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This thesis explores and theorizes practices for generating knowledge and experience of possible futures in the present. Often, our unreflected everyday actions are clearly focused on the future. We plan future events into calendars, buy insurances, follow weather forecasts, and practice for performances of various kinds, all to reduce the uncertainties that the future brings. Various societal areas have developed specialized and systematic ways of generating knowledge in order for people to prepare for possible future events. A particular and extensive area is that involving societal security and preparedness for extraordinary events. The thesis explores various aspects of futures-making practices in the overall field of societal security, with a special focus on recent measures to strengthen the public's emergency preparedness. The overall aim is to deepen knowledge about the contemporary use of futures-making practices (such as imagination and enactment) and related techniques (such as scenario writing and simulations). Societal security and emergency preparedness have recently come to be recognized nationally and globally in ways that we have not experienced since the Cold War era. The empirical backdrop of the thesis tells about some major events that occurred during the first five years of the new millennium. During this period, a number of terrorist attacks and natural disasters occurred which greatly affected futures-making practices in areas related to societal security and preparedness. Following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, many actors in the security business began to implement new, or revived, ways of relating to the future. From previously focusing mainly on plausible events, interest now turned to possible and unexpected events. Following the criticized management of hurricane Katrina in 2005, a visionary work was initiated with the aim of creating an inclusive and all-encompassing culture of preparedness, a culture that would involve all sectors and actors of society, including the public. The examples may by from a unilateral American context, however the events can also be perceived as part of a global trend with local variations. A trend that includes new ideas about public participation in societal preparedness, as well as new ways in which we create preliminary representations of possible futures in order to prepare for them. In order to clarify different ways in which we relate to the future, I apply cultural geographer Ben Anderson's (2010) classification of anticipatory practices. Anderson highlights three principal practices: imagination, calculation, and performance. The thesis explores how futures are imagined and enacted through the techniques of scenario writing and simulation, in four separate studies (articles I-IV). Studies I and II examine how imaginations of future emergencies are articulated in interviews with local safety coordinators and volunteers in Sweden, as well as in institutional exercise scenarios in the US. The first study shows how collaboration between the public and professionals is perceived as an ideal for managing societal stress and, furthermore, how various forms for organizing the voluntary public may facilitate for or interfere with fruitful collaboration. The second study investigates how governmental authorities has popularized emergency preparedness through a campaign aiming to prepare people for a possible zombie invasion. The study shows how the campaign makes use of a dynamic interplay between reality and fiction, realism and irrealism, and affirmation and distancing. Studies III and IV examine the meanings of spatiality, materiality, and affect in large-scale disaster simulations for the public. The studies are based on documents and observations collected and conducted in Japan and Turkey in 2014 and 2015. With the third study, I wish to contribute to existing debates on experience design and affective atmospheres in disaster simulation, while in the fourth study I explore enactment-based exercises and experience design through a lens of Foucauldian governmentality and spatial rationality. The four articles are given a common theoretical framework consisting of sociological perspectives on time and temporality, which highlight how the conditions for futures-making practices has evolved through changes in people's relation to the future. The overall results in the thesis indicate that possibilities for the public to participate in enactment-based exercises are currently limited. However, when made publicly available, exercises are most often designed as entertaining, sensory, and affective learning experiences. Present imaginaries and enactments of negative futures are thus enmeshed with considerations regarding what is possible and probable, real and unreal, near and distant. Furthermore, facilities for public exercises are part of a complex apparatus involving political, economic, and educational perspectives, as well as aspects of entertainment, urban planning, educational technology, and public space. ; I den här avhandlingen utforskas praktiker för att generera kunskap om och erfarenhet av möjliga framtider i samtiden. Många av våra ofta oreflekterade vardagshandlingar är tydligt inriktade mot framtiden. Vi planerar in kommande händelser i kalendrar, köper försäkringar, följer