Suchergebnisse

Red Cross interest in the promotion of peace is well known. It is reflected once again in one of the resolutions adopted by the XX International Conference of the Red Cross in Vienna and in the Round Table meeting which took place in The Hague last year, at which a number of notabilities in the Red Cross movement expressed their views on the contribution which the Red Cross could make to peace and international understanding.

Conflict appears more often between neighboring states. Adjacency generates interaction opportunities and arguably more willingness to fight. We revisit the nature of the border issue and measure geographical features likely to affect states' interaction opportunities as well as their willingness to fight. We do so for all on-shore borders from the period 1946–2001. Although each border is unique, a general result shows that the longer the border between two states, the more likely they are to engage in low-intensity conflict. This is particularly so for conflicts active during the Cold War and located in highly populated border regions.

This research examines the emergence of cycling-supportive land-use and transportation policies in Ontario and Hamilton, Ontario between 1990 and 2016. The focus of this thesis is on two questions that have been unexplored in previous research: (1) what cycling-supportive policies emerged in Provincial and Municipal government during this time?; and (2) what role, if any, did the Provincial position on cycling play in the development of Hamilton, Ontario cycling policies? A primary and secondary document review was undertaken to identify patterns between historical Provincial and Municipal policies. Three types of results are presented: (1) an examination of amendments to the Ontario Planning Act, emphasizing its effect on the role of policy in Ontario, the structure of the Ontario planning system, and on Municipal conformity; (2) a detailed review of emergent cycling-supportive policies and trends in Ontario and Hamilton, Ontario between 1990 and 2016; and (3) an analysis of evidence showing the influence of Provincial cycling-supportive policies on Hamilton plan policies. This research concludes that (1) novel cycling-supportive policies have emerged at both the Municipal and Provincial levels during the research period, and (2) evidence exists that Provincial land-use and transportation policies have influenced Hamilton's cycling policy over the research period. ; February 2017

In 2011, the Danish government announced that from June that year it would no longer cover the costs of medical interpreters for patients who had been living in Denmark for more than seven years. The Dutch Ministry of Health followed with an even more draconian approach; from 1 January 2012 the cost of translation and interpreting would no longer be covered by the state. These two announcements led to widespread concern about whether or not there is a legal foundation for interpreter provision in healthcare. This article considers United Nations treaties, conventions from the Council of Europe and European Union law. European Union member states have been slow to sign up to international agreements to protect the rights of migrant workers. The European Union itself has only recently moved into the area of discrimination and it is unclear if the Race Directive covers language. As a result, access to interpreters in healthcare, where it exists, is dependent on national anti-discrimination legislation or on positive action taken at national or local level rather than on European or international law.

"Contributing to a re-think of public service media, this book combines theoretical insights and legal frameworks with practice, examining theory and policy development in a bottom-up manner. This book is a must read for all scholars who take an interest in public service media, media policy and media systems literature at large. It will also be of interest to practitioners working in government, public service media, and commercial media"--

Aside from the case of refugees under international law, are non-citizen outsiders morally justified in unlawfully entering another state? Recent answers to this question, based on a purported right of necessity or civil disobedience, exclude many cases of justified border-crossing and fail to account for its distinctive political character. I argue that in certain non-humanitarian cases, unlawful border-crossing involves the exercise of a remedial moral right to resist the illegitimate exercise of coercive power. The case accepts, for the sake of argument, two conventional assumptions among defenders of immigration restrictions: that states have a 'right to exclude' and that migrants have a prima facie duty to respect borders. Nonetheless, where immigration law is racist or otherwise discriminatory, it violates the egalitarian standards at the core of any authority it can plausibly claim over outsiders. In such cases, it may be resisted even where the law is facially non-discriminatory.

Since the 9/11 attacks the world has witnessed the creation of both domestic and international legal instruments designed to disrupt and interdict the financial activities of terrorists. This book analyses the counter-terrorist financing law (CTF), policy and practice at the national level, focusing on Turkey. The work examines the limits and capabilities of CTF efforts on terrorism threats and determines the effectiveness of CTF efforts in Turkey, a country which has a pivotal role in terms of countering terrorism regionally and internationally. The Turkish case-study is supported by an empirical study involving 37 semi-structured interviews with CTF practitioners and law enforcement experts with different affiliations and backgrounds. The findings illustrate that Turkey's CTF system has not obtained an adequate level of effectiveness as a result of lack of proper implementation of its policy in the bureaucratic, legal and operational spheres. It is evident that the administrative and legal systems in Turkey are established according to the 'one-size-fits-all' international CTF standards and thus are compliant with the international CTF benchmarks, yet the interviews reveal significant challenges at the implementation level including lack of training and financial security, heavy handed bureaucracy, inadequate coordination and communication between international and national levels. The book will be an invaluable resource for academics, students and policy-makers working in the areas of financial crime and terrorism.

Internal self-determination is a popular, but insufficiently researched, concept in mainstream international law scholarship. It has emerged and gained prominence as a consequence of the understanding that the right to self-determination in international law is composed of two natural and distinct dimensions, namely: the 'internal' (guaranteeing political and democratic freedoms to people within a State); and the 'external' (guaranteeing political independence from colonial rule). Traditionally understood to be promoted by the West, 'internal' self-determination is often regarded as a right or principle guaranteeing democratic governance to people within a State, and importantly, political autonomy for minority groups. This thesis is a critical study which seeks to problematize the mainstream understanding of 'internal' self-determination. Its principal arguments are broadly three-fold: that 'internal' self-determination is based on an artificially constructed dichotomy of the concept of self-determination; that while both the West and the Third World have promoted 'internal' self-determination in different ways, its promotion by powerful actors needs to be approached with caution; and that contrary to popular perception, 'internal' self-determination can be problematic for minority groups, both as a distinct right or principle of international law, and as a political slogan. These central arguments are further illustrated and substantiated by a critical and detailed examination of the protracted ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka; i.e. through a re-reading of the conflict from an 'internal self-determination perspective. The thesis also contains brief studies of a few other cases. This thesis proposes that 'internal' self-determination is yet another political expression which, contrary to the popular mainstream view, has indeterminate potential. The broader challenge is to subject 'internal' self-determination to constant critical scrutiny, exploring how the concept advances or retards the realization of greater equality and self-determination by peoples, when struggling within complex and hierarchically-constructed political structures. For minority peoples in protracted self-determination conflict situations, 'internal' self-determination is best understood as a choice arising after or upon (and not before or in the absence of) the recognition of their right to self-determination. ; published_or_final_version ; Law ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy