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Through the study of the relationship between water, aquatic environments and society, the purpose is to understand the place given to the water in the territories, the construction of knowledge of physical processes, the implementation of principles of public policies and tools for a regionalised management. The analysis is done by associating geographic effects with political processes. The production of geographic objects, such as watershed, conditions the water management; it is constrained by the boundaries defined by the uses, networks, within the perimeters sanctioned by the regulation. Water management is designed considering the various arrangements between individuals to manage water, politics being defined as an interaction in a socially indeterminate space.Research questions the spatial coherence and social cohesion in the management of public services in a context where financial and technical resources diminish. The category of small urban rivers poses challenges and conditions for ecological restoration. Managers' analysis shows a complex articulation between institutional and functional types of management, the existence of a regional management between integration and empowerment. Under a regulatory science where water managers establish water quality standards, the stake is to establish what are the requirements for maintaining a confidence in scientific expertise, putting scientific knowledge at the service of politics. ; À travers l'étude de la relation entre l'eau, les milieux aquatiques et la société, il s'agit de comprendre la place faite à l'eau dans les territoires, la construction des connaissances des processus physiques, la mise en œuvre des principes des politiques publique et leurs outils au service d'une gestion territorialisée. L'analyse se fait en associant une approche par les effets géographiques avec les processus politiques. La production d'objets géographiques, comme le bassin versant, conditionne la gestion de l'eau ; celle-ci s'exerce dans des périmètres induits par les usages, les réseaux techniques, sanctionnés par la règlementation. La gestion de l'eau est étudiée en considérant les différents arrangements entre les individus pour gérer l'eau, le politique étant défini comme une interaction dans un espace socialement indéterminé. Les travaux interrogent la cohérence spatiale et la cohésion sociale dans la gestion des services publics dans une perspective de tension sur la ressource, les moyens techniques et financiers. La catégorie des petites rivières urbaines pose les enjeux et les conditions d'une restauration écologique. Les jeux d'acteurs montrent l'articulation complexe entre les territoires institutionnels et fonctionnels de gestion, l'existence d'un système d'action régional entre intégration et autonomisation. Dans le cadre d'une science règlementaire où les normes techniques de la qualité de l'eau sont établies en partie par les gestionnaires de l'eau, on interroge les conditions pour conserver une confiance dans l'expertise scientifique, faire converger les productions scientifiques des chercheurs avec leurs usages par le politique.

Through the study of the relationship between water, aquatic environments and society, the purpose is to understand the place given to the water in the territories, the construction of knowledge of physical processes, the implementation of principles of public policies and tools for a regionalised management. The analysis is done by associating geographic effects with political processes. The production of geographic objects, such as watershed, conditions the water management; it is constrained by the boundaries defined by the uses, networks, within the perimeters sanctioned by the regulation. Water management is designed considering the various arrangements between individuals to manage water, politics being defined as an interaction in a socially indeterminate space.Research questions the spatial coherence and social cohesion in the management of public services in a context where financial and technical resources diminish. The category of small urban rivers poses challenges and conditions for ecological restoration. Managers' analysis shows a complex articulation between institutional and functional types of management, the existence of a regional management between integration and empowerment. Under a regulatory science where water managers establish water quality standards, the stake is to establish what are the requirements for maintaining a confidence in scientific expertise, putting scientific knowledge at the service of politics. ; À travers l'étude de la relation entre l'eau, les milieux aquatiques et la société, il s'agit de comprendre la place faite à l'eau dans les territoires, la construction des connaissances des processus physiques, la mise en œuvre des principes des politiques publique et leurs outils au service d'une gestion territorialisée. L'analyse se fait en associant une approche par les effets géographiques avec les processus politiques. La production d'objets géographiques, comme le bassin versant, conditionne la gestion de l'eau ; celle-ci s'exerce dans des périmètres induits par les usages, les réseaux techniques, sanctionnés par la règlementation. La gestion de l'eau est étudiée en considérant les différents arrangements entre les individus pour gérer l'eau, le politique étant défini comme une interaction dans un espace socialement indéterminé. Les travaux interrogent la cohérence spatiale et la cohésion sociale dans la gestion des services publics dans une perspective de tension sur la ressource, les moyens techniques et financiers. La catégorie des petites rivières urbaines pose les enjeux et les conditions d'une restauration écologique. Les jeux d'acteurs montrent l'articulation complexe entre les territoires institutionnels et fonctionnels de gestion, l'existence d'un système d'action régional entre intégration et autonomisation. Dans le cadre d'une science règlementaire où les normes techniques de la qualité de l'eau sont établies en partie par les gestionnaires de l'eau, on interroge les conditions pour conserver une confiance dans l'expertise scientifique, faire converger les productions scientifiques des chercheurs avec leurs usages par le politique.

