Suchergebnisse

Knowledge organization systems, whether intended for use in libraries or bibliographic services, has a complex relation to the time and environment of their construction. In a famous paper from 1982, Eric de Grolier describes library classification systems as "cultural artefacts", based on an analysis of the relation between classes and the size of catalog entries in 29 historically significant systems. His analysis displays a relation where systems mimetically represent knowledge production as seen in literature production. However, at the end of his paper, de Grolier indicates something more; that classification systems not only reproduce knowledge production, but also have the ability to anticipate future trends by formulating styntactic and semantic priorities in relation to current cultural and social developments. However, how it is possible to further analyze such abilities is not considered. Efforts to develop a deeper understanding of the relation between such developments and bibliographic systems have since been undertaken from various perspectives, although most, with a few notable exceptions, have done so by returning to a discussion on warrants initiated already in the first decades of the 20th century. This presentation and subsequent paper will address this issue by analysing the question of how it is possible to "read" a bibliographic classification system, not just in a way which establishes traditional perspectives such as literary, scientific, institutional or cultural warrants, but in a way that present the system, seen as an autonomous form of document, as part of a specific cultural, political or social environment and its development. This is being done through a discussion of social anthropologist Jack Goody's concept of "écriture" as formulated in his critique of Ferdinand de Saussure's ideas on the relation between written and spoken language, and philosopher Maurizio Ferraris formulation of documents as "inscribed acts". Though widely different in scope, these two entry points prove fruitful in understanding bibliographic classification systems in a new way, exceeding the fundamentally mimetic relation between system and warrant usually assumed in classification research. The theoretical discussion is complemented with two empirical examples relating to dramatic social change and cultural trauma. The first example is the 1921 edition of the Swedish national classification system created for public libraries. This system was constructed when a new public library infrastructure was created in Sweden as part of the dramatic processes that led to the formal institutionalization of democracy during a period of social and political turmoil in the late 1910s and early 1920s. The second example relates to the need for Jewish libraries to make sense of the Holocaust within their collections and bibliographic work. The American Elazar system for Judaica libraries was constructed in the 1950s as part of the American initiated reformulation of Jewish cultural identity following the annihilation of the European Jewry in World War II. Concluding remarks address the methodological question on how to create an analytical framework for a reading of classification systems as socially significant documents in relation to cultural and social development. Suggestions are made on the basis of a revision of the author's previous research, developing a methodology relating to French philosopher Paul Ricoeur's effort to establish a 'hermeneutics of historical consciousness'.

Brody, a town today lying in Western Ukraine, became part of the Habsburg Empire following the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Until Austria-Hungary's collapse at the end of the First World War the town was right on the border with Poland (until 1795) and later with Russia (until 1918). This book embraces a timespan of almost 150 years, excluding the First World War. It examines Brody's economic and social history in the first two sections; the third section is dedicated to the perception of the town's Austrian past. The most important material which serves as the basis for this work are archival sources mainly holdings in L'viv, Vienna, Paris and Kraków as well as published sources such as statistics, administrative handbooks and travel reports.
During the 18th and the early 19th century Brody was a major commercial hub in Central and Eastern Europe. Only in the last decades of the 19th century the city transformed from a centre of international trade and cultural importance into a peripheral town at the Galician-Russian border. Whether we should consider the case of Brody as a history of failure depends on one's perspective: From a macroeconomic point of view Brody's performance would not qualify as a success story, because the city failed to embrace an urbanisation and modernisation that was so characteristic for cities in this period. From the Galician perspective, however, the economical transformation of Brody was desirable, because the city's former international orientation had led to a certain self isolation from its Galician surroundings. Thus, from a regional point of view Brody's shrinking proved the city's successful integration into the social and political realities of the Crownland.
Several features distinguished Brody from other Galician towns even at the beginning of the twentieth century. No other Austro-Hungarian town was so predominantly Jewish, with Roman-Catholic Poles and Greek-Catholic Ukrainians never accounting for more than a third of the total population. Moreover Brody continued to play a certain role in Jewish thinking, in Rabbinic-Talmudic scholarship as well as in the spread of the Haskalah in east central Europe. In close connection with the strong support of Brody's Jewish elites for the Enlightenment, the German language kept its importance many decades longer than in other Galician cities. However, by the outbreak of the First World War even Brody's Jewish elites had switched from an orientation towards the German-speaking centre of the Empire to a certain degree of auto-polonisation. Special to Brody was also the strong commitment of the city and its environs to Russophile currents, whereas in the rest of Galicia the Ukrainian national movement rapidly gained popularity at the turn of the century.
