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Background: In March 2020, COVID-19 entered South Africa, resulting in 2.9 million cases, the country took preventative and precautionary measures to control the spread of COVID-19 infection. These measures limited population mobility especially for migrant women living with HIV (WLWH) and the provision of PMTCT services. The purpose of this research was to explore the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic on PMTCT provision by healthcare providers and understand what strategies could be implemented with lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for migrants to better manage the program. Methods: Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with healthcare providers across city and provincial levels on how the changes to the healthcare system with COVID-19 affected highly mobile patients' adherence and utilization of PMTCT services. A thematic content analysis was used for emerging themes and guided by The Utilization of PMTCT Services conceptual framework. Results: Five main themes emerged: (1) Facilitators and barriers to adherence, which included the need for multi-month dispensing for the long term supply of antiretrovirals (ARVs) and the fear of contracting COVID-19 at the hospital that disrupted patients' continuum of care; (2) Healthcare providers work environment, where participants felt overwhelmed with the high patient demand and the lack of infrastructural resources to follow social distancing protocols; (3) Financial challenges and opportunity costs, PMTCT proved difficult for migrants due to border closures and documentation required to receive care, this resulted in treatment interruption and left many unable to receive support at the facility due to capacity restrictions; (4) Interpersonal interactions, mistreatment, and xenophobic attitudes existed toward the migrant HIV population; and (5) "Program sustainability" revealed three key areas for strengthening: longer duration of time allocated with counseling for same-day initiation, the increased use of technology, and translation services for migrants. Conclusions: It is important to take what was learned during the pandemic and integrate it into routine service delivery, which includes long-term medication supply to reduce risk with multiple visits to collect medication, and the use of technology to alleviate the high-burden of patient demand. Healthcare policies that work toward inclusion and sustainability for migrants are needed to improve the integration of safer and practical methods of PMTCT provision into health systems.

The fashion manufacturing sector in the UK urgently needs to modernise, optimising production and supply chains to meet net-zero and global sustainability challenges. Government support is perceived to be lacking and many of the Alliance Report (2015) recommendations, although accepted, lacked long-term implementation and sustained investment. This report closes the gap in the recommendations enabling the crucial triangulation of manufacturing, automation and design to support an industry of the future. This report maps a supporting structure for the development of agile, small scale, re-shored garment manufacturing systems, the design of new business models and a newly trained, highly skilled workforce. Focussing on two key areas, technology and education, the report synthesises steps for Government-backed action to avoid further market failure and recommends areas for investment to support the levelling up agenda. UK fashion manufacturers are currently unaware of the potential for new robotic and automated systems to address the severe sustainability problems generated by fashion manufacturing. This is predominantly the result of underinvestment in what could otherwise be a zero-carbon industry focussing on high value, low volume manufacturing. Firms cannot compete with high volume production in Europe and Asia yet the Covid Pandemic and Brexit have shown the potential for the UK to re-shore garment manufacturing and engage with Industry 4.0+. Open access labs, Living Labs and networked, collaborative manufacturing models could provide the up-skilling needed to meet the challenges of a future-facing industry. UK multi-faculty universities need to accept the challenge of redesigning education that is fit for purpose for fashion design graduates. The recommendations listed below support the main ask of the report - that large-scale financial support from Government and the private sector be made available to deliver a fashion manufacturing industry fit for the C21st. ––– A FORUM of stakeholders with access to Government. –––Development of an Industry Roadmap. –––Development of a lobbying strategy. –––Policy inclusion. –––Evolved fashion design training with UK Universities. –––Dedicated large scale funding from UKRI, Government and Industry. –––Living Lab incubator for prototype micro-factories. –––Developing open access labs for tooling and materials development.