Through the study of the relationship between water, aquatic environments and society, the purpose is to understand the place given to the water in the territories, the construction of knowledge of physical processes, the implementation of principles of public policies and tools for a regionalised management. The analysis is done by associating geographic effects with political processes. The production of geographic objects, such as watershed, conditions the water management; it is constrained by the boundaries defined by the uses, networks, within the perimeters sanctioned by the regulation. Water management is designed considering the various arrangements between individuals to manage water, politics being defined as an interaction in a socially indeterminate space.Research questions the spatial coherence and social cohesion in the management of public services in a context where financial and technical resources diminish. The category of small urban rivers poses challenges and conditions for ecological restoration. Managers' analysis shows a complex articulation between institutional and functional types of management, the existence of a regional management between integration and empowerment. Under a regulatory science where water managers establish water quality standards, the stake is to establish what are the requirements for maintaining a confidence in scientific expertise, putting scientific knowledge at the service of politics. ; À travers l'étude de la relation entre l'eau, les milieux aquatiques et la société, il s'agit de comprendre la place faite à l'eau dans les territoires, la construction des connaissances des processus physiques, la mise en œuvre des principes des politiques publique et leurs outils au service d'une gestion territorialisée. L'analyse se fait en associant une approche par les effets géographiques avec les processus politiques. La production d'objets géographiques, comme le bassin versant, conditionne la gestion de l'eau ; celle-ci s'exerce dans des périmètres induits par les usages, les réseaux techniques, sanctionnés par la règlementation. La gestion de l'eau est étudiée en considérant les différents arrangements entre les individus pour gérer l'eau, le politique étant défini comme une interaction dans un espace socialement indéterminé. Les travaux interrogent la cohérence spatiale et la cohésion sociale dans la gestion des services publics dans une perspective de tension sur la ressource, les moyens techniques et financiers. La catégorie des petites rivières urbaines pose les enjeux et les conditions d'une restauration écologique. Les jeux d'acteurs montrent l'articulation complexe entre les territoires institutionnels et fonctionnels de gestion, l'existence d'un système d'action régional entre intégration et autonomisation. Dans le cadre d'une science règlementaire où les normes techniques de la qualité de l'eau sont établies en partie par les gestionnaires de l'eau, on interroge les conditions pour conserver une confiance dans l'expertise scientifique, faire converger les productions scientifiques des chercheurs avec leurs usages par le politique.

Through the study of the relationship between water, aquatic environments and society, the purpose is to understand the place given to the water in the territories, the construction of knowledge of physical processes, the implementation of principles of public policies and tools for a regionalised management. The analysis is done by associating geographic effects with political processes. The production of geographic objects, such as watershed, conditions the water management; it is constrained by the boundaries defined by the uses, networks, within the perimeters sanctioned by the regulation. Water management is designed considering the various arrangements between individuals to manage water, politics being defined as an interaction in a socially indeterminate space.Research questions the spatial coherence and social cohesion in the management of public services in a context where financial and technical resources diminish. The category of small urban rivers poses challenges and conditions for ecological restoration. Managers' analysis shows a complex articulation between institutional and functional types of management, the existence of a regional management between integration and empowerment. Under a regulatory science where water managers establish water quality standards, the stake is to establish what are the requirements for maintaining a confidence in scientific expertise, putting scientific knowledge at the service of politics. ; À travers l'étude de la relation entre l'eau, les milieux aquatiques et la société, il s'agit de comprendre la place faite à l'eau dans les territoires, la construction des connaissances des processus physiques, la mise en œuvre des principes des politiques publique et leurs outils au service d'une gestion territorialisée. L'analyse se fait en associant une approche par les effets géographiques avec les processus politiques. La production d'objets géographiques, comme le bassin versant, conditionne la gestion de l'eau ; celle-ci s'exerce dans des périmètres induits par les usages, les réseaux techniques, sanctionnés par la règlementation. La gestion de l'eau est étudiée en considérant les différents arrangements entre les individus pour gérer l'eau, le politique étant défini comme une interaction dans un espace socialement indéterminé. Les travaux interrogent la cohérence spatiale et la cohésion sociale dans la gestion des services publics dans une perspective de tension sur la ressource, les moyens techniques et financiers. La catégorie des petites rivières urbaines pose les enjeux et les conditions d'une restauration écologique. Les jeux d'acteurs montrent l'articulation complexe entre les territoires institutionnels et fonctionnels de gestion, l'existence d'un système d'action régional entre intégration et autonomisation. Dans le cadre d'une science règlementaire où les normes techniques de la qualité de l'eau sont établies en partie par les gestionnaires de l'eau, on interroge les conditions pour conserver une confiance dans l'expertise scientifique, faire converger les productions scientifiques des chercheurs avec leurs usages par le politique.