The dichotomy between the extraordinary Brody and the typical Galician Brody wittingly or unwittingly shaped the city's perception in travel reports, literature and mental images. Today there are different ways of remembering Habsburg Brody. They mostly but not exclusively run along ethnic lines and omit the non-national. Sometimes the national narratives differ so much that we get the impression that they talk about completely different cities. Besides partly overlapping Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, Austrian and Soviet lieux de mémoire we also find places where we can trace the town's former economic, administrative or cultural functions in present day Brody. - Das heute in der Westukraine gelegene Brody wurde im Zuge der Ersten Teilung Polens 1772 Teil der Habsburgermonarchie und war rund 150 Jahre lang die nordöstlichste Grenzstadt des Landes, zunächst zu Polen (bis 1795) danach zu Russland. Das vorliegende Buch behandelt die gesamte österreichischer Zeit exklusive des Ersten Weltkriegs. Die ersten beiden Teile analysieren Brody aus wirtschafts- bzw. gesellschaftsgeschichtlicher Sicht, während im dritten Teil die unterschiedlichen zeitgenössischen und heutigen Wahrnehmungen Brodys thematisiert werden. Die ersten beiden Abschnitte entsprechen einer klassischen historischen Herangehensweise, bestehend aus der Analyse von Archivmaterial (v.a. aus Lemberg, Wien, Krakau und Paris), publizierten Quellen (Statistiken, Schematismen, Reiseberichte) und Sekundärliteratur. Der letzte Teil ist hingegen literatur- bzw. kulturwissenschaftlich gearbeitet und umfasst eine Analyse von Erinnerungsbüchern, Reiseberichten und Belletristik, sowie einen Bildteil.
Brody war im 18. und frühen 19. Jhd. eine der wichtigsten Handelsdrehscheiben Ost(mittel)europas. Erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 19. Jhd. entwickelte sich Brody von einer Handelsstadt europäischen Formats zu einer peripheren galizischen Kleinstadt an der österreichisch-russischen Grenze. Ob man diesen Bedeutungsverlust als Misserfolgsgeschichte wertet oder nicht, hängt vom jeweiligen Blickwinkel ab: Aus makroökonomischer Perspektive ist der Niedergang offensichtlich, da Brody den von Technisierung und Industrialisierung geprägten Urbanisierungs- und Modernisierungstendenzen der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jhd. diametral entgegen steht. Aus galizischer Sicht hingegen war die Redimensionierung Brodys wünschenswert, da die einstige internationale Ausrichtung Brodys zu einer gewissen Abkapselung der Stadt von ihrer Umgebung geführt hatte. Brodys Bedeutungsverlust war gleichsam der Beweis für die erfolgreiche Integration der Stadt in die gesellschaftlichen und politischen Verhältnisse des Kronlands.
Brody hatte zu Beginn des 20. Jhd. Eigenheiten, die es von anderen galizischen Städten klar unterschied. Keine andere Stadt Österreich-Ungarns kannte ein derartiges Übergewicht der jüdischen Bevölkerung über die römisch-katholischen Polen und griechisch-katholischen Ukrainer. In der jüdischen Geistesgeschichte, sowohl als Ort rabbinischer Gelehrsamkeit, als auch als Zentrum der Haskala, so wie als Zufluchtsort für Pogromopfer, spielte Brody eine bedeutende Rolle. In den höheren Bildungsschichten dominierte die deutsche Sprache auffallend lange; erst Jahrzehnte später als andere jüdische Gemeinden Galiziens gaben die Brodyer Eliten ihre Orientierung am deutschsprachigen Zentrum zugunsten einer Selbstpolonisierung auf. Die starke Verankerung der russophilen Bewegung in Brody ist ebenfalls ungewöhnlich im Galizien des frühen 20. Jhd., wo die ukrainische Nationalbewegung rasant an Boden gewann.
Die Gegensätzlichkeit zwischen dem ungewöhnlichen Brody und dem typisch galizischen Brody prägte, bewusst oder unbewusst, die damalige und heutige Wahrnehmung dieser Stadt in Reiseberichten, Belletristik und geistigen Bildern. Die Erinnerung an das habsburgische Brody ist nicht einheitlich und verläuft heute meist entlang nationaler Linien, was zuweilen den Eindruck erweckt es handle sich um gänzlich unterschiedliche Städte. Man findet im heutigen Brody neben sich teilweise überlagernden ukrainischen, polnischen, jüdischen, österreichischen und sowjetischen Gedächtnisorte auch solche die auf das wirtschaftliche, kulturelle oder administrative Erbe der Stadt verweisen.