Agricultural policies should be aimed at enhancing production per unit area and help to reduce the cultivated area. To that end, it is critical to conserve soil fertility, promote ecological agriculture, employ climate change adaptation technology, significantly enhance irrigated agriculture, and decrease agricultural production risks. Sustainable agricultural production requires optimized land usage, increased energy efficiency, reduced use of fossil fuels, and minimized environmental consequences. Energy has been used in agriculture in a dramatically increased manner, and the agri-food chain now accounts for 30% of the total global energy use. Energy analysis quantifies the amount of energy used in agricultural production, so it may be used to optimize energy consumption and boost energy efficiency, further propelling the sustainable development of agriculture. Recently, the Mongolian government has expressed concerns about how to realize food sustainability and self-sufficiency in wheat production and agriculture, while also maintaining environmental sustainability. However, there is a substantial study gap between agriculture and energy analysis in Mongolia. This study investigated energy consumption and the effects of energy inputs and energy types on the agricultural production of Mongolia from 2005 to 2018. The output was calculated based on the annual wheat equivalent for the 14 major provinces as a whole. The output level is given as a function of human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, and seed energy, and the yield and different energy inputs are determined using the ordinary least squares of the Cobb–Douglas function. Total energy input grew from 2359.50 MJ ha−1 in 2005 to 3047.61 MJ ha−1 in 2018, while total output energy increased from 2312.08 MJ ha−1 to 4562.56 MJ ha−1. During this period, the energy use efficiency (input–output ratio), energy productivity, and net energy of wheat production were studied. The fertilizer inputs were statistically significant. The contribution of nitrogen, diesel, and irrigation water towards the production level was 3.52, 3.09, and 2.33, respectively. As a result, the data indicated that non-renewable, direct, and indirect energy sources all had a positive impact on the output level. Furthermore, non-renewable energy in Mongolian agriculture has been used in a significantly increased manner.

Recognizing the multifaceted nature of firm growth, the search for a sustainable growth paradigm for small and medium-sized enterprises is prominent in academic debate. Despite the government's many assistance programs, small and medium enterprises are struggling to survive in the long run. Interestingly, sustainability reinforced by spirituality is viewed as a new strategic imperative and long-term objective for businesses. Recently, the adoption and usage of advanced technology have also enabled new capabilities, such as the ability to focus on fast-changing business opportunities. Thus, the study attempts to conceptualize an effective growth direction founded on the business perspectives of sustainability, advanced technology, and spirituality. A systematic analysis of literature has been executed to analyze the sustainable growth configuration triggered by recent business perspectives, in which over 369 publications are read and reviewed by the authors. It has also established the reliability and validity of literature analysis. Also, a short form of qualitative investigation has been used to support the conceptualization of the study. The outcomes of the study successfully established a new growth paradigm-the SHG (Smart Holistic Growth). Here, the strategic convergence of social, economic, environmental, technological, and spiritual performance has the potential to enable SMEs to survive in the long term. Each of these growth antecedents work interdependently with each other to strengthen the firms' strategic objectives. On this note, the outcomes of the study can enhance business differentiation and competitiveness to endure environmental uncertainties. Also, this may be useful to promote the responsible use of advanced technology, which is key to creating active and informed citizens in the public sphere. This study is a unique attempt to extend the current understanding of the sustained form of growth of SMEs considering the integration of the mentioned business perspectives. Research paper Keywords: Advanced Technology; Corporate Spirituality; Digital Performance; Innovation; SME; SDGs; Sustainable Growth; VUCA Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Islam, A., Maideen, M. B. H., Abd Wahab, S., Ya'akub, N. I., & Abdul Latif, A. S. (2022). Conceptualizing the Smart Holistic Growth Paradigm for Small and Medium Businesses: An Integrative Perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 10(1),212–265.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate social influences on the UK integrated reporting (<IR>) adoption and implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 36 senior executives actively involved in <IR> within 17 organisations.FindingsMain social influences on adoption externally were reported design consultants and to a lesser extent, external auditors, primarily to legitimise <IR>. Internal influences were board support for <IR>, with the main driver being the mind-set of the CFO/Chairman to drive sustainability throughout the organisation or to regain trust in society. Social influences aiding further diffusion at the implementation stage came from three external sources: business networks; report design consultants; and external auditors. Internal influences in driving <IR> diffusion within organisations were identified in five functional areas, with finance, sustainability and communications functions exerting the greatest external influence on the diffusion of <IR>.Research limitations/implicationsThis research study was limited by the small sample of organisations that participated, although significant efforts were made to ensure that the sample incorporated the majority of early adopter UK organisations who demonstrated best practice in <IR>. Therefore, the findings are specific to the research context and do not represent statistical generalisations.Practical implicationsEmpirical evidence identifying social influences from a practitioner perspective provides recommendations as to how <IR> may be further diffused in the future.Social implications<IR> creates the potential to significantly improve the long-term health of corporations and the external environment they impact through consideration of the three indivisible and integrated dimensions of sustainable development, the economy, society and the environment and can contribute to a sustainable society by providing the opportunity for organisations to respond to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This highlights the significance of the research, which aims to gain insights into <IR> social influences which can assist in the adoption and implementation of <IR>.Originality/valueThis is the first comprehensive study of social influences on the <IR> adoption and implementation practices in the UK. It incorporates recommendations to improve the likelihood of subsequent adoption and diffusion of <IR> based on the findings.