väderprognoser, och övar inför uppträdanden av olika slag, allt för att minska de osäkerheter som framtiden innebär. Inom olika samhälleliga verksamhetsområden har det utvecklats specialiserade och systematiska sätt att generera kunskap för att människor ska kunna förbereda sig på eventuella kommande händelser. Ett omfattande område är det som inbegriper samhällelig säkerhet och beredskap inför extraordinära händelser. Avhandlingen utforskar olika aspekter av framtidsskapande praktiker inom det övergripande området samhällssäkerhet, med ett särskilt fokus på åtgärder för att stärka allmänhetens krisberedskap. Det övergripande syftet är att fördjupa kunskapen om den samtida användningen av framtidsskapande praktiker (såsom föreställning, fantasi och iscensättning) och tillhörande tekniker (såsom scenarioskrivande och simuleringar). Samhällssäkerhet och krisberedskap har på senare tid kommit att uppmärksammas nationellt och globalt på sätt som vi inte sett någon motsvarighet till sedan kalla krigets dagar. Avhandlingen tar avstamp i några större händelser som inträffade under det nya millenniets första fem år. Under denna period inträffade ett antal terrorattentat och naturkatastrofer, vilka kom att påverka framtidsskapande praktiker inom verksamheter kopplade till samhällssäkerhet och beredskap. Till avhandlingens bakgrund hör även det faktum att man sedan det kalla krigets slut i början av 1990-talet på många håll i världen minskat uppmärksamheten på nationell säkerhet för att i stället fokusera på samhällssäkerhet, det vill säga att beredskapen inför yttre hot mot nationella gränser under en period prioriterats ned till förmån för beredskap inför hot som kommer inifrån samhällen själva. Som en följd av attentaten den 11 september 2001 började man inom olika säkerhetsområden implementera nya sätt att förhålla sig till framtiden. Från att ha fokuserat huvudsakligen på troliga händelser började man i allt högre grad ta hänsyn till möjliga och mer oväntade händelser och utvecklingslinjer. Som en följd av hanteringen av orkanen Katrina 2005 initierades ett visionsarbete med syfte att skapa en allomfattande beredskapskultur, en kultur som skulle involvera alla samhällets sektorer och aktörer, även den enskilda individen. Exemplen är visserligen hämtade från en amerikansk kontext, men händelserna går också att uppfatta som upprinnelser till, eller delar av, en övergripande global trend med lokala varianter. Med andra ord, en trend som innefattar nya idéer kring allmänhetens deltagande i den samhälleliga krisberedskapen, liksom nya sätt genom vilka vi skapar preliminära representationer av möjliga framtider i syfte att förbereda oss på dem. För att tydliggöra olika sätt på vilka vi förhåller oss till framtiden tillämpar jag i avhandlingen kulturgeografen Ben Andersons klassificering av anticipatoriska praktiker. Anderson lyfter fram tre huvudsakliga praktiker: föreställning (imagination), beräkning (calculation), och iscensättning (performance). I avhandlingen utforskas föreställning och iscensättning av möjliga framtider utifrån teknikerna scenarioskrivning och simulering genom fyra delstudier (artikel I-IV). Delstudierna I och II undersöker hur föreställningar om framtida kriser artikuleras i intervjuer med kommunala säkerhetssamordnare och volontärer i Sverige, liksom i övningsscenarion för institutionell beredskap i USA. Delstudie I visar hur samverkan mellan allmänheten och professionella framhålls som ett ideal för hanteringen av samhälleliga påfrestningar, samt hur olika former av frivilligorganisering kan underlätta eller försvåra för samverkan. Delstudie II undersöker hur myndigheter försökt popularisera krisberedskap genom en kampanj för beredskap inför en möjlig stundande zombie-invasion. Studien visar hur kampanjen använder sig av ett dynamiskt växelspel mellan verklighet och fiktion, realism och irrealism, bejakande och avståndstagande. Delstudierna III och IV undersöker betydelser av rumslighet, materialitet, och affekt i storskaliga katastrofsimuleringar för allmänheten. Delstudierna baseras på dokument och observationer, insamlade och genomförda i Japan och Turkiet 2014 och 2015. Med delstudie III vill jag bidra till pågående diskussioner om upplevelsedesign och affekt i storskalig realistisk simulering, medan jag i delstudie IV utforskar iscensättning och upplevelsedesign utifrån ett Foucauldianskt styrningsperspektiv. De fyra delstudierna inramas av teori utifrån ett tidssociologiskt perspektiv, som belyser hur förutsättningarna för framtidsskapande praktiker vuxit fram genom förändringar i människans förhållningssätt till framtiden. På ett övergripande plan visar avhandlingen att möjligheterna är begränsade för den oorganiserade allmänheten att delta i avancerade simuleringsövningar. Men när sådana möjligheter väl skapas, designas övningarna i huvudsak som underhållande, sensoriska och affektiva upplevelser. Samtida föreställningar och iscensättningar av negativa framtider förutsätter överväganden kring vad som kan betraktas som troligt eller möjligt, realistiskt eller orealistiskt, avlägset eller nära. Vidare, anläggningar för simuleringsövningar med allmänheten som målgrupp är del i en komplex apparat som involverar politiska, ekonomiska och utbildningsmässiga mål, och som ska balansera aspekter av underhållning, utbildning, stadsplanering, och tillgången till offentliga rum. ; Seminariet kommer att hållas på svenska och engelska. Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 4 inskickat At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 4 submitted

