Labour and the Unions: After the Brighton Conference
In: Government & opposition: an international journal of comparative politics, Band 29, Heft 2, S. 201-217
ISSN: 0017-257X
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In: Government & opposition: an international journal of comparative politics, Band 29, Heft 2, S. 201-217
ISSN: 0017-257X
World Affairs Online
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 31, Heft 14, S. 21107-21123
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Notitia: časopis za održivi razvoj : journal for sustainable development, Band 9, Heft 1, S. 33-47
ISSN: 1849-9066
The process of evaluating a country's risk involves numerous intricate factors that must be examined and considered prior to determining the ultimate credit rating. This paper will examine the pertinent factors that are taken into account when assessing an EU member state's creditworthiness. Some of the most significant factors considered when generating a credit rating evaluation include GDP growth, GDP per capita, inflation, governmental debt, and past performance in paying financial obligations. Examining the role of credit rating agencies and their evaluations in the economy, with a particular emphasis on the EU market and regulatory structure as well as the financial crisis of 2007, is crucial for gaining a deeper comprehension of the research. The empirical part of the paper looks into the connection between factors within certain nations and the credit ratings they are given. The paper aims to ascertain the significance of these determinants in EU member states as well as any potential variations in the relative relevance of particular determinants. It will be investigated whether and to what degree determinants affect country credit ratings using the multiple regression analysis method. In the end, a determination on the significance and relationship of factors to the assignment of credit rating assessments will be made on the basis of the analysis performed. The analysis's anticipated outcomes ought to be significant from an economic standpoint. The coefficient of multiple determination will enable comparisons between each nation, enabling an evaluation of the results' representativeness.
In: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. 2023_69
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In: La Propiedad Inmaterial No. 31. enero-junio de 2021
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In: Rocznik administracji publicznej: Public administration yearbook, Band 6, S. 325-327
ISSN: 2449-7800
In: Zbornik radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nišu: Collection of papers, Faculty of Law, Niš, Band 59, Heft 87, S. 37-54
ISSN: 2560-3116
With rising demand for international education in Europe, today more higher education systems have become active in attracting international students. Hence, players in the global higher education market are highlighting their advantages in the higher education marketplace to become more competitive. As Lithuania has an ambitious desire to double the number of international students by 2025, this exploratory study analyses the important factors that will help to better target international students and put emphasis on the challenges to be refined in national education policies. ; Aukštojo mokslo internacionalizavimas yra atsakas globalizacijos procesui, kuris per pastaruosius dešimtmečius tapo bene privalomas. Todėl tarptautinis studentų mobilumas Europos lygio aukštojo mokslo politikos diskurse yra pageidautina plėtra bei būtina sąlyga švietimo sistemoms bei atskiroms aukštojo mokslo institucijoms dalyvauti konkurencinėje kovoje. Suaktyvėjusi konkurencija pasireiškia pastangomis pritraukti tarptautinius studentus bei tyrėjus, studijų eksportu į kitas šalis, mokslo produktų komercija bei aukštųjų mokslo institucijų reitingavimu. Tačiau ekonominės ir politinės turbulencijos sąlygomis Europos Sąjungoje numatomas naujų tarptautinių studentų mobilumo krypčių formavimasis ir bendras tarptautinio išsilavinimo poreikio augimas. Šios prognozės drąsina iki šiol "netradicinėmis" vadintas šalis ieškoti atsakymo į klausimą, kokie veiksniai lemią tarptautinių studentų studijų pasirinkimą užsienio šalyje, siekiant pritraukti tarptautinius talentus. Lietuvos dalyvavimas Bolonijos procese atspindi iniciatyvą remti ir skatinti studentų tarptautinį mobilumą, kuris pastebimas nacionaliniuose dokumentuose, aukštojo mokslo institucijų strategijose. Siekis padvigubinti tarptautinių studentų skaičių ir paversti Lietuvos aukštąsias mokyklas tarptautinių mokslinių tyrimų centru, kuris aptinkamas valstybinių universitetų tinklo optimizavimo plano patvirtinime, kelia iššūkių formuojant tarptautinių studentų pritraukimo strategiją ir bendrą aukštojo mokslo tarptautinę politiką šalyje konkurencinėje kovoje su kitomis Europos Sąjungos šalimis. Nors per pastarąjį dešimtmetį Lietuvoje studentų mobilumo rodikliai gerėjo, vis dar jaučiamas nepakankamas atvykstančių tarptautinių studentų srautas. Todėl atsiranda būtinybė atidžiau pažvelgti į veiksnius, lemiančius tarptautinių studentų sprendimą studijuoti kitose Europos Sąjungos šalyse, įvertinti Lietuvos akademinį patrauklumą, kad būtų atskleistas ir viešinamas nacionalinės švietimo sistemos konkurencinis pranašumas. Pasitelkus teorinį traukiančių ir stumiančių veiksnių orientyrą, šiame darbe nustatomi veiksniai, lemiantys tarptautinių studentų pasirinkimą studijuoti Lietuvos universitetuose, atliktas šių veiksnių vertinimas, atsižvelgiant į Europos Sąjungos šalių kontekstą. Tyrimui įgyvendinti pasitelkiama ekspertų apklausa bei analitinės hierarchijos proceso analizė. Tarptautinių studentų pasirinkimą lemiančių veiksnių identifikavimas leidžia nacionalinio lygmens aukštojo mokslo politikos formuotojams bei aukštųjų mokslo institucijų administratoriams tobulinti veiklos pasiūlymus.