The inextricable relationship between environment and development is unarguable, and the literature is replete with scientific evidence of the interdependence between the two phenomena. However, as the interaction between man and nature proceeded from the condition of conviviality to that of belligerence, there has been a marked decline in the resilience of nature to accommodate human avarice. It is nature's reactions to this unfair transaction that is today called climate change. In Sub-Saharan Africa, climate change remains an intractable problem, or to borrow the words of Pollitt (2016), "a very wicked issue" that challenges state capacity to contain its scourge. Finding a way around this wicked issue has been the preoccupation of public policy scholars and practitioners. Incidentally, combating climate change is a cross cutting issue in the 2030 global agenda for sustainable development which inevitably touches on access to affordable and sustainable energy, protection of the ecosystem to halt biodiversity loss. Consistent with this global agenda is the Africa agenda 2063 with the overarching aspiration of "a prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development". These multinational initiatives suggest a growing consensus on environmental sustainability as the desideratum of development. In Nigeria, the energy crisis and its attendant consequences on the environment has made the country one of the most vulnerable to climate change in the region. This paper seeks to offer a perspective on public governance for climate action. It argues that lack of state capacity to address the energy requirement of the economy has had grave consequences on environmental resourcefulness. While consensus on multinational agenda is given, the point at issues is for national governments to domesticate this agenda and mobilize the requisite resources to translate them into measurable achievements. The paper observes that apart from the huge deficit in furnishing the energy need of the real sector, the energy crisis poses existential threats such as food insecurity, environmental pollution/degradation through deforestation, flooding and pollution. The paper recommends, among others, that the Nigeria-Germany bilateral cooperation on the power sector should be implemented to its logical conclusion, and that a program of public enlightenment is urgently required to arrest traditional practices that are harmful to environmental sustainability.

Open Access funding provided by Universidad de Granada/Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Andalucia. This work was supported by the European Union under the European Commission DG Social Affairs and Inclusion under Agreement VP/2016/004. However, its content reflects only the authors' view and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Translation into English of the original Spanish manuscript of this paper has been funded by the DEHUSO ("Inequality, Human Rights and Sustainability") Scientific Unit of Excellence, an initiative supported by the University of Granada's Research Plan. ; In recent years, due to population ageing, the European Union has promoted active ageing policies as a means to encourage workers to delay labour market exit. Our paper explores what active ageing means to social partners (employers, managers and workers) in Spain and also the viability of implementing an active ageing culture in organizations. We used a qualitative case study methodology to identify perceptions regarding obstacles and facilitators in the adoption of an active ageing culture in different production sectors, as well as responses to active ageing policies. Data-generating workshops were held with employees and managers of four types of companies located in the south of the country. Perceived obstacles to active ageing were more organizational than individual in nature. Some of these obstacles gave rise to a kind of forced active ageing in a context in which the previous predominant message had been to retire as early as possible. Job adaptation was perceived as both an obstacle and a facilitator. Increasing recognition of older workers and raising their motivation to extend their working lives were found to be important pending tasks. In contexts of high unemployment, active ageing often remains largely unknown within productive organizations, and the idea of retiring as soon as possible continues to guide many workers. In these circumstances, the implementation of top-down, uniform active ageing policies has proven to be of limited efficacy. Awareness campaigns and initiatives aimed at improving older workers' health and abilities should be launched as complementary active ageing strategies. ; Universidad de Granada/Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Andalucia ; European Union under the European Commission DG Social Affairs and Inclusion VP/2016/004 ; DEHUSO ("Inequality, Human Rights and Sustainability") Scientific Unit of Excellence - University of Granada's Research Plan