The construction phases of large dam and infrastructural projects often extend over long periods of time, creating social, environmental, cultural, political, and economic consequences in the proximate communities and landscapes. The temporality of the phases of the project – from planning to construction to post-construction – reveal more layered and wide-ranging consequences from the social and environmental changes that result, sharpened by greater attention to how these changes unfold across multiple timescales and sites of the project. Using the case study of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), I draw on a political ecology approach that uses longitudinal data, including interviews, document analysis, and ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Lesotho since 1997, to illustrate how active project narratives draw from and promulgate an affective economy of anticipation in ways that aim to both sustain the hope of people affected by the project and contain their criticism of the project amidst a continued investment by the state in the expansion of the LHWP. As people directly affected experience disjunctures between the promises and the realities of the project over time, subsequent phases of the project are simultaneously renewed and recast through a logic of improvement that emphasizes changes in the implementation of the project while continuing to invest in the future imaginary of development that requires going forward with project plans. A logic of continuity and improvement structures this continued commitment to the capital intensive LHWP through the strategic mobilization of phases that scaffold both the material and physical dimensions of the project, but also the affective and anticipatory hopes of prosperity that the project represents. In this case, it also reveals how project authorities weave these dimensions – the material and the aspirational – into specific planned changes and improvements to address previous and ongoing concerns as projects progress over time. This longitudinal approach demonstrates the importance of temporal and affective dimensions to our understanding of the complex, multi-faceted consequences of resource extractive mega-dam projects such as the LHWP, particularly as they further rationalize the resource extractive approach to economic development in the region.Keywords: development, dams, infrastructure, political ecology, temporality, affect, resource extraction, economy of anticipation, displacement, construction, Lesotho, Southern Africa

IN ENGLISH: Although Catholicism was the most prominent identification of Croats throughout history, anticlerical, atheistic and antireligious ideas were present and more or less visible in society during different periods. This chapter attempts to describe these ideas. They were articulated in the 19th century in political and literary (modernistic) circles that questioned the church's position and its role in society. In the field of the natural sciences of the time, the first ideologization of Darwinism in relation to religion began. The most powerful form of atheism and secularism, as a political doctrine in Croatia, developed after the end of World War II within the framework of Communist Yugoslavia. After the collapse of Communism and the disintegration of Yugoslavia, religiosity became a desirable (and dominant) conformity pattern, but nonreligiosity and atheism were still present on the individual and group levels (in the form of organized communities of nonreligious people and atheists influenced by the New Atheism). All the tendencies that were rejecting a traditional religious belief system in Croatia were part of similar trends in Europe, specifically as a form of rejecting hegemony, as a part of the state imposed ideology due to the spread of socialism or the influence of new social movements (New Atheism) in the last few years. --- IN CROATIAN: Iako je katolicizam bio najistaknutiji element identifikacije Hrvata kroz povijest, u različitim su razdobljima bile prisutne i više ili manje vidljive antiklerikalne, ateističke i antireligijske ideje. U ovom se poglavlju nastoji opisati te ideje. Oblikovane su u 19. stoljeću u političkim i intelektualnim (modernističkim) krugovima koji su propitivali položaj i ulogu crkve u društvu. U polju prirodnih znanosti onoga vremena započela je prva ideologizacija darvinizma u odnosu prema religiji. Najmoćniji oblik ateizma i sekularizma, kao političke doktrine u Hrvatskoj, razvio se nakon završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata u okviru komunističke Jugoslavije. Nakon pada komunizma i raspada Jugoslavije, religioznost je postala poželjan (i dominantan) obrazac konformizma, no nereligioznost i ateizam još uvijek su bili prisutni na razini pojedinaca i grupa (u obliku organiziranih zajednica nereligioznih ljudi i ateista na koje je utjecao novi ateizam). Sva nastojanja koja su odbacivala tradicionalni religijski sustav vjerovanja u Hrvatskoj bila su dio sličnih strujanja u Europi, osobito kao oblik odbacivanja hegemonije, kao dijela državno nametnute ideologije uslijed širenja socijalizma ili utjecaja novih društvenih pokreta (novi ateizam) u posljednjih nekoliko godina.

