Suchergebnisse

Changement de mission de la RAD : jusque dans les années 1990, la recherche a mis l'accent sur l'augmentation massive des productions pour les principales espèces cultivées (contribuant ainsi à un appauvrissement de la biodiversité agricole) ; la mission de la recherche pour le développement a pris depuis une orientation multidimensionnelle en s'engageant à contribuer à une réduction de la pauvreté, de la faim, de la malnutrition par une amélioration durable de la productivité des ressources agricoles, forestières et marines. Changement de contexte : Le traité international sur les ressources génétiques d'une part, l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs dont les organisations régionales et sous régionales de recherche, le lancement de grands programmes mondiaux avec un partenariat large et diversifié comme par exemple les " challenge programmes ", sont autant de facteurs qui viennent aujourd'hui modifier le contexte dans lequel évoluent les recherches sur la diversité agricole. Une nouvelle efficacité : les nouvelles technologies et particulièrement les applications de la génomique fonctionnelle ouvrent de réelles perspectives pour l'utilisation d'une plus grande diversité dans l'amélioration des plantes cultivées et pour la diversification des cultures chez les petits agriculteurs du Sud. La complexification des enjeux de la recherche impose toutefois de plus en plus d'intégrer les disciplines des sciences de la nature - la " biologie intégrative " constituant un premier niveau de mise en synergie - et au-delà d'intégrer celles-ci avec les sciences sociales et économiques. Des choix stratégiques : Aucun opérateur ne peut agir seul ni être présent partout. Si le système international décide d'ouvrir ses recherches à de nouvelles plantes cultivées, répondant aux besoins et demandes pressantes des agriculteurs pauvres du Sud, il ne pourra le faire que dans le cadre d'un partenariat élargi dans lequel la France devrait avoir un rôle important à jouer. Notre principal avantage comparatif, en complémentarité de ce que font les autres acteurs, se situera sans doute en amont des recherches appliquées réalisées par ceux qui oeuvrent sur le terrain, au Sud. Les efforts pourraient donc se concentrer sur des recherches génériques, appuyées par quelques " études de confirmation " (proof of concept) sur des sujets emblématiques. Conclusions - les modes opératoires : si produire plus, dans des environnements favorables, pouvait résulter d'une recherche relativement simple, améliorer les conditions de vie des petits agriculteurs des zones marginales exige une réelle pluridisciplinarité et une ouverture des partenariats encore largement à concrétiser dans les organismes français de recherche.

AbstractIn this longitudinal panel study we examined nurses' reactions to hospital amalgamation in both the hospitals being acquired and the acquiring hospitals. Data were collected in 1992, two years prior to the amalgamation announcement; in 1995, in the initial phase of the hospital amalgamation; and in 1997, during the amalgamation implementation. Compared with the pre‐amalgamation period, nurses in both the acquiring and the acquired hospitals reported a significant decrease in job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational trust, and a significant increase in turnover intentions. Except for organizational commitment, nurses in the acquiring hospitals reported a greater deterioration in job attitudes indicating that they were more adversely affected by the amalgamation than nurses in the hospitals being acquired. Perceived organizational support and, to a lesser extent, immediate supervisor support played an instrumental role in promoting successful adjustment to the amalgamation. There was only limited evidence that perceived job insecurity and control‐oriented coping mediated the relationship between the support variables and job attitudes.RésuméDans cette étude de panel, nous examinons les réactions des infirmières aux fusions des hôpitaux, à la fois dans les établissements acquéreurs et acquis. Les données ont été recueillies en 1992, deux ans avant l'annonce des fusions; ensuite en 1995, lors de leur annonce; et enfin en 1997, pendant leur mise en oeuvre. Les infirmières, tant dans les hôpitaux acquéreurs que dans les hôpitaux acquis, ont éprouvé une baisse considérable de leur satisfaction professionnelle, de leur engagement envers leur employeurs, et de leur confiance en leurs gestionnaires, de même qu'un désir accru d'abandon du métier ou de l'insitutiton en question. En particulier, la détérioration des attitudes a été plus marquée dans les hôpitaux acquéreurs, ce qui indique que ces infirmières se sont senties davantage mises à l'épreuve que celles dans les hôpitaux acquis. Cependant, l'adaptation à la fusion a été minimisée lorsque le soutien de l'établissement était bien perçu et, à un moindre degré, lors d'une constatation de soutien réel provenant de leurs supérieurs immédiats. Nous n'avons pas trouvé de preuve concluante que la perception de l'insécurité dans le travail, et les stratégies pour garder celle‐ci sous contrôle, aient influencé le rapport entre les paramètres du soutien et les attitudes envers le travail.

This paper explores the role that employers' associations may play in centralized wage bargaining processes. It thereby adds to the literature on labor markets, in which the relationship between union behavior and unemployment has been explored quite extensively, while employers' associations have been almost escaped economic analysis so far. The paper shows that employers' associations may possibly foster a wage increase due to their potential incentives to raise rivals' costs. In a simple model, it is shown that employers' associations can use standard wages as a barrier to entry to product markets if producers differ in labor productivity. We identify conditions, under which unions will prefer entry deterring standard wages compared to a system of competitive wage determination, and the paper shows that there may be cases in which a centralized union acting in a wage revenue maximizing manner may actually prevent minimum wages from raising above certain levels. Depending on the exact parameter values unions may then offset the adverse effects employers' federations can have on the industry's employment rate. Starting from our formal model we argue that minimum wage legislation might actually be favored by employers' federations. Furthermore, we show that the German labor law provides for a mechanism to set minimum wages by the industry itself: Wage agreements between unions and employers' associations can be made legally binding for the entire industry through a so-called Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung. As a final example we analyze the incentives the West German employers' association had to implement high wages in Eastern Germany in order to avoid competition from laborinefficient, but low-wage East German firms. ; Diese Arbeit untersucht die Rolle von Arbeitgeberverbänden in zentralisierten Lohnverhandlungen. Der Beitrag ergänzt die existierende Literatur über Arbeitsmärkte, in der zwar die Beziehungen zwischen Gewerkschaftsverhalten und Arbeitslosigkeit ausgiebig analysiert werden, die Rolle der Arbeitgeberverbände jedoch fast durchweg im verborgenen bleibt. Die Arbeit zeigt, daß Arbeitgeberverbände unter Umständen bestrebt sind, Lohnerhöhungen durchzusetzen, um die Lohnkosten von nicht-organisierten Konkurrenzunternehmen überproportional zu erhöhen. In einem einfachen Modell wird bewiesen, daß ein Arbeitgeberverband Anreize hat, allgemein verbindliche Löhne als ein Instrument zur Errichtung von Markteintrittsbarrieren zu benutzen, wenn die nichtorganisierten Unternehmen eine niedrigere Arbeitsproduktivität aufweisen. Des weiteren wird die Rolle einer Gewerkschaft untersucht, die die Lohnsumme ihrer Mitglieder maximiert. Es werden die Parameterkonstellationen spezifiziert, so daß die Gewerkschaft einen Lohn präferiert, der unter dem marktzutrittsverhindernden Lohn liegt, den der Arbeitgeberverband durchsetzen möchte. Auf der Grundlage des Modells argumentieren wir, daß Arbeitgeberorganisationen unter Umständen für die Implementierung von Minimallöhnen eintreten. Als weitere Anwendungen des Modells diskutieren wir die Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung (AVE) von Tarifvereinbarungen in Deutschland und die Bereitschaft der westdeutschen Arbeitgeberverbände nach der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands, die rasche Angleichung des ostdeutschen Lohnniveaus an das Westdeutschlands zu befürworten.