[Abstract] Industry 5.0 follows the steps of the Industry 4.0 paradigm and seeks for revolutionizing the way industries operate. In fact, Industry 5.0 focuses on research and innovation to support industrial production sustainability and place the well-being of industrial workers at the center of the production process. Thus, Industry 5.0 relies on three pillars: it is human-centric, it encourages sustainability and it is aimed at developing resilience against disruptions. Such core aspects cannot be fully achieved without a transparent end-to-end human-centered traceability throughout the value chain. As a consequence, Auto-Identification (Auto-ID) technologies play a key role, since they are able to provide automated item recognition, positioning and tracking without human intervention or in cooperation with industrial operators. Although the most popular Auto-ID technologies provide a certain degree of security and productivity, there are still open challenges for future Industry 5.0 factories. This article analyzes and evaluates the Auto-ID landscape and delivers a holistic perspective and understanding of the most popular and the latest technologies, looking for solutions that cope with harsh, diverse and complex industrial scenarios. In addition, it describes a methodology for selecting Auto-ID technologies for Industry 5.0 factories. Such a methodology is applied to a specific use case of the shipbuilding industry that requires identifying the main components of a ship during its construction and repair. To validate the outcomes of the methodology, a practical evaluation of passive and active UHF RFID tags was performed in an Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) under construction, showing that a careful selection and evaluation of the tags enables product identification and tracking even in areas with a very high density of metallic objects. As a result, this article serves as a useful guide for industrial stakeholders, including future developers and managers that seek for deploying identification and traceability technologies in Industry 5.0 scenarios. ; This work was supported in part by the Auto-Identication for Intelligent Products Research Line of the Navantia-Universidade da Coruña Joint Research Unit under Grant IN853B-2018/02, and in part by the Centro de Investigación de Galicia ``CITIC,'' funded by Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-Galicia 2014_2020 Program) under Grant ED431G 2019/01 ; Xunta de Galicia; IN853B-2018/02 ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/01

Increased urbanization carries socioenvironmental challenges that may be tackled by promoting green spaces as safeguards of sustainability and of the connection between users and the biosphere – reducing social inequalities, improving air quality, regenerating the ecosystem, and mitigating climate change impacts. Urban green spaces are the main drivers for increasing the quality of urban environments, potentializing local resilience, promoting sustainable lifestyles, as well as improving both the health and well-being of their users. The 11th goal of the 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development states that societies must ensure universal access to safe, inclusive, and fully accessible public spaces. Nevertheless, cities are unequal spaces regarding the distribution of environmental resources, resulting in environmental injustice: the most vulnerable areas in socioeconomic terms are those that mostly experience environmental vulnerability, partially due to the lack of green spaces, the intensive road traffic - resulting in poor air quality and the increase of noise pollution – and the social segregation. The fair distribution of urban green spaces must be ensured in both quantity and quality in terms of their ecosystem services: provision, regulation, support, and cultural services. Municipal leaders are the main ones responsible for the maintenance of Gardens and Public Parks (GPP). However, current evidence identifies limited knowledge about urban green infrastructure governance, since the lack of data about PUGS is the main obstacle to effective intervention. Set against this background, this study aimed to identify clusters of ecosystem services potential in 25 GPP in the city of Porto, Portugal, through a validated tool application. Multivariate techniques allowed for the identification of predictor dimensions of ecosystem services potential, environmental quality, and facilities. Five PUGS clusters were validated: i) Environmentally Empowered and Socially Expectant Spaces, ii) Socioenvironmentally Empowered Spaces, iii) Environmentally Empowered but Socially Un-dynamic Spaces, iv) Socioenvironmentally Disempowered Spaces, and v) Socioenvironmentally Unexplored Spaces. Also, ecosystem service potential differs within the city and, in some cases, results in environmental injustice situations. These results are useful in the design of place-based intervention in PUGS, contributing to the increase of ecosystem services potential and in the improvement of urban environment quality and sustainability. Furthermore, instead of focusing on political-administrative jurisdictions, this methodological approach allows gains in scale and enhances ecosystem services potential at a municipal level. