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Book reviewed in this article: Measuring Poverty John W. Mellor and Gunvant M. Desai, Agricultural Change and Rural Poverty: Variations on a Theme. Third World Cities Robert B. Potter. Urbanisation and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation. Urban Economics for the Practitioner John M. Levy. Urban and Metropolitan Economics. Perspectives on Europe George Demko, ed., Regional Development: Problems and Policies in Eastern and Western Europe. Southern Land Use Robert G. Healy, Competition for Land in the American South: Agriculture, Human Settlement, and the Environment. Change in the United Kingdom A. Amin and J. Goddard, eds., Technological Change, Industrial Restructuring, and Regional Development. A Look at Marketing Boards Kwame Arhin, Paul Hesp, and Laurens van der Laan, eds., Marketing Boards in Tropical Africa. A Significant Step Ann Roell Markusen, Profit Cyucle, Oligopoly, and Regional Development. Steering Group Study Catherine Stirling and John N. Yockelson, eds., Under Pressure: U.S. Industry and the Challenges of Structural Adjustment.

Book reviewed in this article:Alford, R.R. and Friedland, R. 1985: Powers of theory: the state, capitalism and democracy.Bullock, N. and Read, J. 1985: The movement for housing reform in Germany and France, 1840–1914.de Vries, J. 1984: European urbanisation 1500–1800.Matrix 1984: Making space: women and the man‐made environment.Mény, Y. and Wright, V. editors, 1985: Centre‐periphery relations in western Europe.Hebbert, M. and Machin, H. editors, 1984: Regionalisation in France, Italy and Spain.Pinch, S. 1985: Cities and services: the geography of collective consumption.Rose, M.E. editor, 1985: The poor and the city: the English Poor Law and its urban context, 1834–1914.Siegmann, H. 1985: The conflicts between labour and environmentalism in the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States.Smith, N. 1984: Uneven development: nature, capital and the production of space.Timberlake, M. editor, 1985: Urbanization in the world‐economy.Walton, J. editor, 1985: Capital and labour in the urbanized world.Williams, P. editor, 1984: Conflict and development.

We look at the most general feature of multimember districts (MMDs) as compared to single-member districting (SMD) plans: the higher likelihood of submergence of minority voting strength. We focus on data on black legislative representation between 1977 and 1982 in the 11 states with more than 15% black populations, and compare states which use MMDs with those that use SMDs. We also examine changes in black representation in states which shifted from MMDs to SMDs. In addition, for MMD state legislative elections in eight North Carolina counties between 1978 and 1982, we examine in detail the nature of minority submergence including the lack of geographic representativity of the persons elected from MMDs. The counties we examine contain four of North Carolina's largest cities and a substantial portion of North Carolina's black population. Unlike almost all of the previously published literature on racial representation in MMDs, our study deals with state legislative races and not local elections.

THE U.S. SUPREME COURT HAS HELD THAT STATE SOVEREIGNTY IS PROTECTED BY PRINCIPLES OF COMMON LAW RATHER THAN EXPLICIT CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES UNDER THE TENTH AND ELEVENTH AMENDMENTS. THE COURT HAS ALSO CAUTIONED THAT CONGRESSIONAL ACTIONS, EVEN UNDER DELEGATED POWERS, MAY NOT THREATEN THE INTEGRITY OF STATES AS SOVEREIGN ENTITIES IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM. THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES DECISION IN 1976 APPEARED TO REVERSE THIS DOCTRINE BY IMPLYING THE EXISTENCE OF TENTH AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS OF STATE ACTIONS IN TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONAL AREAS. HOWEVER, THE FEDERAL COURTS DISCOUNTED THE NLC RULING AS A COMPELLING PRECEDENT IN SUBSEQUENT FEDERALISM CASES BECAUSE OF ITS VAGUENESS AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL INCONSISTENCY WITH ESTABLISHED DOCTRINE. IN 1985, THE SUPREME COURT OVERTURNED THE RULING IN GARCIA V. SAN ANTONIO, REAFFIRMING THE COMMON LAW NATURE OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND ARGUING THAT CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF STATE INTERESTS LIES PRIMARILY IN THE REPRESENTATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE FEDERAL SYSTEM RATHER THAN IN SPECIFIC CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES.

