Suchergebnisse

Meeting on January 7, 1952, the Council of OEEC agreed that for January, February and March, Belgium, a constant creditor in the European Payments Union, would receive a maximum of $60 million in gold — a reduction of 25 percent on the previous allowance. This was a partial solution to the problem of Belgium's excess credit position. The Council also recommended that member countries try to increase exports to Belgium and that Belgium increase its imports from them.

The European Union has developed policies & instruments that address -- both directly & indirectly -- sexual violence in conflict & beyond. Policy areas that are important in this respect include human rights, gender equality, development cooperation, humanitarian aid & conflict prevention. Adapted from the source document.

Le but de cet article est de donner un aperçu général des aspects juridiques des relations entre l'UE et les républiques d'Asie centrale, en examinant les Accords de partenariat et de coopération (APC) et leurs lacunes. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la République d'Ouzbékistan. Les Accords de Partenariat et de Coopération signés entre l'Union européenne (à l'époque des Communautés européennes) et les républiques d'Asie centrale, ainsi que d'autres républiques de la Communauté des États indépendants (CEI) qui ont une histoire particulière. Les Accords de partenariat et de coopération ont la nature d'« accords mixtes », car les champs d'application ne relèvent pas de la compétence exclusive de l'UE ou des États membres où les deux partagent les compétences. L'auteur se concentre sur la nature juridique et sur le caractère « mixte » de l'Accord de partenariat et de coopération et propose de moderniser ces accords en tenant compte de l'expérience de 15 ans au cours des dernières années de sa réalisation.

Several scholars have argued that European countries have decided to cooperate on asylum and migration matters at the EU level in order to develop more restrictive policies. In particular, it has been argued that European states have 'venue-shopped' to a new policy-venue in order to escape national constraints. This paper puts this argument to the test by assessing the extent to which the development of EU cooperation on asylum matters has indeed led to the adoption of more restrictive asylum standards. The paper argues that, actually, EU asylum cooperation has led to an overall increase in protection standards for asylum-seekers and refugees. This outcome is explained by two main factors: the increasing 'judicialisation' of asylum in the EU and institutional changes in the EU asylum policy area that have strengthened the role of more 'refugee-friendly' institutions

Several scholars have argued that European countries have decided to cooperate on asylum and migration matters at the EU level in order to develop more restrictive policies. In particular, it has been argued that European states have 'venue-shopped' to a new policy-venue in order to escape national constraints. This paper puts this argument to the test by assessing the extent to which the development of EU cooperation on asylum matters has indeed led to the adoption of more restrictive asylum standards. The paper argues that, actually, EU asylum cooperation has led to an overall increase in protection standards for asylum-seekers and refugees. This outcome is explained by two main factors: the increasing 'judicialisation' of asylum in the EU and institutional changes in the EU asylum policy area that have strengthened the role of more 'refugee-friendly' institutions.

The sixteen nations of western Europe participating in the Economic Recovery Program signed on April 16, 1948, a convention formally establishing the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, providing machinery for the handling of European aid, and including a legally binding contract for self-help to supplement and eventually eliminate the need for outside aid. The principal aim of the organization was stated as the speedy establishment of sound economic conditions, without outside assistance, so as to make a full contribution to world economic stability. The sixteen governments and the western zones of Germany pledged their efforts to a maximum exchange of goods, lower tariff barriers, work towards a customs union, achievement and maintenance of financial and monetary stability, and the best use of their manpower.

Based on the experience of the author, an IPE scholar and former trade policy consultant at the World Bank (WB), the book offers an in-depth exploration of the EU-WB relations, conceptualized as hybrid delegation. Coupling cross-time analyses of their interaction in the regions of the Middle East and North Africa, Europe and Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa with an original investigation on the coordination among the EU member states at the Executive Board of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development over the 'voice and participation reform' of 2008-2010, the book advances an innovative theoretical framework to assess the EU-WB joint institutional and field policy performances. Augmented PA models of delegation, role theory and performance analyses are engaged, and selectively recombined, to investigate the nature, evolution and impact of the interactions of the two organizations, both in their everyday and constituent politics. Hybrid delegation-in-motion is reconstructed, against the background of post-Washington Consensus and post-Lisbon EU, to unveil the changing division of labour between the two largest development multilaterals of the new global context. The book will be of interest to scholars, students and practitioners in European Politics, Development, International Relations, International Political Economy and Global Economic Governance.