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Agri-Farm tourism in Region IV-A is very evident because of its rich farm lands. It is an indication that it gets to produce jobs and income to its people and the community at large. In order to develop sustainable Agri-farm tourism in Region IV-A, the study suggested variety of projects, strategies and activities to be implemented contributing to the environmental, cultural, social and economic growth of the area that is reflected through a development plan. The study was conducted to determine what are the products, services, marketing activities and linkages in Agri-farm tourism in Region IV-A, and assess its economic contributions to the region, as well as its capability to be sustainable. Likewise, the researcher come up with any recommendations that will improve the products, services, marketing activities and linkages of Agri-farm tourism in the region and will contribute to its possible sustainability based or anchored purely from the results of the study. The descriptive method of research was employed in this study. The respondents such as farm owners, Local Government Unit employees and visitors were randomly chosen and asked to answer the survey questionnaire about their perceptions on the products, services, marketing activities, linkages and the problems encountered in the selected Agri-Farm Tourism sites located in Region IV-A. Responses were analyzed using percentage, weighted mean, Analysis of Variance, Ranking, and to assess whether there is a significant difference in the responses of the three groups of respondents, use the t-test (Grouped Data).The results showed that the respondents looked for a more sustainable products, services, marketing activities and linkages. In the acceptability of the Development Plan, it was found to be highly acceptable by the respondents and can be implemented by the Agri-farm tourism owners for sustainable development. These results suggest that owners and the management should consider improving the Agri-farm tourism business with strong emphasis on the products, services, marketing activities and linkages to attain higher assessment rating from Very Good to Excellent. The Proposed Development Plan may be adopted by the Agri-Farm Tourism planners, farm owners and Local Government Unit employees should give emphasis on Agri-farm Tourism offer as to products and services, extent of marketing and linkages, and its sustainability to keep the Agri-farm tourism business.

The notion of language as a form of action which is socially shaped and socially constitutive allows us to think of any text as constitutive of social identity, social relations and systems of knowledge and beliefs (Fairclough 1992). Starting from this assumption, the study was aimed at investigating the UK government's 'beliefs' and viewpoint concerning environmental issues. In particular, the UK Department of Energy and Climate change and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' actions have been taken into account focussing on political speeches concerning environment, including sustainability, water and land pollution, food safety, energy efficiency, agricultural emissions, climate change. According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), ideologies are socially and discursively formed, reproduced and changed in a variety of ways which include institutional forms of discourse among their most prestigious varieties. In the study attention has been paid to the way the institutional Departments of the UK government build-up their own 'discourse' while promoting their own action on protecting and preserving the environment. In short, the final goal has been to focus on UK Government's ideological attitude towards the preservation of 'the waste' world environment. ; The notion of language as a form of action which is socially shaped and socially constitutive allows us to think of any text as constitutive of social identity, social relations and systems of knowledge and beliefs (Fairclough 1992). Starting from this assumption, the study was aimed at investigating the UK government's 'beliefs' and viewpoint concerning environmental issues. In particular, the UK Department of Energy and Climate change and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' actions have been taken into account focussing on political speeches concerning environment, including sustainability, water and land pollution, food safety, energy efficiency, agricultural emissions, climate change. According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), ideologies are socially and discursively formed, reproduced and changed in a variety of ways which include institutional forms of discourse among their most prestigious varieties. In the study attention has been paid to the way the institutional Departments of the UK government build-up their own 'discourse' while promoting their own action on protecting and preserving the environment. In short, the final goal has been to focus on UK Government's ideological attitude towards the preservation of 'the waste' world environment.