IN ENGLISH: The goal of this research was to determine the changes in frequency and characteristics of media reporting of different scientific disciplines in the socio-historical context in which they arise. The research was conducted using the method of content analysis, which comprised Croatian daily newspapers with the highest readership in two time periods: 'socialism', from 1986 to 1988, and 'democracy', from 2006 to 2008. The constructed week method was used to select a total of 885 articles. The findings confirm the specificities in media communication of particular scientific disciplines in different socio-political contexts, as well as a tendency of levelling media practices in line with global trends, such as growing orientation towards medicalisation and socio-spatial domination of 'Western' news. --- IN CROATIAN: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi promjene u učestalosti i obilježjima medijskog izvještavanja o različitim znanstvenim disciplinama u društveno-povijesnom kontekstu u kojem nastaju. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom analize sadržaja koja je obuhvatila najčitanije hrvatske dnevne novine u dva vremenska razdoblja: "socijalističkom", od 1986. do 1988., i "demokratskom", od 2006. do 2008. Korištena je metoda konstruiranog tjedna za odabir ukupno 885 članaka. Nalazi potvrđuju specifičnosti medijske komunikacije pojedinih znanstvenih disciplina u različitim društveno-političkim kontekstima, kao i tendenciju ujednačavanja medijskih praksi u skladu s globalnim trendovima, kao što su rastuća orijentacija prema medikalizaciji i socioprostorna dominacija "zapadnjačkih" vijesti.

Dinka Marinović Jerolimov and Nikolina Hazdovac Bajić examine the case of Croatia in this chapter, a postcommunist country with a dominant Roman Catholic religious society. The official social welfare system in Croatia started to function in the communist period (1945–1990), more precisely during the 1960s, with the implementation of the first legislation that sought to comprehensively regulate that area and the establishment of independent institutions that deal with social issues. The authors seek to provide insight into the role and function of church-based organizations in the welfare system in Croatia, considering both the communist and postcommunist social and legal context.

Microbes evolve in complex environments that are often fashioned, in part, by human desires. In a global perspective, public health has played major roles in structuring how microbes are perceived, cultivated, and destroyed. The germ theory of disease cast microbes as enemies of the body and the body politic. Antibiotics have altered microbial development by providing stringent natural selection on bacterial species, and this has led to the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Public health perspectives such as "Precision Public Health" and "One Health" have recently been proposed to further manage microbial populations. However, neither of these take into account the symbiotic relationships that exist between bacterial species and between bacteria, viruses, and their eukaryotic hosts. We propose a perspective on public health that recognizes microbial evolution through symbiotic associations (the hologenome theory) and through lateral gene transfer. This perspective has the advantage of including both the pathogenic and beneficial interactions of humans with bacteria, as well as combining the outlook of the "One Health" model with the genomic methodologies utilized in the "Precision Public Health" model. In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. ; Peer reviewed

The peripheral (rural) regions in most countries face four vicious circles that contribute to their low level of development and inability to achieve the sustainable level of development. The first vicious circle is related to demography and is caused by the vulnerable population; very few young people and imbalance of women and men lead to poor economy, i.e. dominance of subsistence economy over production or trade; unfavorable age structure combined with poor services lead to very low birth rate and high levels of migration. The second vicious circle of remoteness is related to the fact that poor infrastructure does not attract businesses or new residents in the area, which contributes to high levels of migration as young and working-age population, especially families with young children, move out. The third vicious circle is related to education: the low level of education and skills mean that there is no labor force available in the region, which prevents business from entering the local market. Lack of employment means high poverty risk, which again accelerates migration from the rural areas. All these processes undermine the possibilities for local development simply because there is not enough human or economic capital to sustain rural development. These negative trends are not only typical for rural areas of Russia but have a strong impact on peripheral areas of many other post-socialist and European countries. The governments in Russia and European Union introduced various programs and measures to promote local development so that to overcome the negative consequences of all the mentioned vicious circles. In the first part of the article, the authors evaluate some local development efforts funded by the Ladoga Initiative project, successful and failed projects aimed at overcoming the vicious circles. In the second part of the article, the authors describe grant and priority programs introduced in Russia to support local development. ; Peer reviewed