Introduction / Anjalé D. Welton (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), Sarah Diem (University of Missouri, USA) and Devean R. Owens (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA) -- Part I. Political context of anti-racist educational leadership. 1. Anti-racist leadership in precarious sociopolitical contexts / Anjalé D. Welton (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), Sarah Diem (University of Missouri, USA), Devean R. Owens (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), and Greg Johnson (Assistant Superintendent, Oak Park and River Forest High School, USA) ; 2. The politics of racial citizenship and exclusion: implications for educational leaders / Erica O. Turner (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), Rob Timberlake (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), Abigail J. Beneke (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), and Maria S. Velazquez (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) ; 3. Reweaving the fabric of education: reaching schools' potential through anti-racist leadership / Matthew Rodriguez (University of Illinois-Chicago, USA) and Amanda Lewis (University of Illinois-Chicago, USA) -- Part II. Anti-racist educational leadership preparation and practice. 4. Anti-racist leadership as identity: a white male school Leader's expectations to breaking the educational racial contract / Daniel Liou (Arizona State University, USA) and Adam Zang (Assistant Principal, Sunland Elementary School, USA) ; 5. From the inside out: anti-racist leadership development and practices / Marcus Campbell, Assistant Superintendent and Principal, Evanston Township High School & Michael Kucera, Director of English, Niles West High School, USA) ; 6. Inquiry-based framework for anti-racist leader preparation / Mary B. Herrmann (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA) and Jessica A. Herrmann (School Administrator, USA) ; 7. Engaging in transformative change in an academically "Elite" setting: a case study of a school district's efforts to re-define success through an anti-racist initiative / Daniel Spikes (University of South Carolina, USA) Katy Swalwell (Iowa State University, USA) and Riley Drake (Iowa State University, USA) -- Part III. Community engagement, activism, and anti-racist educational leadership. 8. Disrupting the racialized organization: culturally responsive leadership in action / Bodunrin O. Banwo (University of Minnesota, USA) and Muhammad Khalifa (University of Minnesota, USA) ; 9. Let's buildr Reimaging "Successful" university-district-community partnerships / Bradley W. Carpenter (Baylor University, USA) and Decoteau Irby (University of Illinois-Chicago, USA) ; 10. Toward more equitable communities: parent leadership as a catalyst for racial justice / Jeanette Taylor (Community Organizer and Chicago Alderwoman, USA) and Rhoda Freelon (University of Houston, USA) ; 11. Advocacy leadership / Michelle D. Young (University of Virginia, USA) and Angel Nash (Chapman University, USA) ; 12. (Re)connecting schools and communities: leader activism as a mechanism to disrupt neoliberalism / Jason Salisbury (University of Illinois-Chicago, USA) and Meagan Richards (University of Illinois-Chicago, USA) -- Part IV. Supporting the work of anti-racist educational leaders and their practice. 13. The invisible labor of K-12 leaders of color / Zelideh R. Martinez Hoy (Bard College, USA), Dennis J. Perkins Jr., (Grinnell College, USA) David H. K. Nguyen, (Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)) and Ruthie L. Payno-Simmons (Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), USA) ; 14. On the backs of black women: examining how the supporting administrative role is entrenched in racism / Asia Fuller Hamilton (Principal and Lecturer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA) and Mykah Jackson (Vice Principal, Urbana Middle School, USA) ; 15. Possibilities and challenges in leading anti-racist organizational change in PWI districts / Sharon I. Radd (St. Catherine University, USA) and Jean Jordan (Northeast Metro, District 916, USA) ; 16. Anti-racism in schools: a guide for educational administrators, students, teachers, policymakers and activists / Jeffrey S. Brooks, RMIT University ; 17. Developing anti-racist leaders through equity-expansive technical assistance / Kathleen A. King Thorius (Great Lakes Equity Center, Indiana University School of Education-IUPUI, USA) and Tiffany S. Kyser, (Great Lakes Equity Center, Indiana University School of Education-IUPUI, USA) -- Conclusion / (Sarah Diem, University of Missouri, USA), Anjalé D. Welton (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA) and Devean R. Owens (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA).