предметом исследования данной статьи является проблема зарождения и развития земского либерального движения в России ; причины и основные этапы его формирования. Целью исследования является изучение вопросов становления и развития либерального оппозиционного земского движения в пореформенный период ; формирование политических требований и организационное оформление земских либералов ; итогом которого стало создание политических партий. Автор статьи применял исторический метод исследования ; позволяющий установить причинно-следственные связи данного процесса. В результате автор пришел к следующему выводу: земское либеральное движение стало логическим продолжением традиций русского либерализма предшествующего периода развития русской общественно-политической мысли ; на формирование которых оказали влияние идеи западноевропейского конституционализма. Главными политическими требованиями земского либерального движения в России стали: «свободы слова и печати ; гарантий личности и созыва учредительного собрания». Реализацию этих идей земское либеральное движение видело на пути реформ сверху. Поэтому основной формой их протестного движения стали письменные обращения (адреса) земских органов самоуправления к власти с изложением своих политических пожеланий. Для достижения своих политических целей земские либералы предпринимали неоднократные попытки организационного оформления своего движения ; итогом которых стало создание политических партий в начале ХХ века. Политическая программа русского либерального движения оказала существенное влияние на эволюцию политического строя России в годы революции 1905-1907 гг. и нашла отражение в Основных государственных законах Российской империи 23 апреля 1096 года. ; the subject of this article is the problem of the origin and development of Zemstvo liberal movement in Russia ; the causes and the main stages of its formation. The aim of the study is to study the formation and development of the liberal opposition Zemstvo movement in the post-reform period ; the formation of political requirements and organizational design Zemstvo liberals ; which resulted in the creation of political parties. The author of the article used the historical method of research ; which allows to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of the process. As a result ; the author came to the following conclusion: the Zemstvo liberal movement became a logical continuation of the traditions of Russian liberalism of the previous period of development of Russian socio-political thought ; the formation of which was influenced by the idea of Western European constitutionalism. The main political demands of the Zemstvo liberal movement in Russia were: "freedom of speech and press ; guarantees of the individual and the convening of the constituent Assembly." The Zemstvo liberal movement saw the realization of these ideas on the way of reforms from above. Therefore ; the main form of their protest movement was written appeals (addresses) of Zemstvo self-government bodies to the authorities with a statement of their political wishes. To achieve their political goals Zemstvo liberals made repeated attempts to formalize their movement ; which resulted in the creation of political parties in the early twentieth century. The political program of the Russian liberal movement had a significant impact on the evolution of the political system of Russia during the revolution of 1905-1907. and it was reflected in the Main state laws of the Russian Empire on April 23 ; 1096.

A political party is a political organization that adheres to and is based on a certain ideology or can also be interpreted as an organization that accommodates the interests and voices of the people who want their interests to be heard by the authorities. Political marketing and political strategy are the most important part of selling and getting a positive response from the community so that people support certain parties or certain candidates. The research method with a qualitative approach, this strategy or method of winning has been thought out and also planned long before the election day arrives, but this strategy is also inseparable from the cooperation and contribution of the political parties it carries in achieving common goals. there are several ways and strategies carried out by the PDI-P party in the 2019-2024 period and it became one of the extraordinary events so that the PDI-P party won with the most votes. The strategy carried out by the PDI-P party in Central Aceh Regency is the collaboration between legislative candidates and the community. Cooperation carried out by the PDI-P party legislative candidates is one very good way to do it, so that work plans through the voice of the community can be carried out easily because of this collaboration. The next strategy is to improve good communication with the community, increase socialization, and have a competition event held by the PDI-P party to the community. With the competition event held by the PDI-P party legislative candidates to the community, so that people know more about the nature, character, behavior and know more about who the legislative candidates are. As well as improving the system and the way the PDI-P party's legislative candidates campaign openly and privately

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; The purpose of this paper is to analyze the electoral campaigns organized by candidates and political parties during the 2018 elections presidential in Mexico, from the theoretical perspective of democratic pluralism as a necessary political condition for the development of novel political and communication practices. , which were characterized, on the one hand, by the flexibilization of the traditional ideological platforms of the main competing parties, which endowed this process with a particularly pragmatic character, by formalizing unprecedented political coalitions. On the other hand, this democratic condition facilitated the deployment of communication strategies that based on their characteristics are termed as land, air and digital, in which financial, technical and human resources authorized for ine, to publicize their projects were used intensively, thus increasing the interaction between candidates and voters, and promoting the political pluralization of the voter and electoral participation in a targeted manner. ; El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las campañas electorales organizadas por los candidatos y los partidos políticos durante el proceso de elecciones presidenciales de 2018 en México. Se aborda desde la perspectiva teórica del pluralismo democrático como condición política necesaria para el desarrollo de prácticas políticas y de comunicación novedosas, las que se caracterizaron, por un lado, por la flexibilización de las plataformas ideológicas tradicionales de los principales partidos competidores, que dotaron de un carácter especialmente pragmático a este proceso al formalizar coaliciones políticas inéditas. Y, por otro lado, esta condición democrática facilitó el despliegue de estrategias de comunicación que por sus características se denominan: tierra, digital y aire, en las cuales se usaron de forma intensiva recursos financieros, técnicos y humanos autorizados por el ine para dar a conocer sus proyectos de gobierno, ...