The report aims to identify legal frameworks, models, and implementation practices of the decriminalization policies and to assess their empirical results. Statistics show that the prevalence of drug use has increased for decades all around the world despite all the strict measures taken. Decriminalization policy has emerged as a response to unbalanced prohibitionist drug policy, which creates not only social injustices at the individual level but also public health problems and high social costs at the macro level. On the other hand, decriminalization is a complex framework and is generally used as an umbrella term representing contemporary strategy. Governments have tailored this framework according to their priorities and expectations. The report categorizes models, implementations, and outcomes to evaluate results. Besides, by providing overall results from three European countries, we aim to assess the impact of the contextual factors and variation of the results. We hope the report will contribute to the discussion of developing better policy models managing drug problems. ; Non peer reviewed

Från apati till aktivism: Medborgerliga identiteter och reaktioner på det politiska, Vetenskapsrådet 2007-8782 ; Radikalisering och motradikalisering, Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap (Dnr 2016-489)

On 24 May 2017, the Council of Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan in Taiwan declared its famous Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 748, ruling that the non-recognition of same-sex marriage in law was unconstitutional. Thereafter, a huge debate emerged throughout the whole society in Taiwan, which had witnessed so much confrontation between supporters and opponents on that issue and perhaps felt really exhausted. On 17 May 2019, the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) was scheduled to debate on how to make the judges' call a reality. Eventually they passed the so-called Enforcement Act of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 748, a compromised result out of all of the strange versions. To be brief, the new law grants same-sex couples 'almost the same' set of partnership and family rights that are available to heterosexual married couples under the Civil Code – along with certain exceptions and restrictions, which has resulted in 'marriage quasi equality'.

Design is increasingly recognized as an instrument of power. We explore power in the context of the Swedish welfare state and care institutions, which are undergoing political and structural reconfiguration as new technologies are introduced. Our aim is to better understand the effects of designed technologies within care institution and over care workers. Through our research, we have identified deviances, or gaps, between institutional policies and daily working practices, in which workers must cope within a grey zone of legality. Against this backdrop, we bring together and discuss concepts from philosopher Michel Foucault and sociologist Dorothy Smith in order to frame issues of power relevant to design. We elaborate upon these issues through a discussion of our project set in Swedish elder care institutions. Three 'research through (critical) design' examples illustrate ways and extents to which power is exerted over care workers. We discuss effects upon their subjectivity, including how their knowledge and agency can risk being ignored or overruled. Ultimately, we argue for design research to examine and articulate the (powerful) role of design in such contexts. We see this as a form of 'De-Scription' and active 'mapping' that can open up for wider debate and reconfigurations of power.

IN ENGLISH: In this paper, a comparison is made between two post-socialist countries (Slovenia and Croatia), namely, their capital cities (Ljubljana and Zagreb). The research aims to establish the main principles and difficulties of revitalisation in each city and how successfully they have moved from socialist to democratic urban planning. The research hypothesis is that Ljubljana has been comprehensively revitalised according to relevant revitalisation guidelines, whereas in Zagreb the revitalisation has been partial and largely affected by the interests of investors and their political partners. The study uses semi-structured interviews conducted with various spatial planning experts and pertinent documentation. It confirms the hypothesis, examines successes and failures experienced in both cities' transition process, and reflects on general problems of urban planning and revitalisation in post-socialist countries. --- IN CROATIAN: U radu se vrši komparacija dvaju post-socijalističkih zemalja (Hrvatske i Slovenije) tj. njihovih glavnih gradova (Zagreba i Ljubljane). Istraživanje