1.Introduction --Why does it matter? What we know about early education and care and children's outcomes --The purpose and scope of this book --The countries --Overview of the country chapters --Policy implications --2.Equal access to early childhood education and care? The case of the UK --Introduction --Mixed provision, varied quality --Policy framework --Funding --Quality: qualifications, curriculum and inspection --Who goes where? Differences in patterns of usage of ECEC in the UK --Conclusions --3.Towards universal quality early childhood education and care: The Norwegian model --Introduction --Children enrolled in childcare services --Socioeconomic variation in enrolment rates --Childcare as a social right -- principle and practice --Financing of services --Equity in funding of publicly and privately owned institutions --Regulations and quality of services --Staff --Policies on quality development --Organisation, size and quality --The Norwegian model: characteristics and challenges --4.Equal access to quality care: Lessons from France on providing high-quality and affordable early childhood education and care --Introduction --An extensive and segmented system of public provision: day-care and écoles maternelles --Setting the scene for the institutions in charge of formal childcare provisions --A complex combination of subsidised centre- and home-based arrangements and a system based on the principle of universality --Centre-based provision: crèches and multi-accueil --Registered childminders: a major contribution to the supply of childcare services --Nursery schools: écoles maternelles --Funding structures: the state, the CAFs and local authorities --Quality of provision and the current regulatory framework --Policy priorities, goals and requirements affecting childcare provision --Staff qualifications and training programmes --Tensions and inconsistencies --Tensions between quality of care and a shortfall of crèche places --Tensions between quality and affordability --Tensions between quality and the objective of meeting the needs of parents confronted with atypical working schedules --Recent decisions made at the expense of quality in childcare provision --Conclusions --5.Equal access to high-quality childcare in the Netherlands --Introduction --Childcare in the Netherlands: availability, costs and quality --Prices --Quality --Comparing day-care services and playgroups with the Pre-COOL database --Differences in the use of formal childcare: descriptives --Differences in the use and quality of formal childcare: multivariate analysis --Quality of childcare --Conclusions --6.Access and quality issues in early childhood education and care: The case of Germany --Introduction --Setting the scene: population patterns in a regional perspective --Key features of the ECEC system --Multi-level governance --Variations in provision profiles --Diversity of providers --East-West disparities in patterns of usage of ECEC services --Equal access? Patterns of usage of ECEC services according to family background --Funding disparities: Federal, regional and local-level procedures and issues --Three quality-enhancing dimensions of ECEC --Quality programmes: early childhood curricular frameworks and language/literacy enhancement initiatives --Quality staffing: qualifications and structural issues --Quality of family inclusion: ECEC centres as family centres --Research on quality in the German context --Conclusions --7.New Zealand: A narrative of shifting policy directions for early childhood education and care --Introduction --Cusp of change --ECEC in New Zealand --Funding ECEC --Quality directions --Market-led ECEC --Targeted participation in ECEC --ECE Taskforce --The narrative --8.Early education and care in Australia: Equity in a mixed market-based system? --Introduction --Participation in Australian ECEC: a blurred snapshot --Policy context --Privatisation and the growth of corporate childcare --Funding and subsidies --ECEC quality agenda --Integrated services --Conclusions --9.Delivering high-quality early childhood education and care to low-income children: How well is the US doing? --Introduction --The challenge --The policy framework --Access, quality and affordability for low-income families --Access --Quality --Affordability --Efforts to improve access, quality and affordability: federal level --Efforts to improve access, quality and affordability: state level --Conclusions --10.Common challenges, lessons for policy --10.1.How can disadvantaged children be encouraged to access formal ECEC? --Free services --Fees and charges --10.2.How can disadvantaged children be assured high-quality provision? --Overall quality of provision --Equal access to quality --10.3.The trade-off between expanding access and improving quality --10.4.Delivery: what matters? --Ministerial responsibility --Decentralisation --The 'mixed economy' and the role of the private sector --Workforce issues --10.5.Spending more or spending smarter?

1: Econometric Decision Models: Introduction to the Conference and Survey of Some Recent Developments -- 1. Introduction to the conference on econometric decision models: for better balanced research and more interdisciplinary and international cooperation -- 2. Some recent developments in policy making with macroeconometric models -- 2: Optimal Control of Econometric Decision Models -- 3. Optimal stabilization with a macroeconometric model for Hungary: investigating the effects of different objective functions and time horizons -- 4. On causality and control in economic systems -- 5. Optimal control of nonlinear stochastic macroeconometric models: an algorithm and an economic example -- 6. Game theoretical approach to optimal control of economic systems -- 7. Nonlinear optimal control simulations of development strategies -- 8. On some properties of the solution of the optimal control problem for the original long-term macroeconomic model -- 3: Multiple Criteria Decision Making (Vector Optimization) with Econometric Models -- 9. Implementing the reference-point approach to multi-criteria decision making in econometric models in the computerprogram LOS -- 10. Optimal economic policy making with an econometric model using interactive methods of vector optimization -- 4: Constructing Objective Scalarvalued Functions for Econometric Decision Models -- 11. Public preferences and their role in the design of economic policy -- 12. Least squares estimation of quadratic preference functions for econometric decision models based on survey data -- 13. Operationalizing a macro-economic preference function -- 14. On constructing objective functions -- 15. Optimal dictatorial and multi-dictatorial choice in Arrow's model with applications to multicriteria decision making -- 5: Rational and Adaptive Expectations Models -- 16. Rational versus adaptive expectations in present value models -- 17. The Finnish rational expectations QMED model: estimation, dynamic properties and policy results -- 18. Qualms about the linearized expectations hypothesis and variance-bounds studies of the interest rate term structure -- 6: Cointegration: Estimators, Tests and Applications -- 19. The power function of the likelihood ratio test for cointegration -- 20. Long-run relations in a well-defined statistical model for the data generating process. Cointegration analysis of the PPP and the UIP relations for Denmark and Germany -- 21. Interest rate linkages between EC countries participating in the European monetary system: an application of cointegration -- 7: Econometric Estimators and Tests for Various Models and Their Properties -- 22. Estimating the second moments of random coefficients -- 23. Tighter bounds for the effects of ARMA disturbances on tests for regression coefficients -- 24. True vs. nominal size of the F-test in the linear regression model with autocorrelated disturbances -- 25. Asymptotic and small-sample properties of the fixpoint-estimator for rational expectations models -- 26. The analysis of non-metric endogenous variables in latent variable models: The MECOSA approach -- 27. Econometric modelling with interval coefficients — a non-stochastic approach -- 8: Analyzing the Structure and Sensitivity of Econometric Models -- 28. Optimal triangulation of a matrix and a measure of interdependence for a linear econometric equation system -- 29. Evaluating the number of zero eigenvalues in a dynamic model -- 30. Forecast and multiplier sensitivity analysis with respect to changes of structural equations and submodels in dynamic systems -- 31. Structural sensitivity analysis in econometric models: an application to the model of the West Germany textile and apparel industry -- 9: Econometric Modeling of Environmental and Energy Problems -- 32. The optimum price of energy: a thermoeconomic analysis -- 33. Energy resources depletion and economic growth -- 34. Econometric methods as an instrument for estimating external costs per unit of emission: the case of a groundwater model -- 10: Econometric Models of Countries, Markets Etc., Based on Microdata and Macrodata, and Their Performance in Policy Analyses -- 35. Microeconometric research at the Sonderforschungsbereich 3 -- 36. Income and price policy making with an econometric model of financial incomes and expenditures of Poland's population -- 37. Keynesian or classical unemployment in West Germany? — an empirical analysis with a disequilibrium model -- 38. A macroeconometric disequilibrium model for Poland -- 39. Evaluating econometric models: the 1988 forecast of the RWI-business cycle model in retrospect -- 40. The macroeconometric model of the Deutsche Bundesbank — a brief review -- Alphabetical list of authors.