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Waste generation is still an uncontrolled and increasing problem. Generation of waste increase with population expansion, the growth of production and consumption, the high demand for new products, and improved living standards. On the global level, waste has increased ten-fold over the past century and is expected to double by 2025 (Zelenika et al., 2018). Recycling is a plausible path and is one of the most effective methods used to reduce wastes and the promotion of recycling can to find a solution of the issues of limited landfill space, environmental pollution, reducing the waste, and natural resource depletion (Zhang et al., 2017). However, the inclusion of individuals and the increase of participation rates in the recycling process is a serious challenge in waste management still.
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With rising demand for international education in Europe, today more higher education systems have become active in attracting international students. Hence, players in the global higher education market are highlighting their advantages in the higher education marketplace to become more competitive. As Lithuania has an ambitious desire to double the number of international students by 2025, this exploratory study analyses the important factors that will help to better target international students and put emphasis on the challenges to be refined in national education policies.
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With rising demand for international education in Europe, today more higher education systems have become active in attracting international students. Hence, players in the global higher education market are highlighting their advantages in the higher education marketplace to become more competitive. As Lithuania has an ambitious desire to double the number of international students by 2025, this exploratory study analyses the important factors that will help to better target international students and put emphasis on the challenges to be refined in national education policies.
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Working paper
Purpose: the purpose of this publication is to assess legal guaranties of competition (free competition) between contractors in broadly perceived process of granting public procurement, which means not only entering into a contract subject to the specific legal regime, concluded by a public purchaser, or possible private purchaser subordinated to that legal regime, with a contractor (contractors) in order to satisfy its demand for certain goods or services, but also a due course of the whole process of granting public procurement, perceived as a sequence of factual and legal actions beginning with the moment of public announcement of a procurement, sending an invitation for submitting offers or sending invitation to negotiate for selection of an offer of a given contractor, up till final fulfilment of all obligations of the parties under the public procurement contract. Methods: the major research method is the dogmatic-legal method, namely an analysis of legal text of different laws. Moreover, there is a critical analysis of scholar literature. The most important in this context is to indicate mutual co-relations between competition and fair competition in area of public procurement system and to point other major principles of the public procurement process, such as non-discrimination rule, transparency, impartiality and objectiveness rule, legality rule, openness, rule of written form, primate of using tender mode (competitive mode, in another words it is a rule of extraordinary application of non-competitive modes or primate of granting public procurement in a tender mode). All of those rules constitute together components of the guarantee of genuine competition within the whole process of granting a public procurement. It must be stressed that the literature in the area of research in not really rich. This is accurate in terms of Polish literature and EU literature, too. Results. Conclusions and relevance: results of the research are such that new 2014 EU public procurement directives, viz. Directive 2014/23/ EU, Directive 2014/24/EU and Directive 2014/25/EU, are not really aimed at fostering the competition as the main goal. Nevertheless, a specific and deep analysis of regulation of mentioned directives leads to the conclusion that those directives provide for bigger and broader economic competition. This is achieved generally thanks to opening of the public procurement market for micro, small and medium enterprises (SMBs' sector). ; Цель: Целью настоящей статьи является оценка правовых гарантий конкуренции (в том числе свободной) между подрядчиками при осуществлении процесса государственных закупок, что означает не только заключение контракта в соответствии с конкретными правовыми нормами между государственным (либо частным) покупателем и подрядчиком (подрядчиками) для удовлетворения спроса на определенные товары или услуги, но и надлежащее соблюдение процессуальных норм и порядка осуществления государственных закупок, т.е. последовательность фактических и юридических действий с момента публичного объявления о закупке до окончательного выполнения всех обязательств сторон по договору о государственных закупках. Методология проведения работы: Основным методом исследования является догматико-юридический сравнительный метод, а именно – анализ юридического текста различных законов. Кроме того, осуществлен критический анализ научной литературы. В данном контексте наиболее важным представляется указание взаимоотношений между конкуренцией и добросовестной конкуренцией в системе государственных закупок, а также других основных принципов и правил: недискриминации, прозрачности, беспристрастности, объективности, законности, открытости, правило письменной формы, приоритет использования тендерного режима, т.е. правило применения неконкурентных режимов или приоритетов предоставления государственных закупок в тендерном режиме. Соблюдение всех этих правил гарантирует добросовестную конкуренцию в течение всего процесса государственных закупок. Следует подчеркнуть, что научных исследований на данную тему проведено довольно мало как в Польше, так и в других странах ЕС. Результаты работы: Результаты исследования показывают, что новые директивы ЕС о государственных закупках 2014 года, а именно, Директива 2014/23/ЕС, Директива 2014/24/ЕС и Директива 2014/25/ЕС, на самом деле не направлены на регулирование конкуренции в качестве основной цели. Тем не менее, тщательный анализ упомянутых директив приводит к выводу, что эти директивы предусматривают стимулирование экономической конкуренции. Это достигается в целом благодаря открытию рынка государственных закупок для микро-, малых и средних предприятий (сектор малого и среднего бизнеса).
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In: Milena Jakšić, Vesna Stojanović Aleksić, Predrag Mimović (eds.), Ekonomsko-socijalni aspekti priključivanja Srbije EU. Faculty of Economics of the University in Kragujevac, pp. 361-370, 2016
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