Suchergebnisse

Es waren auf den neun internationalen Philosophiekongressen vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg immer auch russische Denker anwesend, wenngleich in insgesamt kleiner Zahl. Die Kongresse fanden bis in die 1930er Jahre hinein hauptsächlich in Westeuropa statt (Paris, Genf, Heidelberg, Bologna, Neapel, Oxford), einmal in Mitteleuropa (Prag) und einmal in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (Cambridge, Mass.). Die akademischen und die politischen Verrhältnisse brachten es mit sich, dass vor allem solche russischen Beiträger auftraten, die bereits etablierte Kontakte zur westeuropäischen Universitätssphilosophie besaßen. Für die vorliegende Untersuchung wird als russische Philosophie oder russisches Denken all das in Betracht gezogen, was von der nationalen oder kulturellen Zugehörigkeit der Autorin bzw. des Autors als russisch gelten kann, aber auch, was thematisch dem Problemkreis russischer Philosophie zuzuordnen ist.

This paper analyzes wage competition between national trade unions caused by the international mobility of capital. Perfect capital mobility leads to a Bertrand result for the outcome of wage competition: A pure strategy equilibrium implies full employment in all countries. It is shown that such an equilibrium exists for a sufficiently large number of countries. As extensions of the basic model, decreasing returns to scale and capital adjustment costs are introduced.

"In diesem Beitrag führen wir mit 'konstituierender Autorität' einen neuen Grundbegriff für die Internationale Politische Theorie ein, der es dem noch jungen Forschungsfeld ermöglichen soll, die Defizite des Moralismus, der naturrechtlichen Expertokratie und der Orientierung an etatistischen Demokratievorstellungen zu überwinden. Unter konstituierender Autorität verstehen wir die legitime Ausübung verfassunggebender Gewalt in Prozessen, in denen staatliche oder überstaatliche politische Ordnungen begründet oder transformiert werden. Im Rückgriff auf John Locke argumentieren wir, dass mit jeder innerstaatlichen Verfassunggebung unweigerlich die Grundlagen für zwischenstaatliche Verrechtlichung geschaffen werden. In diesem Sinn sind staatliche und überstaatliche Gründungsmacht gleichursprünglich. Wir illustrieren das Potenzial unseres konzeptionellen Vorschlags anhand der Debatten über die politische Form der EU, die Zusammensetzung grenzüberschreitender demoi und die Legitimität internationaler Gerichte." (Autorenreferat)

Abstract
Global politics is exceedingly soulful, but the field of international relations (IR) astonishingly soulless. The world order is undergoing tectonic shifts: the "Western" unipolar moment is receding, China is rising, and geographies of "(Afro-)EurAsia" and the "Indo-Pacific" are emerging. To align with such shifts and remap the international geography, global actors are increasingly (re)producing narratives of civilizational "souls." Putin views Ukraine as part of the "Russian world," imbued with the "Russian soul." Xi's "Thought," instilled in China's schools and constitution, intends to "engineer" the country's soul as a "civilizational state." Von der Leyen advocates strengthening the European Union's "soul." Biden and Trump vied for "America's soul." But what is even a soul? I define a collective soul as a historical–spiritual space, constructed materially and ideationally, and construed as a vital force that permeates, orders, and embodies—or transubstantiates—a body politic, and engraves in it a mythical Ursprung (origin) and telos. Adopting a critical geography approach, I map out several soul-making narratives by unpacking how they "graph" their (internal, regional, or global) "geo" through "space-framing assumptions" and "space-producing practices." They include (1) "civilizational states," focused on China and geographies of "Sinosphere" and "Afro-EurAsia"; (2) "civilizational crossroads," focused on the "Iranosphere"; (3) the US-led "rules-based order," as the latest iteration of the "liberal civilization" regraphing its soul onto the "Indo-Pacific"; and (4) two European soul-producing narratives: the far-right's "Judeo-Christianism" and the mainstream "European strategic autonomy." Finally, I discuss the implications of soulcraft—as an indispensable yet unacknowledged component of statecraft—for IR theory.

Le droit international humanitaire n'a cessé d'évoluer et de se perfectionner au fil des ans. Respecter le DIH est un enjeu permanent concernant toutes les parties en cause. Des progrès restent à faire notamment pour les groupes non étatiques et pour la prise en compte des personnes capturées.

The issue of biological security turned out to be highly acute in the modern world. The Russian Federation also faces this challenge. The nation has to resolve a number of serious tasks in this sphere. Russian participation in different international organizations on biosecurity can substantially help to succeed in it.

São Tomé and Príncipe is classified as being in debt distress according to this joint World Bank-IMF low-income country debt sustainability analysis (DSA). This assessment has changed from the previous DSA completed in December 2017 (high risk of external debt distress) due to the prolonged negotiations on rescheduling external arrears. Nonetheless, São Tomé and Príncipe's debt ratios have improved since the previous DSA. Specifically, the ratio of the present value of public and publicly-guaranteed (PPG) external debt to gross domestic product (GDP) no longer exceeds its threshold under the baseline scenario, due to lower-than-expected loan disbursements in 2017, an appreciation of the euro vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar, and higher-than-expected GDP deflator growth. As in the previous DSA, the debt service ratios stay below their respective thresholds under almost all scenarios. Nevertheless, the ratios of the present value of debt to exports and to revenue still exceed their respective thresholds under the baseline scenario early in the projection period, though they decline over time. This DSA underscores the importance of lowering all PPG external debt indicators below their thresholds by continuing fiscal consolidation, eschewing non-concessional loans, promoting growth, and expanding the export base.