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English Language Arts has historically been tied to the civic purposes of schools, and this qualitative study of a social design-based project (Gutiérrez & Vossoughi, 2010) examines the intersection of language and literacy learning and youth civic engagement, a problem space I call "Civics English." In this dissertation, I describe and analyze the experimentation and inquiry process of a Professional Learning Community of English teachers in a diverse middle school as they integrated civic learning and action into their English teaching practices. The dissertation examines this teacher team's development and shifts through various tensions and challenges that arise, analyzing through the lenses of Cultural Historical Activity Theory the ways their Professional Learning Community operated as an English teaching activity system attempting to integrate the cultural activity of civic engagement, leading to the teachers' expansive professional learning (Engeström, 2001) about possibilities and challenges of Civics English. The English teachers implemented various civic action projects, including producing and sharing multimodal civic advocacy essays online, composing and presenting children's storybooks about civics issues, and organizing and conducting a Town Hall with local leaders about civic dimensions of allyship and youth sports. This study looks at how, contextualized by these civics activities, they adapt and innovate customary English Language Arts practices, such as reading novels, writing in authentic genres with blended text types, and developing literacy and discourse. As the teachers encounter various tensions that arise in their attempts at Civics English, I present evidence of how these tensions emerge from the contradictions of two intersecting cultural activity systems, and what adaptations and innovations the teachers develop to overcome these tensions. Integrating civics causes shifts in the teachers' practices of literary study, writing, and classroom discussion, as they orient students' learning towards public audiences, collective action, and discursive models of political and professional discourse. I identify how reading literature creates an imaginative space for civic deliberation. And I demonstrate how the Town Hall civics project shifts various dimensions of literacy and language activity by recontextualizing them. The potentials and the constraints of these shifts are examined through studying the teachers' work, students' language and activity, and the civic event's efficacy as an English teaching focal point.

Varieties of English in the U.S. and Canada display fascinating developments from colonial times up until the twenty-first century. To throw light on the linguistics of North American Englishes and their socio-historical contexts, this volume brings together research from various traditions.

An analysis of the documents by which land was transferred from one person to another in medieval England

Globalization, the concept used to account for the multitude of linkages, interconnections and interdependences that currently transcend territorial and sociocultural boundaries in the world, has been in the centre of continual controversy over its meaning, scope, intensity and social significance for post-modern societies. However, whether considered from the narrow angle of current socio-economic developments, or from the broad perspective of evolutionary processes straddling all spheres of...

English can be due to demand of Indonesian in the field of business, technology, education, and research. The implementation of ESP has revealed some factors, such as students, teachers, and ESP materials that have significant influences on the quality of teaching and learning ESP. These factors require serious attention from stakeholders and ESP practitioners to improve the quality of ESP instruction. The government language policy might emphasize the curricula of formal schools and teachers training for ESP instruction. The quality of teacher of ESP is high contributing to accommodate the teaching and learning ESP course. Besides that, the materials of ESP should be formulated by practitioners of ESP who had knowledge of ESP instruction and the aim of ESP might concern on the improvements in students' proficiency in English. Thus, the students are being better in academic and professional in the work domain. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is one of the predominant approaches to language teaching in tertiary education, as it is directed towards the specific needs of the particular specialty students. The paper deals with the role of needs analysis and materials evaluation adjusting ESP courses to the needs of students in tertiary education. Students' needs analysis is a reference base for both the development of a new ESP course and alterations of an existing ESP course in the changing environment and demands for English language skills. Teaching materials determine the content of the course and affect teaching methods, students' motivation, vocabulary and language functions taught. The evaluation of teaching materials allows the teacher to constantly improve the ESP course, to better adjust it to the changing needs of students. The theoretical considerations are supported by a survey of students' needs and their evaluation of teaching materials. The results of the survey reveal whether the students' needs are met in the ESP course they have attended. The implication of the survey results is that the most topical students' needs, such as the development of productive skills, and especially speaking skills, do not change over time. Students' evaluation of the tailor-made ESP course books is also presented, as well as some suggestions to make the ESP courses more attuned to students 'needs.

Originally published in Tokyo in 1937. ; Two columns to the page. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Scotland Bill 2015–16 would make the Scottish government one of the most powerful sub-central governments in the OECD in terms of its control over spending and taxation. The UK government has also announced plans to introduce 'English Votes for English Laws' (EVEL), where the support of a majority of English MPs would be necessary to pass legislation deemed to impact on England only. The objective of this paper is to examine the potential for spillovers to arise in monetary unions of asymmetric nations where fiscal policy choices are taken locally. We extend a model of Chari and Kehoe (2008) to show the sub-optimal consequences of devolved fiscal policy in a moneteary union with a dominant member state. Because England is so much larger than the other constituent nations of the UK, its fiscal policy choices will have a commensurately stronger impact on UK monetary policy. As a result, UK monetary policy might be inappropriate for the smaller nations, calling into question the economic efficiency of EVEL. This is a general result which arises from the asymmetry of nations rather than specific UK funding arrangements or behavioural responses.