The circumstances arising in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic indicate that outbreaks are inevitable and that new pandemics are quite likely. Cities, just like people, need to protect themselves from pandemics. Therefore, the existing urban and spatial practices should be reconsidered. The aim of the study is to explore, by observation and literature review, the cities' readiness for possible pandemics or emergencies within the framework of the concept of urban immunity. Based on the elements necessary for the provision of immunity in humans, the requirements for urban immunity, the health of the infrastructure and superstructure of the soil, the resources and sustainability of a city, its resilience and growth control are discussed within the framework of urban management. In addition, the study identifies three indispensable actors for urban immunity: i) central governments, ii) local governments, and iii) citizens. Immunized cities can be defined as cities with healthy infrastructure and superstructure factors of urban soil aiming at economic and ecological sustainability that have achieved a planned and controlled growth momentum, governed by public policies created with the understanding of local welfare and democracy in cooperation with local governments, citizens, and the central government. The study is purely theoretical and focuses on universal urban immunity rather than on any country example, which constitutes the strength of the study. ; Okoliščine v zvezi s pandemijo covida-19 kažejo, da so izbruhi neizogibni in da so nove pandemije zelo verjetne. Pred njimi se morajo tako kot ljudje zaščititi tudi mesta, zato velja ponovno pretehtati obstoječe mestne in prostorske prakse. Cilj študije je raziskati pripravljenost mest na morebitne pandemije ali izredne razmere v okviru koncepta t. i. urbane imunosti. Na podlagi elementov, potrebnih za zagotavljanje imunosti pri ljudeh, članek v okviru upravljanja mest preučuje pogoje za urbano imunost, stanje infrastrukture, vire in trajnost mesta, njegovo odpornost in nadzorovano rast. Poleg tega opredeljuje tri nujne deležnike za doseganje urbane imunosti: i) državne oblasti, ii) lokalne oblasti in iii) državljane. Imunizirana mesta lahko opredelimo kot mesta z zdravo infrastrukturo, ki stremijo k ekonomski in ekološki trajnosti, dosegajo načrtovan in nadzorovan zagon rasti, urejajo javne politike, oblikovane z razumevanjem za lokalno blaginjo in demokracijo v sodelovanju z lokalnimi oblastmi, državljani in državo. Študija je zgolj teoretična in se osredotoča na zagotavljanje univerzalne urbane imunosti in ne na katero koli državo, kar je vsekakor njena prednost.

The government has launched a sustainable development program, namely development carried out with an environmental perspective. In sustainable development, conditions must be met, namely, first, the existence of environmental sustainability and second, the fulfillment of the community's right to a clean and healthy environment. A process of development or production of a person or corporation. A corporation or company is a business entity or legal entity which in its production process is directly related to the environment. For this reason, it is likely that in the production process it can result in pollution or environmental damage. Environmental pollution and environmental destruction are caused by human actions that intentionally or unintentionally have exceeded the limits and even the environmental quality standards set, resulting in a decrease in environmental quality. , 04:21 WIB The Semarang City Government has three homeworks to do environmental damage. Pollution in Citarum tributaries. In April 2019, the Cibeet River in Taman Mekar Village, Pangkalan District, was filled with foamy waste. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management ("PPLH Law") Providing correct, accurate, open and timely information related to PPLH, Maintaining the sustainability of environmental functions, Complying with provisions on environmental quality standards and/or damage standard criteria environment. There are 3 ways to enforce corporate responsibility in environmental law, namely: Administrative Law Enforcement, Civil Law Enforcement, Criminal Law Enforcement, Civil liability discussion is classified separately. and how is the dispute resolution process for environmental pollution and or environmentaldamage carried out by the Company which has an impact on the loss of one of the disputing parties. This research uses normative legal research methods. Based on the description above, the conclusions, the results of the study are that: 1. Efforts that can be made in the settlement process are: Based on the provisions in Article 84 of Law Number 32 of 2009concerning Environmental Protection and Management, the company's responsibility for environmental pollution and or destruction environment, namely: civil liability (compensation), 2. Based on Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, regulates efforts to resolve disputes both inside and outside the court, through other means, namely there are There are three ways of resolving disputes outside the court, namely negotiation, mediation and arbitration.