The concept of the blue economy is a part of a new wave of economic thought that emphasizes the sustainable use of natural resources in the world?s oceans, seas and coastal areas. The blue economy, which is dominated by the principle of sustainability, is directly contrasted with the development of another cycle of linear exploitation of limited planetary resources. In contrast, a sustainable blue economy envisages economic activities such as greening shipping, coastal renewable energy, carbon sequestration, eco-tourism, genetic marine resources, sustainable aquaculture and the development of new seafood as new trends in the decades ahead. The paper analyzes the key postulates of the blue economy concept, as well as European experiences and challenges in this field, using the methods of theoretical analysis. Based on the empirical findings of the paper, the general conclusion is that the oceans, coastal areas and marine activities will play a crucial role for the economic and environmental future of the European Union and its citizens. The European blue economy can and must be a central and solid pillar that contributes to the general resilience of society itself. Overall, the European Union has recognized the importance of the blue economy in generating new jobs and achieving prosperity and security, but its potential has yet to be unlocked. What is important is that the affirmation of the concept of the blue economy takes place in the spirit of the fundamental principles of the 2020 strategy, according to which growth must be smart (with respect to integration of cutting edge science-based, innovative solutions and industrial leadership), sustainable (in economic, social and ecological terms tackling societal challenges) and inclusive (considering the multitude of coastal, marine and maritime activities and trade-offs between them). The general lesson is that the European institutions responsible for ocean health and safety must seriously consider an appropriate framework that allows the blue economy to thrive while maintaining high standards of sustainable development in line with the EU?s vision for a carbon-free society. When it comes to the European Union (and its members), the development of the sustainable and fair blue economy in the coming period should take place in accordance with the principles of the European Green Agreement, as a long-term strategy for sustainable growth, which will require: transformation of value chains of the blue economy in terms of moving away from linear business models to circular ones, with less resource consumption and waste; introduction of stricter measures against marine pollution, coastal waste and plastics; fossil fuel replacement; investing in biodiversity conservation; restoration and protection of ecosystems; promoting nature-based solutions and options and incubating marine renewable energy and innovative blue biotechnology. At the same time, all blue economy sectors have to reduce their climate and environmental impact and contribute to the recovery of marine ecosystems. In achieving overarching goals such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing resource efficiency and reducing overall environmental impact, the EU should focus on five promising and innovative sectors, namely: blue energy, aquaculture, coastal and maritime 256 tourism, blue biotechnology and seabed mining. To address the previous challenges, special emphasis should be placed on the need for multisectoral, inclusive, transparent and holistic governance (public-private dialogue) to integrate the sustainable use of human resources with environmental protection and social justice. Improving governance processes should primarily be based on: 1. Citizen engagement and ocean literacy, namely, the involvement and empowerment of local communities and 2. ?ffirmation of maritime spatial planning, with the following advantages: protect the environment through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space; encourage investment by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules; increase cross-border cooperation between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas; and reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities.

The scientific article is devoted to the genesis of the development of the Institute for International Cooperation in the Criminal Process of Ukraine in Soviet and Modern Periods. It is noted that in the twentieth century, the criminal-procedural legislation was formed under the influence of historical events that took place in the territory of the Soviet Union. The tendency of the development of criminal-procedural relations is considered as тhe necessary means of organizing which has been codification. Despite the fact that the Criminal Procedural Codes of the USRR of 1922 and 1927 did not contain provisions on international cooperation in the criminal process, but they consolidated important principles of legal proceedings, observance of which are necessary for establishing cooperation with foreign states. There was emphasized that from the second half of the twentieth century, in criminal procedural legislation some changes took place, they positively affected the formation and approval of the Institute for International Cooperation. And with the adoption of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine in 1960, where the provisions for the implementation of international cooperation were first established, the process of its improvement has began. Attention is drawn to the fact that the development of international relations with foreign states, ratification of numerous international treaties, proclamation of Ukraine's independence, adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine played a decisive role in bringing domestic legislation in accordance with international standards. The study has revealed that Ratification of the European Convention on the Issuance of Offenders in 1957, the Additional Protocol of 1975, the Second Optional Protocol of 1978, the Second Optional Protocol to the European Convention about mutual assistance in criminal cases of 2001 and adopting a new Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine in 2012 is established international cooperation as an independent institution in criminal procedural legislation. It is noted that the proper legal regulation of international cooperation with foreign states in the criminal process, implementation of international norms in domestic legislation are the necessary conditions that contribute to the establishment of the principles of legality and rule of law, compliance with the rights and legitimate interests of man and citizen, help in fighting crime, and most import they serve to the achievement of tasks in criminal proceedings. ; Статтю присвячено ґенезі розвитку інституту міжнародного співробітництва у кримінальному процесі України в радянський та сучасний періоди. Зазначається, що у ХХ столітті кримінально-процесуальне законодавства формувалось під впливом історичних подій, які відбувалися на території Радянського Союзу. Розглянуто тенденцію розвитку кримінально-процесуальних відносин, необхідним засобом упорядкування яких стала кодифікація. Незважаючи на те, що Кримінально-процесуальні кодекси УСРР 1922 та 1927 років не містили положень щодо міжнародного співробітництва у кримінальному процесі, вони закріпили важливі засади здійснення судочинства, дотримання яких є необхідним для налагодженої співпраці з іноземними державами. Наголошено, що з другої половини ХХ століття в кримінально-процесуальному законодавстві відбуваються зміни, які позитивно позначились на формуванні та утвердженні інституту міжнародного співробітництва. А з прийняттям Кримінально-процесуального кодексу України 1960 року, де вперше було закріплено положення щодо здійснення міжнародного співробітництва, розпочався процес його удосконалення. Звернено увагу, що розвиток міжнародних відносин з іноземними державами, ратифікація численних міжнародних договорів, проголошення Незалежності України, прийняття Конституції України відіграли вирішальну роль у приведенні вітчизняного законодавства відповідно до міжнародних стандартів. Встановлено, що ратифікація Європейської конвенції про видачу правопорушників 1957 року, Додаткового протоколу 1975 року, Другого додаткового протоколу 1978 року, Другого додаткового протоколу до Європейської конвенції про взаємну допомогу у кримінальних справах 2001 року та прийняття нового Кримінального процесуального кодексу України 2012 року закріпили міжнародне співробітництво як самостійний інститут у кримінальному процесуальному законодавстві. Зазначено, що належне правове регулювання міжнародного співробітництва з іноземними державами у кримінальному процесі, впровадження міжнародних норм у вітчизняне законодавство є тими необхідними умовами, які сприяють утвердженню принципів законності та верховенства права, додержанню прав та законних інтересів людини і громадянина, допомагають у боротьбі зі злочинністю, а головне – слугують досягненню завдань кримінального провадження.