ima za svoj cilj otkrivanje i pojašnjenje glavnih odrednica i poteškoća urbane revitalizacije u pojedinom gradu te uspješan i manje uspješan prijelaz iz socijalističkog sustava planiranja u liberalno demokratski. Hipoteza istraživanja jest da je urbana revitalizacija u Ljubljani provedena na cjelovit način, uzimajući u obzir sve bitne odrednice revitalizacije grada, dok je urbana revitalizacija u Zagrebu parcijalna i usmjerena ka privatnim interesima pojedinačnih investitora i političara. Istraživanje je provedeno kroz polustrukturirane intervjue s različitim stručnjacima koji se bave prostornim pitanjima kao i analizom relevantne dokumentacije. Istraživanje potvrđuje hipotezu te iznosi zaključke o ključnim odrednicama urbane revitalizacije u dva grada, kao i probleme kod urbanističkog planiranja u postsocijalističkim zemljama. --- IN SLOVENIAN: Članek primerja dve postsocialistični državi (Hrvaško in Slovenijo) oziroma njuni glavni mesti (Zagreb in Ljubljano). Raziskava je namenjena pojasnjevanju glavnih determinant in težav urbane prenove oziroma revitalizacije v določenem mestu ter uspešen in manj uspešen prehod iz sistema socialističnega načrtovanja v demokratičnega. Hipoteza raziskave je, da se urbana revitalizacija v Ljubljani izvaja celovito, ob upoštevanju vseh bistvenih elementov revitalizacije mesta, medtem ko je urbana revitalizacija v Zagrebu le delna ter osredotočena na interese posameznih vlagateljev in politikov. Raziskava je bila izvedena s polstrukturiranimi intervjuji z različnimi strokovnjaki, ki se ukvarjajo s prostorskimi vprašanji, in analiziranjem ustrezne dokumentacije. Analiza potrjuje postavljeno hipotezo ter povzema sklepe o ključnih determinantah urbane revitalizacije v dveh mestih in težave pri urbanističnem načrtovanju v postsocialističnih državah.

IN CROATIAN: U radu se analiziraju neki od elemenata rada i stanovanja znanstvene populacije u Hrvatskoj dobiveni internetskom anketom koja je provedena 2017. godine. Anketa je upućena na adrese elektroničke pošte 7 269 znanstvenika, a odgovorilo ih je 1 966. Radne i stambene uvjete smješta se u suvremeni informatizacijski i postsocijalistički kontekst društva te ističe neke osnovne procese i fenomene koji na njih utječu, kao što su privatizacija stanovanja i fleksibilizacija rada. Nesigurnost radnih uvjeta koji iz njih proizlaze vidljiva je naročito kod mlađih znanstvenika. Testirane su razlike u zadovoljstvu znanstvenika radnim i stambenim uvjetima prema spolu, radnom statusu, tipu ustanove, mjestu rada i području bavljenja. Zadovoljniji su radnim uvjetima oni zaposleni izvan Zagreba od onih zaposlenih u Zagrebu te su muškarci zadovoljniji od žena. Stalno zaposleni ispitanici zadovoljniji su od ispitanika zaposlenih na određeno vrijeme. U boljem su stambenom položaju znanstvenici zaposleni na neodređeno, koji su i više sudjelovali u subvencioniranoj kupnji vlastitog stana. Za razliku od njih, zaposlene na određeno često prate nesigurni radni uvjeti, a uzrok tomu može se naći i u novoj znanstvenoj politici sve više okrenutoj tržištu. Zaključno, prema osnovnim stambenim kriterijima znanstvenu populaciju temeljno obilježava nastavak i jačanje modela privatizacije stanovanja započetog u tranzicijskom razdoblju u kojem je posjedovanje vlastitog stana poželjan stambeni status. U radnom smislu mora se istaknuti podijeljena situacija te kako postoji određeno zadovoljstvo radom, ali i iscrpljenost i nesigurnost koju u većoj mjeri osjećaju žene i mlađi znanstvenici. --- IN ENGLISH: The paper analysed some of the aspects of work and housing among the scientific population in Croatia using data from a 2017 on-line survey. The survey was e-mailed to 7 269 scientists, of which 1,966 responded. The working and housing conditions were set in the contemporary context of information-based and post-socialist society while highlighting some fundamental processes and phenomena affecting them, such as the privatisation of housing and the flexibilisation of work. The consequent uncertainty of working conditions was evident, especially among younger scientists. Differences in scientists' satisfaction with the working and housing conditions were tested by gender, employment status, institution type, work location and research area. Those employed outside of Zagreb were more content with the working conditions than those employed in Zagreb, as were men compared to women. The permanently employed were more content than fixed-term employees, had a better housing status and were more involved in the subsidised purchase of their own apartments. In contrast, fixed-term employees experienced precarious working conditions more often, possibly due to the new, increasingly market-oriented scientific policy. In conclusion, the scientific population in Croatia – according to objective housing criteria – is fundamentally characterised by the continuation and strengthening of the model of housing privatisation initiated during the transitional period, where owning an apartment is a desirable housing status. The situation regarding work is divided. Certain work satisfaction is present, but also exhaustion and uncertainty, which are felt mostly by women and the younger scientists.