Abstract. The Land Value Tax, which proposes that governments raise their revenues largely from taxes on the annualized economic rent of land, has been projected into current debate by recent studies and by political debate in at least half a dozen Pennsylvania cities. An effort to measure its effects o n building construction and renovation was made by two Pennsylvania economists, E. f. Mathis and C. E. Zech. Under criticism, they granted that their conclusion that there was no evidence that urban development was stimulated was tentative and debatable. The effort was valuable in that it highlighted some of the pitfalls of this kind of research. In this area, researchers must try to avoid mis‐specification of variables, wrong choice of flow or stock data, employment of oversimplified economic hypotheses. Public decision makers should be informed about inappropriate model specification and structure, input data deficiencies, and inadequate econometric analysis for urban policy determination.

Owen Rutter's somewhat idyllized picture of an essentially agricultural Taiwan could have portrayed the 1950s, or, equally, Taiwan at any time in the more than 300 years of Chinese settlement there. Most of the Chinese who crossed the Taiwan Straits to settle in Taiwan were peasant farmers, and, as they had done on continental China, they made their living by agriculture. In 1945, when the island reverted to China after 50 years as a Japanese colony, agriculture was still very much the predominant sector, and the majority of the population continued to rely on farming. But, from the late 1950s onwards, in the space of less than three decades, the pattern of more than three centuries has been radically altered. Industry has burgeoned to replace agriculture as the key sector, and, concomitantly, Taiwan's population is no longer characteristically rural. A massive outflow of rural people into the cities has left only one person in four living in the countryside

London is one of the best recorded of medieval cities. Yet the very bulk of the sources has in the past inhibited systematic enquiry, so that for many periods and aspects of its history the capital remains the unknown element in English urban affairs. The greatest quantity of records concerns property-holding, and one way of making sense of this forbidding mass of information is to reconstitute it in the form of histories of the properties to which it refers. Since the early eighteenth century this way of using urban records has been adopted from time to time in antiquarian studies which have thrown valuable light on conditions in English medieval towns. In particular H. E. Salter's work on medieval Oxford inspired the present author to apply similar methods in a study of Winchester, which is now complete. Winchester pointed the way to London and to a means of remedying our great ignorance of that city.

During the past decade we have witnessed renewed interest in the study and analysis of both social policy and social structure. Journalists, administrators, politicians, welfare personnel and social scientists have extensively been engaged in the interpretation and assessment of the impact of social policy on social structure and vice versa. It would appear that the return of liberal governments in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia had much to do with this time‐honoured revival. In the United States this activity can be largely attributed to the promise of the "Great Society" ‐ an attempt by the Johnson administration (1963–1968) to eliminate poverty, create employment, improve medical care and education and revitalise cities and rural areas. In the United Kingdom the Labour Governments of Wilson (1964–1970; 1974–1976) and Callaghan (1976–1979) held out similar promises for a more equitable society. Predictably the literature on social policy and social structure increased accordingly.

Jewish communities in traditional Moroccan cities in Sherifian times are discussed, drawing on data from the Hebrew legal correspondence of Moroccan rabbis of the eighteenth & nineteenth centuries. The structure of political relations between Muslims & Jews is outlined. It is argued that in order for Jews to carry on their economic activities, the protection of both the sultan & individual Muslim patrons was required. The relationship between the Jewish client & Muslim potentate was strong & friendly; however, these personal ties impeded the development of communal institutions & autonomy within the Jewish community. Examples of how the synagogue & Jewish courts were subject to Muslim influences are discussed. Jewish conversions to Islam, usually for material reasons, also reflected the Jews' generally indifferent attitude toward Islam. It is concluded that the boundaries of Jewish society were permeable, & that the amorphous element in the structure of the Jewish community was similar to that of the larger Moroccan community. 40 References. K. Carande

This article provides a comprehensive review of developments in transportation research relevant to sociological inquiry about urban transportation and its consequences for urban structure, both spatial and social. Recent research has gone beyond initial observations about the linkages between transportation use and the spatial form of cities to further detail its impacts upon residential segregation, decentralization, and inequalities in mobility access. Historical case studies of local transit firms and politics, industrial organization of the transportation industry and its impact upon transportation policy, and national and local studies of the political economy of urban transporation have advanced a comparative research framework for understanding the institutional forces that constrain transportation choices and technical development. Finally, social psychological research, through laboratory experimental studies, field studies, and time-budget analysis, has just begun to examine the impacts of transportation upon social interaction in the family and community. This literature review concludes with proposed research questions for future investigations.

In awarding and regulating cable franchises, cities often extract from cable operators promises and conditions such as access channels in exchange for exclusive use of public rights-of-way. Professor William Lee in this Article argues that this cable franchising process violates the first amendment rights of cable operators. Professor Lee rejects the two rationales for municipal cable regulation by contending that cable is not a natural monopoly in every market and that cable's use of public rights-of-way requires content neutral regulation. The exacting of conditions such as access channels, however, is not content neutral regulation. Furthermore, censorship decisions that municipalities require of cable operators are sufficiently subjective to violate the first amendment. Professor Lee concludes that an open entry policy for cable operators will allow existing law and natural economic forces to regulate the cable market in accordance with the strong first amendment tradition that limits government interference with freedom of expression.

How did philanthropy adjust to the transformation of society in the nineteenth century? What was its role in social relations and in relieving poverty? Recent writers studying these issues have suggested the need for detailed studies at local level, and in studying some English towns and cities in the earlier part of the nineteenth century they have come to varying conclusions. Roger Smith's study of Nottingham shows that philanthropy added insignificantly to the amount of relief available through the Poor Law. By contrast Peter Searby's study of Coventry shows that philanthropic funds were quite abundant and after some reforms in the 1830's even applied to the relief of the poor! Professor McCord's articles on the North-East of England in the early nineteenth century seek to establish the more ambitious claim "that nineteenth-century philanthropy provided increasing resources and extended machinery with which to diminish the undesirable effects of that period's social problems".

At the beginning of the 14th century, the great poet Dante published an imaginative proposal for world order. His experience had led him to believe that the multiplicity of cities, states, and kingdoms was the source of great discord and strife. They were depriving mankind of that tranquility which was necessary for the full development of its intellectual powers. There was a need for a single impartial ruler who, standing above the contentiousness of lesser governments, could bring about a regime of universal justice and peace. In the De monarchia the holder of universal authority was to be the Roman emperor. The genius of the Romans devised the most effective forms of government that the world had ever known. As the Roman Catholic Church had universal authority in matters spiritual, the Holy Roman emperor should exercise a supreme, global authority to which all the various kingdoms and republics would be politically subordinate.

Some of the causes underlying the riots in US cities during the 1960s are linked to instability & fluctuations in the social, political, & economic life of inner-city blacks. Data collected in the 1950s & 1960s by the Center for Political Studies, U of Michigan, are used to examine the role of personal uncertainty in these riots. In an analysis of the survey data only on black Ms, (N not specified) grouped by age (16-29, 30-44, 45+), gamma coefficients are used to summarize attitudinal variables distinguishing riot-prone Ss. Uncertainty is shown to be the most significant attitudinal characteristic distinguishing rioters from nonrioters, & its influence extended across all three age groups. Ss in the youngest group who scored high on the personal uncertainty index were twice as likely as low-scoring counterparts to participate in riots. The investigation offers little support for the "riots-as-protests" explanation of the disturbances. 1 Table, 7 Figures. M. Milburn.

The problem of measuring the strategic balance has been viewed by some as a meaningless exercise, by others as a matter of comparing simple static indicators, and by still others as a complex process of assessing likely war outcomes. As the strategic power of the Soviet Union has grown, there has been a trend toward the latter view. To assess likely war outcomes, one must go substantially beyond the standard static indicators, such as warhead count, equivalent megatons, and hard target kill capability, into problems of command and control, long-term endurance, and the dynamics of escalation. To assess the likely outcomes of extended nuclear exchanges which stop short of all-out attacks on cities, it is necessary to employ fairly detailed war games. The use of such games to measure the strategic balance raises problems of how to report the results and how to use the games in posture design.