Collective decision-making refers to a process in which the agents of a community exchange opinions with the objective of reaching a common decision. It is often assumed that a collective decision is reached through collaboration among the individuals. However in many contexts, concerning for instance collective human behavior, it is more realistic to assume that the agents can collaborate or compete with each other. In this case, different types of collective behavior can be observed. This thesis investigates collective decision-making problems in multiagent systems, both in the case of collaborative and of antagonistic interactions. The first problem studied in the thesis is a special instance of the consensus problem, denoted "interval consensus" in this work. It consists in letting the agents impose constraints on the possible common consensus value. It is shown that introducing saturated nonlinearities in the decision-making dynamics to describe how the agents express their opinions effectively allows the agents to influence the achievable consensus value and steer it to the intersection of all the intervals imposed by the agents. A second class of collective decision-making models discussed in the thesis is obtained by replacing the saturations with sigmoidal nonlinearities. This nonlinear interconnected model is first investigated in the collaborative case and then in the antagonistic case, represented as a signed graph of interactions. In both cases, it is shown that the behavior of the model can be described by means of bifurcation analysis, with the equilibria of the system encoding the possible decisions for the community. A scalar positive parameter, denoted "social effort", is added to the model to represent the strength of commitment between the agents, and plays the role of bifurcation parameter in the analysis. It is shown that if the social effort is small, then the community is in a deadlock situation (i.e., no decision is taken), while if the agents have the "right" amount of commitment two alternative consensus decision states for the community are achieved. However, by further increasing the social effort, the agents may fall in a situation of "overcommitment" where multiple (more than 2) decisions are possible. When antagonistic interactions between the agents are taken into account, they may lead to conflicts or social tensions during the decision-making process, which can be quantified by the notion of "frustration" of the signed network representing the community. The aim is to understand how the presence of antagonism (represented by the amount of frustration of the signed network) influences the collective decision-making process. It is shown that, while the qualitative behavior of the system does not change, the value of social effort required from the agents to break the deadlock (i.e., the value for which the bifurcation is crossed) increases with the frustration of the signed network: the higher the frustration, the higher the required social commitment. A natural context to apply these results is that of political decision-making. In particular it is shown in the thesis how the government formation process in parliamentary democracies can be modeled as a collective decision-making system, where the agents are the parliamentary members, the decision is the vote of confidence they cast to a candidate cabinet coalition, and the social effort parameter is a proxy for the duration of the government negotiation talks. A signed network captures the alliances/rivalries between the political parties in the parliament. The idea is that the frustration of the parliamentary networks should correlate well with the duration of the government negotiation, and it is supported by the analysis of the legislative elections in 29 European countries in the last 40 years. The final contribution of this thesis is an analysis of the structure of (signed) Laplacian matrices and of their pseudoinverses. It is shown that the pseudoinverse of a Laplacian is in general a signed Laplacian, and in particular that the set of eventually exponentially positive Laplacian matrices (i.e., matrices whose exponential is a matrix with negative entries which becomes and stays positive at a certain power) is closed under stability and matrix pseudoinversion.

