementary questions. If the practitioner has any doubt as to whether the patient understands the information presented during the telephone informed consent conversation, he must insist that it be repeated in a personal conversation.