This article examines the clandestine connections between participants in the illicit drug trade and members of state security forces to understand how they impact everyday understandings of the law. Drawing on a unique combination of long-term ethnographic fieldwork in a poor, high-crime district in Argentina and wiretapped conversations drawn from a court case involving a drug trafficking group active in the same area, we find that traffickers use illicit relationships to maintain economic control of the territory, and that collusion fosters widespread cynicism about law enforcement among residents. This article expands the literature on the covert relationships between drug trade participants and agents of the state by detailing the inner workings of collusion. Furthermore, it analyzes residents' perceptions of police complicity as an underexplored source of legal cynicism. Finally, it offers a methodological blueprint of how to access and analyze data that capture state actions usually hidden from public view. ResumenEste artículo examina las conexiones clandestinas entre participantes en el tráfico de drogas ilegales y miembros de las fuerzas de seguridad del estado a los efectos de entender cómo esas relaciones impactan en la manera en que la ley es entendida en la vida cotidiana. Combinando trabajo etnográfico en un barrio pobre con altos niveles de criminalidad y escuchas telefónicas registradas en un expediente judicial que involucra a un grupo de traficantes de la misma zona, encontramos que: a) los traficantes utilizan esas relaciones clandestinas para mantener control económico del territorio, y b) la colusión entre agentes del estado y traficantes alimenta un cinismo legal generalizado entre los residentes de la zona. Este artículo hace tres contribuciones. En primer lugar, expande la literatura sobre relaciones encubiertas entre participantes en el mercado de drogas ilícitas y los agentes del estado al detallar el funcionamiento de la colusión. En segundo lugar, analiza las percepciones sobre la complicidad policial como una fuente no estudiada de cinismo legal. Por último, ofrece una estrategia metodológica para acceder y analizar datos sobre acciones del estado que suelen estar ocultas.

IN ENGLISH: Europeanisation and European urbanistic standards (urban sustainability) have been present in Croatia, as the youngest member, for only a few years, and more declaratively than in practice. Urban renewal, revitalization of cities' centers and gentrification are therefore intensive processes, primarily economic in nature (with an increased real-estate value), and mostly beneficial for urban policy makers and holders of economic power (investors). Such renewal is often very partial and inconsiderate towards the quality of urban living for citizens, who are mostly excluded from participation without a possibility to influence the future appearance and purpose of space. This is also particularly problematic in peripheral city parts, smaller local communities or neighborhoods, in which residents' everyday needs are inadequately met. Inadequate infrastructural equipment or reduced public or green areas threaten the basic citizens' right to well-being. It is therefore possible to strengthen urbanity, as a fundamental measure of a more or less achieved urban living, only through citizens' greater influence in a bottom-up participation process. Models of bottom-up urban public space design strategies should be adjusted to enter directly into the community and strive towards assisting its residents in making their space more acceptable on everyday level. In the Croatian spatial system, participation is weak, because commercialization and privatization are at the forefront of directing post-socialist countries' urban development. In this context, the value of public spaces and interests is often destroyed. Examples of civic laboratories as possible models of local community action through applying digital technology would therefore be useful and could serve as examples of good bottom-up practice. Given the massive presence of the Internet and social networks, the main idea is to involve citizens in digital platforms and to design, with urban sociologists' and architects' assistance, preliminary research of the situation in every particular neighborhood. The results would be presented, with citizens' consent, to urban policy and administration representatives to facilitate collaboration. On-line networking of residents and then on-line questionnaires or interviews would initiate the