У статті здійснено аналіз трансформаційно-безпекових аспектів розвитку світової економіки. Встановлено, що динамізм й інклюзивність світової економіки відіграють ключову роль у вирішенні масштабних завдань, поставлених в Порядку денному в галузі сталого розвитку на період до 2030 року. Підсумовано, що протиріччя і асиметрії глобального економічного розвитку мають два аспекти. По-перше, це – джерело постійного розвитку світової економічної системи. По-друге, це – перманентний конфлікт інтересів економічних суб'єктів світового господарства, наприклад, між транснаціональними корпораціями (ТНК) і державами, міжнародними організаціями, регіональними інтеграційними об'єднаннями.Резюмовано, що вивчення сучасних трендів і трансформацій світової економіки є актуальною теоретичною і прикладною задачею, яка передбачає системну консолідацію методів і механізмів міждисциплінарних досліджень. Узагальнено, що до недавнього часу глобалізаційні процеси характеризувалися як стійкі, переважно позитивні. Але на нинішньому етапі глобального розвитку стало ясно, що процес глобалізації носить зовсім лінійний характер, і в значній мірі залежить від ситуації, геополітичної ситуації в світі, а також від фази «довгих» і інших циклів в світовому економічному розвитку, географічного положення та структури економіки країн світу, специфіки взаємодії регіональних об'єднань.Установлено, що об'єктивним і теоретично вірним є уявлення про процеси глобалізації та регіоналізації як про дві сторони однієї медалі. Регіоналізація в загальному розумінні спеціальної термінології є прояв процесу глобалізації на регіональному рівні, тому зазначені процеси мають багато спільних характеристик: значне збільшення обсягів прямих іноземних інвестицій (ПІІ), формування міжнародних виробничих ланцюжків доданої вартості, зростання числа угод по злиттю і поглинанню компаній та ін.Крім цього, на регіональному рівні глобалізація нерідко набуває деяких специфічних рис, які в новій науковій літературі прийнято називати терміном «глокалізація». Як показують наукові дослідження, глокалізація зумовлює виникнення тенденцій в напрямках централізації і децентралізації з метою формування системи ефективного управління та стабільного справедливого апарату уряду. ; The article analyzes the transformation and security aspects of the development of the world economy. The dynamism and inclusiveness of the world economy have been found to play a key role in solving large-scale tasks, established in 2030 Agenda in the area of Sustainable Development. It has been summarized that the contradictions and asymmetries of global economic development have two aspects. Firstly, it is a source of continuous development of the world economic system. Secondly, it is a permanent conflict of interests of economic entities of the world economy, for example, between transnational corporations (TNCs) and states, international organizations and regional integration associations.It is recapitulated that the study of modern trends and transformations of the world economy is a topical theoretical and applied issue, which allows for a systematic consolidation of methods and mechanisms of interdisciplinary studies. It has been generalized that, until recently, globalization processes have been characterized as stable and mostly positive. However, at the current stage of global development, it has become clear that the process of globalization is of a quite linear character. Moreover, largely depends on the situation, geopolitical situation in the world, as well as on the phase of "long" and other cycles in the world economic development, geographical location and structure of the economies of different countries of the world, as well as on the specifics of interactions between regional associations.It has been defined that the conception of globalization and regionalization processes as of two sides of the same coin is objective and theoretically correct. Regionalization in the general understanding of special terminology is a demonstration of the process of globalization at the regional level. These processes have many characteristics in common, mainly: a significant increase in the number of foreign direct investment (FDI), the formation of international manufacturing chains of the added value, the increase in the number of agreements on mergers and acquisitions, etc.What is more, at the regional level, globalization often acquires some specific features, which tend to refer to the term "glocalization" in the new scientific literature. According to scientific research, glocalization predetermines the formation of tendencies in the areas of centralization and decentralization in order to establish a system of effective governance and a stable and just apparatus of government.

The actualization of the issue of determining the real state of the business environment in Ukraine is due to the fact that in today's complex socio-economic conditions it is necessary to ensure the growth of business efficiency and product competitiveness, which requires sound and rational management decisions. It is determined that in these conditions marketing research of the business environment plays a special role. It is noted that the result of marketing research of the business environment is market research, formation of a flexible system of business response to changes in environmental factors, sound planning of marketing activities of the enterprise, identification of marketing opportunities and threats, etc. An analysis of approaches to understanding the category of "marketing research" by domestic and foreign scientists. It is emphasized that marketing research of the business environment should be considered as a source of reliable, timely and reliable information that will help the company's management to develop marketing measures to influence consumer behavior. Using cluster analysis as a system of mathematical procedures, which allows on the basis of a set of indicators that characterize a set of objects, to group them into classes so that the objects included in one class were more homogeneous, more similar in comparison with objects included in other classes, the analysis of a social and economic condition of regions and the business environment in regions of Ukraine is carried out for what clusters received as a result of carrying out the cluster analysis of budgetary potential of regions of Ukraine were used. As a result of the study, the degree of influence of budgetary potential on the development of the business environment of the region was revealed. It is determined that strengthening the budget potential of the regions is a priority for local governments. There is a direct relationship between the level of budget potential and a favorable business environment. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop state programs for the development of promising industries, taking into account the climatic and socio-economic conditions of the regions, which will create additional jobs, reduce unemployment, increase budget revenues. ; Актуалізація питання визначення реального стану бізнес-середовища в Україні обумовлена тим, що в сучасних складних соціально-економічних умовах необхідним є забезпечення зростання ефективності підприємницької діяльності та конкурентоспроможності продукції, що потребує обґрунтованих та раціональних управлінських рішень. Визначено, що у цих умовах маркетингові дослідження бізнес-середовища відіграють особливу роль. Зазначено, що результатом маркетингових досліджень бізнес-середовища є дослідження ринку, формування гнучкої системи реагування підприємницької діяльності на зміни факторів зовнішнього середовища, обґрунтоване планування маркетингової діяльності підприємства, визначення маркетингових можливостей та загроз та ін. Здійснено аналіз підходів до розуміння категорії «маркетингові дослідження» з боку вітчизняних та закордонних вчених. Наголошено, що маркетингові дослідження бізнес-середовища необхідно розглядати як джерело надійної, своєчасної та достовірної інформації, яка допоможе керівництву підприємства розробляти маркетингові заходи для впливу на поведінку споживачів. За допомогою кластерного аналізу, як системи математичних процедур, що дозволяє на основі множини показників, які характеризують набір об'єктів, згрупувати їх у класи таким чином, щоб об'єкти, які входять в один клас, були більш однорідними, більш подібними в порівнянні з об'єктами, що входять в інші класи, здійснено аналіз соціально-економічного стану регіонів і бізнес-середовища в регіонах України, для чого було використано кластери, отримані в результаті проведення кластерного аналізу бюджетного потенціалу регіонів України. В результаті проведеного дослідження було виявлено ступінь впливу бюджетного потенціалу на розвиток бізнес-середовища регіону. Визначено, що зміцнення бюджетного потенціалу регіонів це першочергова задача, яка стоїть перед органами місцевого самоврядування. Виявлено пряму залежність між рівнем бюджетного потенціалу та сприятливим бізнес середовищем. Наголошено на необхідності розробки державних програм розвитку перспективних галузей з урахуванням природно-кліматичних та соціально-економічних умов регіонів, що дозволить створити додаткові робочі місця, зменшити безробіття, збільшити надходження до бюджету.

