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Objective. Arthur Okun made plain the fundamental conflict between efficiency and equity that arises in the pursuit of policy goals (Okun, 1974). Although Okun was speaking about government tax and spending policy, the potential conflict between efficiency and equity is also manifest at the nexus of two of the most far‐reaching changes in the environmental policy arena: the adoption of market‐like tools for pollution control and the quest for environmental justice. The article assesses this potential tradeoff by determining whether the pursuit of efficiency through the Clean Air Act Amendment's (CAA) sulfur dioxide allowance trading program (ATP) inadvertently transfers pollution into poor and minority communities.Methods. I employ Probit, Tobit, and GLS models using data for all SO2 trading activity between January 1995 and March 2009 to estimate whether allowance trading concentrates SO2 emissions in poor communities and communities of color. When using these models, I control for sample selectivity and for possible bias stemming from the modifiable areal unit problem.Results. The ATP does not concentrate sulfur dioxide emissions in black or Hispanic communities. To the contrary, communities with high percentages of black and Hispanic residents experience fewer imports of sulfur dioxide. Allowance trading does transfer SO2 emissions into poorly educated communities.Conclusions. There is no inherent tradeoff between efficiency and equity when using market‐based instruments for pollution control. Policymakers, however, might make an effort to design and implement future emissions trading programs in a manner that reduces the monitoring costs of tracking emissions trading. By reducing monitoring costs, policymakers may prevent the concentration of emissions in poorly educated communities while preserving the efficiency benefits of these instruments.

Despite the post-September 11 focus on regional security and the continued emphasis on regional economic cooperation, environmental degradation should not be overlooked as an important issue for US policy in and relationship with the Asia-Pacific. It is an important issue in its own right, presenting the countries of the region with ecological, economic and social (human security) challenges. There are both ethical and instrumental impulses for the United States, as a rich industrialised country and as a disproportionate consumer of resources and polluter of global waste, to provide environmental assistance to the Asia-Pacific. Despite global demands that the "new" new world (environmental) order should be based on solidarity and collective responsibility, neither US environmental policy towards the region nor the regional consequences of its international environmental policy more generally meet this test. The US is fundamentally self-regarding rather than other-regarding in the various dimensions of its environmental relationship with the region. The consequences for both the region and for the US may be substantial. Continued environmental degradation in the region has the potential to undermine other US policy goals, in terms of its reputation, it economic objectives and even its more orthodox geopolitical security objectives. (Pac Rev/DÜI)

Urban Sustainability and Justice presents an innovative yet practical approach to incorporate equity and social justice into sustainable development in urban areas, in line with the commitments of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda. This open access work proposes a feminist reading of just sustainabilities' principles to reclaim sustainability as a progressive discourse which informs action on the ground. This work will help the committed activist (whether they are on the ground, working in a community, in a non-governmental organization (NGO), in a business, at a university, in any sphere in government) to connect their work to international efforts to deliver environmental justice in cities around the world. Drawing on a comparative, international analysis of sustainability initiatives in over 200 cities, Castán Broto and Westman find limited evidence of the implementation of just sustainabilities principles in practice, but they argue that there is considerable potential to develop a justice-oriented sustainability agenda. Highlighting current successes while also assessing prospects for the future, the authors show that just sustainabilities is not merely an aspirational discourse, but a frame of reference to support radical action on the ground. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by The University of Sheffield.

Preliminary Material /Niels Blokker and Nico Schrijver -- International Organizations: The Untouchables? /Niels Blokker -- Immunity of International Organizations: The Work of the International Law Commission /Johan G. Lammers -- Do International Organizations Enjoy Immunity under Customary International Law? /Michael Wood -- Should the 2004 UN State Immunity Convention Serve as a Model/Starting Point for a Future UN Convention on the Immunity of International Organizations? /Philippa Webb -- Immunity of the United Nations: Practice and Challenges /Bruce C. Rashkow -- Privileges and Immunities of the World Health Organization: Practice and Challenges /Gian Luca Burci and Egle Granziera -- The Privileges and Immunities of the World Intellectual Property Organization: Practice and Challenges /Edward Kwakwa and Marie-Lea Rols -- Immunities of the European Union /Ramses A. Wessel -- Immunities of International Organizations: A NATO View /Peter Olson -- The Immunity of International Organizations in the United Kingdom /Chanaka Wickremasinghe -- Austrian Courts and the Immunity of International Organizations /Kirsten Schmalenbach -- Belgian Courts and the Immunity of International Organizations /Eric De Brabandere -- Italian Courts and the Immunity of International Organizations /Beatrice I. Bonafè -- The Jurisdictional Immunity of International Organizations in the Netherlands and the View from Strasbourg /Thomas Henquet -- To What Extent Can and Should National Courts Fill the Accountability Gap? /August Reinisch -- Beyond Srebrenica and Haiti: Exploring Alternative Remedies against the United Nations /Nico Schrijver -- Afterwords /Niels Blokker and Nico Schrijver -- Index /Niels Blokker and Nico Schrijver.

International audience ; The article offers a critical overview of American political science literature on the European Court of Justice, and particularly on its democratic poltential. ; L'article propose une critique de la littérature américaine sur la Cour de justice des communautés européennes, singulièrement quant au potentiel démocratique que recèlerait son développement.

International audience ; The article offers a critical overview of American political science literature on the European Court of Justice, and particularly on its democratic poltential. ; L'article propose une critique de la littérature américaine sur la Cour de justice des communautés européennes, singulièrement quant au potentiel démocratique que recèlerait son développement.

In order to quantitatively study the effect of environmental protection in China since the twenty-first century and the environmental pollution projected for the next ten years (under the model of extensive economic development), this paper establishes a Bayesian regulation back propagation neural network (BRBPNN) to analyze the typical pollutants (i.e., cadmium (Cd) and benzopyrene (BaP)) for Taihu Lake, a typical Chinese freshwater lake. For the periods 1950&ndash ; 2003 and 1950&ndash ; 2015, the neural network model estimated the BaP concentration for the database with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NS) = 0.99 and 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 3.1 and 9.3 for the total database and the Cd concentration for the database with NS = 0.93 and 0.98 and RMSE = 45.4 and 65.7 for the total database, respectively. In the model of extensive economic development, the concentration of pollutants in the sediments of Taihu reached the maximum value at the end of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, and there was an inflection point. After the early twenty-first century, the concentration of pollutants was controlled under various environmental policies and measures. In 2015, the environmental protection ratio of Cd and BaP reached 52% and 89%, respectively. Without environmental protection measures, the concentrations of Cd and BaP obtained from the neural network model is projected to reach 2015.5 &mu ; g kg&minus ; 1 and 407.8 ng g&minus ; 1, respectively, in 2030. Based on the results of this study, the Chinese government will need to invest more money and energy to clean up the environment.

General revenue sharing funds have been spent by the recipient governmental units for a variety of services. One of the important areas of these expenditures has been environmental protection. Municipal governments have con sistently spent greater proportions of their revenue sharing funds for environmental protection than other local and state levels of government. This is because the jurisdictional location for most environmental management activities is in the cities. Revenue sharing should not be looked upon at this time as the means for decentralizing environmental policy decisions. Premature decentralization could result in the delivery of inadequate environmental protection.