Vor allem in Südeuropa hat sich die Staatsverschuldung von den Vorgaben des europäischen Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakts weit entfernt, sodass die Tragfähigkeit der Staatsfinanzen mitunter angezweifelt wird. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die mögliche weitere Entwicklung der Staatsschuldenquoten in Frankreich und den vier südeuropäischen EU-Mitgliedstaaten Griechenland, Italien, Portugal und Spanien. Hierbei werden drei Szenarien für die kommenden 20 Jahre entwickelt. Ein Szenario schreibt die vom Internationalen Währungsfonds für das Jahr 2026 prognostizierten Werte fort. Zwei weitere Szenarien greifen die Entwicklung in den vier sowie acht Jahren vor der Corona-Pandemie auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur für Portugal und Griechenland eine Rückführung der Schuldenquoten in den kommenden beiden Dekaden realistisch erscheint. Beide EU-Mitgliedstaaten weisen bemerkenswerte Primärsalden auf. In Portugal zeigt sich zudem eine gute wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Griechenland profitiert von relativ niedrigen Zinsen. Eine Rückführung der Verschuldung auf 60 Prozent des BIP, wie es der Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt vorsieht, ist indes selbst für Portugal außer Reichweite. Für Frankreich, Italien und Spanien ist von einem weiteren Anstieg der Schuldenquoten auszugehen. Während in Frankreich und Spanien nicht zuletzt die schwachen Primärsalden ursächlich sind, leidet Italien weiterhin unter einer schwachen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Damit bleibt die Tragfähigkeit der Staatshaushalte eine säkulare politische und ökonomische Herausforderung - vor allem mit Blick auf die demografischen Anpassungslasten. ; Especially in Southern Europe, public debt is missing the targets of the European Stability and Growth Pact by wide margins, leading to concern about the sustainability of public finances. The present article examines the possible further development of government debt ratios in France and the four southern European EU member states Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Three scenarios are developed for the next 20 years. One continues the values forecast by the IMF for the year 2026. The second and third scenarios are based respectively on the development in the four- and eight-year periods before the onset of the Covid19 pandemic. The results show that only Portugal and Greece can realistically be expected to reduce their debt ratios in the next two decades. Both EU Member States have remarkable primary balances. Moreover, the Portuguese economy is developing handsomely while Greece is benefitting from relatively low interest rates. However, not even Portugal is within reach of reducing its debt to the 60 per cent of GDP envisaged by the Stability and Growth Pact. For France, Italy and Spain, a further increase in debt ratios is to be expected. This is due not least to the weakness of the French and Spanish primary balances, while Italy continues to suffer from a sluggish economy. The sustainability of national budgets thus remains a perennial political and economic challenge - especially in view of the demographic adjustments these countries face.

El transporte no debe ser visto solo como un conjunto de acciones para trasladar bienes, pasajeros e información, también es una herramienta útil para fomentar el Desarrollo Económico Local (DEL). De hecho, existe un tipo de transporte que se realiza por fuera de los marcos normativos gubernamentales denominado transporte informal; en este proyecto de investigación se busca determinar cuál ha sido la influencia del Transporte Informal Colectivo de Pasajeros (TICP) en el DEL, presente alrededor del sistema Transmilenio. El análisis se basa en cinco aspectos fundamentales del DEL: ubicación, sinergias, sostenibilidad, gobernanza y desarrollo humano, evaluados en usuarios, operadores, establecimientos comerciales e instituciones sectoriales, estas categorías son evaluadas a partir de información recopilada mediante encuestas semiestructuras llevadas a cabo en cuatro puntos de la ciudad, en los cuales se demuestra que el TICP influencia la ubicación, desarrollo humano, sostenibilidad y gobernanza. De igual manera, se destaca que en cuanto a sinergias entre actores, estas han permitido generar mejores condiciones de seguridad, pero el desinterés de las instituciones sectoriales se posiciona como uno de los principales factores a mejorar. ; Transportation should not be seen only as a set of actions to move goods, passengers and information, it is also a useful tool to promote Local Economic Development (LED). In fact, there is a type of transport that is carried out outside the governmental regulatory frameworks called informal transport; This research project seeks to determine the influence of the Informal Collective Passenger Transport (TICP) on LED, present around the Transmilenio system. The analysis is based on five fundamental aspects of LED: location, synergies, sustainability, governance and human development, evaluated in users, operators, commercial establishments and sectorial institutions, these categories are evaluated from information collected through semi-structural surveys carried out in four points of the city, in which it is demonstrated that the TICP influences the location, human development, sustainability and governance. Similarly, it is highlighted that in terms of synergies between actors, these have allowed the generation of better security conditions, but the lack of interest of the sectorial institutions is positioned as one of the main factors to improve. ; Magíster en Planificación Urbana y Regional ; Maestría