This article presents the results of a study of new forms of social inequality, as well as the features of their manifestation in modern Russia, carried out by employees of the Department of Modern Sociology of the Sociology Faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. Social inequality as a whole is defined as a specific form of social stratification in which individual individuals, social groups, layers or classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal opportunities to satisfy their material, social or spiritual needs. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the ideological foundations of global social inequality, which also includes national states in the vertical hierarchy of individuals, social groups, classes, and layers, which are accordingly ranked within the framework of the world community. It is proved that global social inequality is based on "market fundamentalism" — a special type of political thinking that elevates the principles of the "invisible hand of the market" and "non-interference of the state in the economic activities of economic entities" to the level of a totalitarian type of dogma. The practical embodiment of this dogma entails the reproduction of social inequality and extremely unfair social relations on a global scale.Among the forms of global social inequality, the leading role is played by resource inequality, however, along with the resource inequality, relatively new forms of social inequality are quite clearly manifested, which the Swedish sociologist G. Terborn singled out — vital inequality and existential inequality.Vital or biological inequality captures the basic characteristic of human existence, since it refers to categories such as, for example, environment and health. Existential inequality outlines a system of hierarchies based on inclusion / exclusion categories (social inclusion / exclusion). The article discusses in detail the features of the manifestation of all these forms of social inequality both within the world community and in Russia. In addition, a new methodological approach to the analysis of inequality from the standpoint of social constructivism was substantiated, when the question of what constitutes the basis of social inequality was supplemented by the question of how people themselves produce and reproduce social inequality in the usual practices of everyday social life. ; В настоящей статье представлены результаты исследования новых форм социального неравенства, а также особенностей их проявления в современной России, проведенного сотрудниками кафедры современной социологии социологического факультета Московского государственного университета имени М.В. Ломоносова. Социальное неравенство в целом определяется как специфическая форма социальной стратификации, при которой отдельные индивиды, социальные группы, слои или классы находятся на разных ступенях вертикальной социальной иерархии и обладают неравными возможностями удовлетворения своих материальных, социальных или духовных потребностей. Большое внимание уделяется анализу идеологических основ глобального социального неравенства, которое включает в вертикальную иерархию индивидов, социальных групп, классов и слоев также национальные государства, которые соответствующим образом ранжируются в рамках мирового сообщества. Доказан тот факт, что в основе глобального социального неравенства лежит "рыночный фундаментализм" — особый тип политического мышления, возводящий принципы "невидимой руки рынка" и "невмешательства государства в экономическую деятельность хозяйствующих субъектов" на уровень догмы тоталитарного типа. Практическое воплощение данной догмы влечет за собой воспроизводство социального неравенства и крайне несправедливых социальных отношений в глобальном масштабе.Среди форм глобального социального неравенства ведущую роль играет неравенство ресурсное, однако наряду с ресурсным достаточно ярко проявляют себя такие относительно новые формы социального неравенства, которые выделил шведский социолог Г. Терборн — неравенство витальное и неравенство экзистенциальное.Витальное или биологическое неравенство фиксирует базовую характеристику человеческого существования, поскольку обращается к таким категориям, как, например, окружающая среда и здоровье. Экзистенциальное неравенство очерчивает систему иерархий, основанных на категориях включения/исключения (социальной инклюзии/эксклюзии). В статье детально рассматриваются особенности проявления всех этих форм социального неравенства как в рамках мирового сообщества, так и в России. Кроме того, обоснован новый методологический подход к анализу неравенства с позиций социального конструктивизма, когда вопрос о том, что составляет основание социального неравенства, был дополнен вопросом о том, как сами люди производят и воспроизводят социальное неравенство в обычных практиках повседневной социальной жизни.

The text will present arguments raised by the supporters of two different positionsregarding the manner of taking into account the expiry of the limitation period, namely those thatare supposed to speak in favor of taking this circumstance by the courts ex officio, and those whichprevail to take it into account only in the event of raising the plea of limitation by the one againstwhom the claim is due. Against this background, a polemical analysis will be made with thesearguments, including inquiries about interests of which entities or social groups are implementedand protected for each of these solutions. It will be shown that some of the arguments put forwardactually emphasize that the institution of limitation is to serve not so much as a party involved ina given claim (creditors or debtors), but rather institutions of the judiciary. It will also be shown thatthe solution currently in force in Polish civil law, within which the taking into account of the factthat a given claim is time-barred is possible only if the one against whom the claim is entitled raisesthe relevant claim of limitation, in fact prefers only the more affluent and better educated socialstrata, deepening the social exclusion of those who, due to, for example, worse property status, donot have the necessary knowledge, nor can afford to take advantage of legal aid. The latter, in effect,often do not plead the expiration of limitation period, because they do not know that they are entitledto it (in general, or are unable to assess when the claim became due, at which point the limitationperiod began or has ended). Polish civil law is a good example here for considering, firstly, that inthe 20th century the regulations concerning the limitation of claims were changed several times, andeach time a discussion on how to consider the expiry of the limitation period came to life (whichprovides rich argumentation with which one can confront) and also because historical and politicalentanglements play a significant role here. Namely, the text will show that the main resistance againsttaking into account the expiration of limitation period ex officio (which is a solution that protectsthe poorer people who can not afford legal assistance) is due to the fact that this solution, whichwas in force in the original version of the current Polish Civil Code, was modeled on the solutionsof Soviet law. This means that after the political change in Poland in 1989, it was automaticallyattempted to eliminate it, and replace it with a solution used in European countries, where only ifthe one against whom the claim is entitled raises the relevant claim of limitation, even without anyreflection on the substantive legitimacy of such a change and without analyzing the practical socialeffects of a solution, within which the expiry of the limitation period only is taking into account onwhen relevant plea is raised, not ex officio.Immersion of considerations in the realities of Polish law will also allow to show interests thathave recently clashed on the occasion of the regulation of electronic writ-of-payment proceedings.In this example, it will be shown that despite the legislator making certain facade measures toprotect the interests of people with less legal awareness and poorer, who can not afford to get helpfrom a lawyer, in fact, many gates have been left, which question the reality of striving for suchprotection, because they allow to sue for the claim after the expiration of the limitation period inthis proceeding.In this context, the latest change in Polish civil law in this area was also discussed, that is, theAct of April 13, 2018. On the basis of this Act, there has been a return to taking into account theexpiration of the limitation period ex officio, but only if the entrepreneur sue the consumer. In theremaining scope, a solution was left within which the expiry of the limitation period is taking intoaccount only when relevant plea is raised.