Between 1981 and 1983, the mobilization against Euromissiles introduced an extraordinary novelty in Italian social and political history. The Italian anti-nuclear movement took off later than in other European countries and its main feature was a politicization unknown elsewhere. The movement developed on the basis of a double and contrary youth mobilization: the first coming from the Communists and the second from the New Left. The movement was not only manifold, but also radically divided about its goals (balanced disarmament vs. unilateralism, atomic weapons vs. nuclear energy, nuclear issue vs. military budget) and methods of protests (pleas vs. conscientious objections, mass demonstrations vs. civil disobedience, referendums vs. tax objections). Continuous disagreements conditioned and weakened the anti-nuclear movement, even when the axis of the protest was transferred to Comiso, to which and from which the PCI and the Radical Party promoted different and contrary marches. Even when, in 1983, a unanimous framework was approved, a common mobilization remained difficult, both in Comiso and in Rome. The movement was only a vast, heterogeneous and divergent coalition, but it expressed a common political base and culture. Neither Communist nor pacifist, but influenced by the New Left protest against traditional political parties, the new culture was rooted in environmentalism, pessimism, nuclear catastrophism, anti-Americanism, new socialism, disarmed unilateralism, and an opposition to everything that resembled traditional politics. The movement worried the Italian government, but it never represented a real political danger and never even succeeded in bringing the nuclear issue to the foreground. Nonetheless, it deeply changed the Italian political culture: it brought new styles and sensibilities, unknown to the traditional left. For the first time, criticisms of ideologies and parties, direct action, civil disobedience and individualism split Christian Democratics from their Catholic grassroots and Communists from the youth.

A LISTING OF THE COUNTRIES, PARTIES, & MOVEMENTS MOSCOW VIEWS AS PART OF THE WORLD "NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT", WHICH, NEXT TO RULING & NONRULING COMMUNIST & WORKERS' PARTIES, IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN WORLD REVOLUTIONARY PROCESS IN SOVIET EYES. DATA INCLUDE PARTICIPATION IN: CONGRESSES OF CERTAIN COMMUNIST PARTIES; "PROBLEMS OF PEACE AND SOCIALISM" (JOURNAL); MOSCOW-SPONSORED WORLD PEACE COUNCIL.

While populism and technocracy have attracted enormous scientific attention in recent years, surprisingly how the two concepts relate to each other has rarely been investigated. Looking at the case of the EU, we investigate how populist parties position themselves in relation to technocracy in general and the technocratic nature of EU institutions in particular. In a first theoretical step, we identify the core elements, modes of governance, and policy output of technocratic governance and use them to derive potential responses of populist parties. In the empirical part, we investigate these aspects of technocracy by applying quantitative and qualitative approaches using the 2019 European election manifestos of 12 populist parties. We show that left- and right-wing populist parties articulate anti-technocratic positions, particularly regarding the core elements of technocratic governance. The concrete technocratic critique differs regarding the respective host ideology. However, within the group of hybrid populist parties, ANO 2011 and GERB appear not to have a critical stance towards technocracy and thus can be classified as technocratic populist parties.

The purpose of this article is to examine the political transition in Nepal during a period of 16 years (1990—2006) when it operated under a multiparty parliamentary polity. It argues that if a system carries inherent contradictions despite the inclusion of some democratic provisions, it becomes a hybrid regime and encourages the non-democratic forces to be active. The political transformation in Nepal after the pro-democracy movement of 1990 embraced some democratic provisions but contained several inherent flaws, making it a hybrid regime and failing to produce any substantive transformation. Consequently, two extreme forces — an ultra leftist force known as Nepal Communist Party (Maoist) and an ultra rightist force under the leadership of King Gyanendra — emerged and sought to reverse the political gains made after 1990.

Cold War historians have neglected the significance of the year 1948 for Indochina. Based on new sources, this paper shows critical shifts in politics within the Vietnamese nationalist movement in 1948. These were the result of converging developments during late 1947 and early 1948, including changes in international politics, in French–Vietnamese relations, and in the relationship between non-communist and communist leaders within the Việt Minh state. By late 1948, Party ideologues were already looking beyond national independence towards building a new socialist regime. The nationalist coalition that had led the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was seriously damaged in 1948, even though civil war would only break out several years later. As elsewhere in Southeast Asia, 1948 thus marked a new period: the beginning of the end of the 'united front' period and cooperation with bourgeois nationalists.