next inevitable phase of bringing residents closer. Such collaboration would motivate residents, but also make city authorities aware of the need to 'leave the office' and respond more openly to citizens' demands, e.g. for improved waste removal and sorting, built or repaired parks and play-grounds, expanded green areas, increased citizens' traffic safety, etc. Such digital mapping of community and citizens' principal needs would mean an attempt to improve participation and extend its duration through phases (problem detection, collaboration and implementation). The institutional city authorities' to-date ambivalence towards citizens can indeed be challenged more easily through digital technology because it implies the possibility of greater democratization. This is why it is important and long-term useful to develop models of civic laboratories, as fundamental participation models, upon which the future appearance and development of cities will depend. --- IN CROATIAN: Proces europeizacije i europski urbanistički standardi (urban sustainability) na primjeru HR, kao najmlađe članice, prisutan je tek nekoliko godina i više na deklarativnoj razini nego u praksi. Stoga su primjerice procesi urbane obnove i revitalizacije središta gradova, te gentrifikacije, intenzivni i prvenstveno ekonomske naravi (s povećanom vrijednošću nekretnina) te imaju najveću korist za nositelje urbane politike i nositelje ekonomske moći (investitore). Često je takva obnova vrlo parcijalna i ne uzima u obzir kvalitetu urbanog života za same građane. Oni su uglavnom izostavljeni iz participacijskog procesa i nemaju mogućnost utjecanja na budući izgled i namjenu prostora. To je posebno problematično i u drugim dijelovima grada, manjim lokalnim zajednicama ili susjedstvima, koji na svakodnevnoj razini nedovoljno ispunjavaju potrebe stanovnika. Neadekvatna infrastrukturna opremljenost ili smanjeni javni ili zeleni prostori postaju ugroženi te ugrožavaju i osnovno pravo građana na dobar život. Stoga je urbanitet, kao temeljnu mjeru više ili manje dostignutog urbanog života, moguće ojačati jedino uz veći utjecaj građana u procesu participacije odozdo. Modeli in bottom-up urban public space design strategies trebali bi biti prilagođeni direktnom ulazu u community i nastojati pomoći stanarima da prostor učine prihvatljivijim na svakodnevnoj razini. U hrvatskom prostornom sustavu postoji slab proces participacije jer procesi komercijalizacije i privatizacije (posljedice su poslovna i stambena preizgrađenost) predvode smjer urbanog razvoja postosocijalističkih zemalja. U tom je kontekstu vrijednost javnih prostora i javnih interesa često destruirana. Stoga bi primjeri civic laboratories kao mogućih modela akcije u lokalnoj zajednici kroz korištenje digitalne tehnologije bili korisni i mogli poslužiti kao primjeri dobre prakse odozdo. S obzirom na masovnu prisutnost interneta i društvenih mreža osnovna ideja je da se građani uključe u digitalne platforme te uz stručnu pomoć urbanih sociologa i arhitekata primjerice, osmisle preliminarna istraživanja o stanju u svakom pojedinom kvartu. Dobiveni rezultati u suglasnosti s građanima predstavili bi se predstavnicima urbane politike i administracije kako bi lakše ostvarili suradnju. On-line povezivanje stanara te zatim ispunjavanje on-line ankete ili intervjua prvenstveno bi bile pokretač i za sljedeću fazu koja je nezaobilazna i uključuje upoznavanje i zbližavanje stanovnika samih. Takvom bi se suradnjom pokrenulo stanovnike, ali i osvijestilo gradsku upravu da mora 'izaći iz ureda' i otvorenije odgovarati na zahtjeve građana, primjerice za boljim odvozom i razvrstavanjem otpada, gradnjom ili popravljanjem parkova i dječjih igrališta, povećanjem zelenih površina, povećanja sigurnosti građana u prometu itd. Takvim svojevrsnim digitalnim mapiranjem zajednice i najvažnijih potreba građana pokušalo bi se poboljšati proces participacije i produžiti njegovo trajanje po fazama (faza detektiranja problema, faza suradnje i faza realizacije). Korisno bi bilo usporediti postojeće pozitivne europske primjere participativnih modela kao što su portugalski, španjolski, slovenski, a kako bi se mogli primijeniti i hrvatski lokalni prostor. Dosadašnja podijeljenost institucionalne gradske vlasti spram građana uz digitalnu se tehnologiju zasigurno lakše može pokušati mijenjati jer ona u sebi nosi i mogućnost veće demokratizacije. Upravo je zbog toga važno i dugoročno korisno razvijati modele civic laboratories kao temeljnih participativnih modela o kojima će ovisiti budući izgled i razvoj gradova.