Das heute in der Westukraine gelegene Brody wurde im Zuge der Ersten Teilung Polens 1772 Teil der Habsburgermonarchie und war rund 150 Jahre lang die nordöstlichste Grenzstadt des Landes, zunächst zu Polen (bis 1795) danach zu Russland. Das vorliegende Buch behandelt die gesamte österreichischer Zeit exklusive des Ersten Weltkriegs. Die ersten beiden Teile analysieren Brody aus wirtschafts- bzw. gesellschaftsgeschichtlicher Sicht, während im dritten Teil die unterschiedlichen zeitgenössischen und heutigen Wahrnehmungen Brodys thematisiert werden. Die ersten beiden Abschnitte entsprechen einer klassischen historischen Herangehensweise, bestehend aus der Analyse von Archivmaterial (v.a. aus Lemberg, Wien, Krakau und Paris), publizierten Quellen (Statistiken, Schematismen, Reiseberichte) und Sekundärliteratur. Der letzte Teil ist hingegen literatur- bzw. kulturwissenschaftlich gearbeitet und umfasst eine Analyse von Erinnerungsbüchern, Reiseberichten und Belletristik, sowie einen Bildteil. Brody war im 18. und frühen 19. Jhd. eine der wichtigsten Handelsdrehscheiben Ost(mittel)europas. Erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 19. Jhd. entwickelte sich Brody von einer Handelsstadt europäischen Formats zu einer peripheren galizischen Kleinstadt an der österreichisch-russischen Grenze. Ob man diesen Bedeutungsverlust als Misserfolgsgeschichte wertet oder nicht, hängt vom jeweiligen Blickwinkel ab: Aus makroökonomischer Perspektive ist der Niedergang offensichtlich, da Brody den von Technisierung und Industrialisierung geprägten Urbanisierungs- und Modernisierungstendenzen der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jhd. diametral entgegen steht. Aus galizischer Sicht hingegen war die Redimensionierung Brodys wünschenswert, da die einstige internationale Ausrichtung Brodys zu einer gewissen Abkapselung der Stadt von ihrer Umgebung geführt hatte. Brodys Bedeutungsverlust war gleichsam der Beweis für die erfolgreiche Integration der Stadt in die gesellschaftlichen und politischen Verhältnisse des Kronlands. Brody hatte zu Beginn des 20. Jhd. Eigenheiten, die es von anderen galizischen Städten klar unterschied. Keine andere Stadt Österreich-Ungarns kannte ein derartiges Übergewicht der jüdischen Bevölkerung über die römisch-katholischen Polen und griechisch-katholischen Ukrainer. In der jüdischen Geistesgeschichte, sowohl als Ort rabbinischer Gelehrsamkeit, als auch als Zentrum der Haskala, so wie als Zufluchtsort für Pogromopfer, spielte Brody eine bedeutende Rolle. In den höheren Bildungsschichten dominierte die deutsche Sprache auffallend lange; erst Jahrzehnte später als andere jüdische Gemeinden Galiziens gaben die Brodyer Eliten ihre Orientierung am deutschsprachigen Zentrum zugunsten einer Selbstpolonisierung auf. Die starke Verankerung der russophilen Bewegung in Brody ist ebenfalls ungewöhnlich im Galizien des frühen 20. Jhd., wo die ukrainische Nationalbewegung rasant an Boden gewann. Die Gegensätzlichkeit zwischen dem ungewöhnlichen Brody und dem typisch galizischen Brody prägte, bewusst oder unbewusst, die damalige und heutige Wahrnehmung dieser Stadt in Reiseberichten, Belletristik und geistigen Bildern. Die Erinnerung an das habsburgische Brody ist nicht einheitlich und verläuft heute meist entlang nationaler Linien, was zuweilen den Eindruck erweckt es handle sich um gänzlich unterschiedliche Städte. Man findet im heutigen Brody neben sich teilweise überlagernden ukrainischen, polnischen, jüdischen, österreichischen und sowjetischen Gedächtnisorte auch solche die auf das wirtschaftliche, kulturelle oder administrative Erbe der Stadt verweisen. ; Brody, a town today lying in Western Ukraine, became part of the Habsburg Empire following the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Until Austria-Hungary's collapse at the end of the First World War the town was right on the border with Poland (until 1795) and later with Russia (until 1918). This book embraces a timespan of almost 150 years, excluding the First World War. It examines Brody's economic and social history in the first two sections; the third section is dedicated to the perception of the town's Austrian past. The most important material which serves as the basis for this work are archival sources mainly holdings in L'viv, Vienna, Paris and Kraków as well as published sources such as statistics, administrative handbooks and travel reports. During the 18th and the early 19th century Brody was a major commercial hub in Central and Eastern Europe. Only in the last decades of the 19th century the city transformed from a centre of international trade and cultural importance into a peripheral town at the Galician-Russian border. Whether we should consider the case of Brody as a history of failure depends on one's perspective: From a macroeconomic point of view Brody's performance would not qualify as a success story, because the city failed to embrace an urbanisation and modernisation that was so characteristic for cities in this period. From the Galician perspective, however, the economical transformation of Brody was desirable, because the city's former international orientation had led to a certain self isolation from its Galician surroundings. Thus, from a regional point of view Brody's shrinking proved the city's successful integration into