The text will present arguments raised by the supporters of two different positionsregarding the manner of taking into account the expiry of the limitation period, namely those thatare supposed to speak in favor of taking this circumstance by the courts ex officio, and those whichprevail to take it into account only in the event of raising the plea of limitation by the one againstwhom the claim is due. Against this background, a polemical analysis will be made with thesearguments, including inquiries about interests of which entities or social groups are implementedand protected for each of these solutions. It will be shown that some of the arguments put forwardactually emphasize that the institution of limitation is to serve not so much as a party involved ina given claim (creditors or debtors), but rather institutions of the judiciary. It will also be shown thatthe solution currently in force in Polish civil law, within which the taking into account of the factthat a given claim is time-barred is possible only if the one against whom the claim is entitled raisesthe relevant claim of limitation, in fact prefers only the more affluent and better educated socialstrata, deepening the social exclusion of those who, due to, for example, worse property status, donot have the necessary knowledge, nor can afford to take advantage of legal aid. The latter, in effect,often do not plead the expiration of limitation period, because they do not know that they are entitledto it (in general, or are unable to assess when the claim became due, at which point the limitationperiod began or has ended). Polish civil law is a good example here for considering, firstly, that inthe 20th century the regulations concerning the limitation of claims were changed several times, andeach time a discussion on how to consider the expiry of the limitation period came to life (whichprovides rich argumentation with which one can confront) and also because historical and politicalentanglements play a significant role here. Namely, the text will show that the main resistance againsttaking into account the expiration of limitation period ex officio (which is a solution that protectsthe poorer people who can not afford legal assistance) is due to the fact that this solution, whichwas in force in the original version of the current Polish Civil Code, was modeled on the solutionsof Soviet law. This means that after the political change in Poland in 1989, it was automaticallyattempted to eliminate it, and replace it with a solution used in European countries, where only ifthe one against whom the claim is entitled raises the relevant claim of limitation, even without anyreflection on the substantive legitimacy of such a change and without analyzing the practical socialeffects of a solution, within which the expiry of the limitation period only is taking into account onwhen relevant plea is raised, not ex officio.Immersion of considerations in the realities of Polish law will also allow to show interests thathave recently clashed on the occasion of the regulation of electronic writ-of-payment proceedings.In this example, it will be shown that despite the legislator making certain facade measures toprotect the interests of people with less legal awareness and poorer, who can not afford to get helpfrom a lawyer, in fact, many gates have been left, which question the reality of striving for suchprotection, because they allow to sue for the claim after the expiration of the limitation period inthis proceeding.In this context, the latest change in Polish civil law in this area was also discussed, that is, theAct of April 13, 2018. On the basis of this Act, there has been a return to taking into account theexpiration of the limitation period ex officio, but only if the entrepreneur sue the consumer. In theremaining scope, a solution was left within which the expiry of the limitation period is taking intoaccount only when relevant plea is raised.

This article explores the issue of key reforms necessary for the full preparation of Ukraine to join the European Union. The key of concern regarding the territorial losses of Ukraine, which fell during the period of armed confrontation with Russian Federation and determine possible options for the future fate of these territories. Analyzed the activities of the countries of the "Normandy Four", as the most effective tool of NATO's diplomatic influence on Moscow in the context of resolving the situation in the East of Ukraine. Analyzed the historical forms of confrontation of the Nort-Atlantic Alliance with the Soviet Union, whose legal successor is currently the Russian Federation during the "Cold War". Considered the positive and negative aspects that occurred during the period and became the result of such hostility. The importanceof reforming the defense and security sector of the state in the context of armed aggression of Russian-terrorist troops in the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions is researched. The work of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, through the prism of the participation of its representatives in the activities of the special monitoring mission of the OSCE on the line of separation between the ATO/OS forces and the militants of the so-called "DNR" and "LNR". Promoting OSCE observers to prevent violations of the cease-fire regime, monitoring of shelling of mines prohibited by the Minsk accords, provision of humanitarian aid to the affectedpopulation of the country. Particular attention was paid to the political steps aimed at returning Ukraine to the Russian-occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea. It is indicated for the role of the factor of international legal influence as an exclusive and united possibility of the Crimea's return to the status of Ukrainian territory by using the institutional mechanisms of international judicial instances whose jurisdiction is recognized by Russia ; У статті досліджується питання проведення ключових реформ, необхідних для повноцінної підготовки України до вступу в Європейський Союз. Розглянуто ключові проблемні питання стосовно територіальних втрат України, що припали на період збройного протистояння з РФ, та визначення можливих варіантів подальшої долі цих територій. Проаналізовано діяльність країн "Нормандської четвірки" як найбільш дієвого інструмента дипломатичного впливу НАТО на Москву в контексті врегулювання ситуації на Сході України. Проаналізовано попередні історичні форми протистояння Північноатлантичного Альянсу з Радянським Союзом, правонаступником якого на сьогодні є Російська Федерація, в період "холодної війни". Розглянуто позитивні і негативні сторони, що відбувались у цей період та стали наслідком такої ворожнечі. Досліджено значення реформування оборонного та безпекового секторів держави в контексті збройної агресії російсько-терористичних військ на території Донецької та Луганської областей. Охарактеризовано діяльність Організації з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі крізь призму участі її представників у діяльності спеціальної моніторингової місії ОБСЄ на лінії розмежування між силами АТО/ООС та бойовиками так званих "ДНР" і "ЛНР"; сприяння спостерігачів ОБСЄ недопущенню порушення режиму припинення вогню,моніторингу обстрілів із заборонених "Мінськими домовленостями" калібрів, надання гуманітарної допомоги місцевому населенню, що постраждало від обстрілів. Окрему увагу звернуто на політичні кроки, спрямовані на повернення Україною до свого складу окупованої росіянами Автономної Республіки Крим. Вказано на роль фактора міжнародно-правового впливу як виняткової та єдиної можливості повернення Криму в статус української території шляхом використання інституційних механізмів міжнародних судових інстанцій, юрисдикцію яких визнано Росією. Висвітлено окремі аспекти міжнародно-правової бази створеної з метою вирішення ситуацій пов'язаних з порушеннями територіальної цілісності держав внаслідок військових конфліктів. Зазначено про безальтернативність європейського вибору України, як показника прагнень українського народупозбутися "привиду" радянської минувшини, з поступовим перетворенням держави в гідного, повноправного члена європейського співтовариства. Опрацьовано матеріали досліджень науковців, що вивчають питання взаємодії України та НАТО, а також, вплив останнього на політичні процеси, що відбуваються в країнах-членах Альянсу та державах, які мають намір приєднатися до єдиної європейської колективної системи безпеки.