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This paper reviews current trade–related regulations of genetically modified (GM) food and discusses their effects on developing countries. There is a large heterogeneity in current import approval and marketing policies of GM food worldwide. At the international level, the harmonization efforts are led by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the World Trade Organization. While internationally harmonized guidelines for safety approval have been finalized, we show that there is no clear consensus on labeling regulations for GM food, and there is an increasing risk of conflicts among international agreements. We analyze the GM food regulations of two large rich importers, Japan and the European Union (EU) and discuss their differences and their potential impact on international trade. We also show that the effects of international and domestic trade related regulations critically depend on the type of traded products and their intended use: food and unprocessed products are subject to more stringent regulations than animal feed and processed products. Finally, we identify the main spillover effects of national and international regulations on developing countries' policy making, and suggest four policy arrangements on GM food to enable developing countries to satisfy production, consumption, international trade, and risk management objectives simultaneously while complying with their international obligations. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Theme 10; Subtheme 10.1; GRP1; GRP34; Subtheme 10.3; Pro-poor science and technology policies; Markets and Trade; PBS ; EPTD

The developing World contains 80 percent of the globe's population, but accounts for less than 25 percent of its trade. The tariffs imposed by rich nations on manufactured products from developing countries are four times higher than the duties on goods from other industrialized nations. This book examines the trade problems the developing nations face in the new Millennium. Professor Carl's detailed analysis of the effects of WTO rules-as well as rules of no less than 37 other regional trade agreements-on the economic infrastructures of developing nations is as telling and incisive as it is eloquent and insightful. It covers a wide spectrum of essential trade issues, including tariffs, quotas, subsidies, dumping, rules of origin, standards, safeguards, textiles, agriculture, and information technology. Professor Carl clearly shows why, in all of these areas, developing nations fail to benefit from multilateral trade agreements as currently constituted. This volume is an invaluable key to understanding the deepest and most serious flaws in the "New World Order," and an essential resource for practitioners, policymakers, business people, and scholars committed to an international trade regime that is truly "free." Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint

With the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the focus of international trade concern has shifted from elimination of formal, governmentally imposed trade barriers to complex, and often contradictory, interrelationships among national and regional competition and trade policies. The promise of future negotiations under the aegis of the new World Trade Organization on competition (antitrust) policy as a trade issue thus brings us full circle. The GATT was itself the product of extensive planning within the United States Department of State for the postwar international economy. An effective international competition policy was thought to go "hand in glove," in the words of Franklin D. Roosevelt, with any agreement to reduce tariffs, quota and other governmentally imposed barriers to the free flow of international trade. These efforts led to the inclusion in the Havana Charter of the chapter on restrictive practices in international commerce. Worldwide recognition of the benefits of expanding world trade, the effects of private anticompetitive restraints, as well as the challenges of increased economic interdependence also highlight previously ignored or neglected inconsistencies in the domestic and international competition policies of nearly all the major industrial states. These are today perceived as more critical than ever before as resulting tensions in the economic relationships among the leading industrial and trading states mount. Thus, the need for credible objective assessment of the impact of national and regional policies related to competition and trade in the European Union, Japan, and the United States has become increasingly urgent. The issues need to be identified, and feasible solutions should be articulated and evaluated. With these aims and the generous support of the Center for Global Partnership and the Japan-United States Friendship Commission, in Autumn 1992 the University of Washington Asian Law Program and the Chuo ...

"Statement of Oscar B. Ryder, chairman, United States Tariff Commission, Washington, D. C. ,,, before the Committee on Finance of the United States Senate, April 1947." -- [p. 1] ; "October 1947." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

1. A very brief history of the trading system -- 2. The WTO in a nutshell -- 3. Trade in goods -- 4. Services, intellectual property, and plurilateral agreements -- 5. Dispute settlement and transparency -- 6. Developing countries and the multilateral trading system -- 7. Whither the trading system?.

Title from cover. ; Suspended; vol. 9, no. 1 (Aug. 1998) is the last issue published. ; July and Oct. 1991 issues combined as vol. 2, no. 4; v. 4, no. 1-2 Jan. and Apr. 1993, issued in combined form; July and Oct. 1994 issues combined as v. 5, no. 3. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. for issued by: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Political Military Affairs, for by its Office of Defense Trade Controls.

1. Of value and its measurement : derivatives and the challenge of financial uncertainty -- 2. Of value and the contingency of its law : the (still) hidden abode of reproduction -- 3. Value making in financial and trading arrangements : of provocations and perspectival seeing -- 4. Re/production as the nexus : the (non)wage labour and alternative valorisations.

This volume brings together leading experts in the field of international economic law to address the legal complexities of the TTIP, CETA, and TISA treaties and provide an explanation of their core principles. This book also addresses the controversies surrounding the treaties, including their regulatory ambition and insufficient transparency.

Over the last twenty-five years, there has been an acceleration in the move from government regulation towards privatization. Governance, Regulation, and Privatization in the Asia-Pacific Region is the first thoroughgoing account of the relative success of the different approaches to privatization as undertaken in Korea, China, Australia, and Japan.In most contexts, privatization is expected to yield greater efficiency and cost effectiveness while avoiding the corruption and bloated budgets of government regulation or monopoly control. But broad-scale privatization, if ill designed, has also y

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Should WTO law allow China to use export duties to address trade-related environmental concerns and, if so, what form should these duties take? -- 1.2. Trade-related environmental concerns and the controversies surrounding the use of export duties to address them -- 1.2.1. Local and global environmental problems exacerbated by trade -- 1.2.2. Trade-related environmental problems in China -- 1.2.3. Concerns over Chinese export duties as a protectionist measure and better alternatives -- 1.3. Structure of the analysis -- 1.3.1. Description of Part I: setting the scene -- 1.3.2. Description of Part II: the extent to which a harsh ban on Chinese export duties would constrain China's capacity to protect the environment -- 1.3.3. Description of Part III: a basis under WTO law for China's use of export duties to address environmental concerns -- PART I: Setting the scene: The background and reception of the WTO ban on Chinese export duties -- 2. Three WTO cases against Chinese export duties -- 2.1. Annex 6 of China's Protocol of Accession -- 2.2. Facts of the export duties in China-Raw Materials, China-Rare Earths, and China-Raw Materials II -- 2.3. The applicability of GATT Article XX to China's export duty commitments -- 2.3.1. Incorporation theory -- 2.3.2. Inherent right -- 2.3.3. A holistic approach -- 2.3.4. Integration theory -- 2.3.5. Article 30(3) of the VCLT -- 2.4. Defences under Article XX(b) and XX(g) -- 3. The reception of the ban on Chinese export duties: Concerns, solutions, and the missing piece -- 3.1. Erroneous interpretation based on an overly rigid textual analysis.