the social and political realities of the Crownland. Several features distinguished Brody from other Galician towns even at the beginning of the twentieth century. No other Austro-Hungarian town was so predominantly Jewish, with Roman-Catholic Poles and Greek-Catholic Ukrainians never accounting for more than a third of the total population. Moreover Brody continued to play a certain role in Jewish thinking, in Rabbinic-Talmudic scholarship as well as in the spread of the Haskalah in east central Europe. In close connection with the strong support of Brody's Jewish elites for the Enlightenment, the German language kept its importance many decades longer than in other Galician cities. However, by the outbreak of the First World War even Brody's Jewish elites had switched from an orientation towards the German-speaking centre of the Empire to a certain degree of auto-polonisation. Special to Brody was also the strong commitment of the city and its environs to Russophile currents, whereas in the rest of Galicia the Ukrainian national movement rapidly gained popularity at the turn of the century. The dichotomy between the extraordinary Brody and the typical Galician Brody wittingly or unwittingly shaped the city's perception in travel reports, literature and mental images. Today there are different ways of remembering Habsburg Brody. They mostly but not exclusively run along ethnic lines and omit the non-national. Sometimes the national narratives differ so much that we get the impression that they talk about completely different cities. Besides partly overlapping Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, Austrian and Soviet lieux de mémoire we also find places where we can trace the town's former economic, administrative or cultural functions in present day Brody.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the industrialised countries had no guidelines for protecting children. From the time of its creation, the League of Nations has been interested in improving the situation of children and expanding their rights. To accomplish just that, the Child Welfare Committee was created in 1919. The creation of said Committee was the first action taken by the international community in a matter that was not to be left to the sole discretion of the states. That same year, the Englishwoman Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy founded Save the Children, which evolved very quickly and, in 1920, gave way to the establishment of the International Save the Children Union, headquartered in Geneva. In 1924, the League of Nations approved the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb herself. The first big challenge that said legal doctrine and the partnership in favour of children's rights came up against was the Spanish Civil War. The first great movement of refugee children featured the children of the Basque Country, who were welcomed in Great Britain. Let us take a look at this case as an example of the practical side of the first legal doctrine on children's rights. On 21 May 1937, over 3,800 Basque children arrived at the port of Southampton, accompanied by just over two hundred adults. The British created the "Basque Children's Committee", chaired by the Duchess of Atholl, and the Basque government was in charge of organising the escape expedition. These children lived for four months in tents in a camp in Eastleigh, supported by voluntary contributions, particularly by left-wing English organisations, before they were sent to homes and organised 'colonies' spread throughout the United Kingdom. ; roldan.jimeno@unavarra.es ; Universidad Pública de Navarra (Public University of Navarre, Spain) ; --- , Dimensions transnationales et locales de l'histoire des droits de l'enfant. La Société des Nations et les cultures politiques canadiennes, "Genèses" 2008, 71. ; --- , International Child Saving, [in:] Fass P. (ed.), The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World, London 2015. ; --- , Niños vascos evacuados a Gran Bretaña, 1937-1940, Bilbao, Asociación de Niños Evacuados el 37, 1991. ; --- , The 'Niños vascos'. Memory and memorialisation of the Basque refugee children of the Spanish Civil War in the UK, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2011. ; --- , The Rise of Coordinated Action for Children in War and Peace. Experts at the League of Nations, 1924–1945, [in:] Shaping the Transnational Sphere. Experts, Networks and Issues from the 1840s to the 1930s, eds. D. Rodogno, B. Struck, J. Vogel, New York 2015. ; Alted Vigil A., González Martell R., Millán Trujillo M. J., El exilio de los niños, Madrid 2003. ; Alted Vigil A., Nicolás Marín E., González Martell R., Los niños de la guerra de España en la Unión Soviética : de la evacuación al retorno (1937-1999), Madrid 1999. ; Antecedentes, Actas y Trabajos del Cuarto Congreso Panamericano del Niño, celebrado en Santiago de Chile en el Palacio del Congreso Nacional, los días 12 a 19 de octubre de 1924, Santiago de Chile 1925, 5 vols. ; Arrien G., La Generación del exilio : génesis de las Escuelas Vascas y las Colonias Escolares (1932-1940), Bilbao 1983. ; Baughan E., Every Citizen of Empire Implored to Save the Children. Empire, Internationalism and the Save the Children Fund in Inter-war Britain, "Historical Research" 2013, vol. 86, no. 231. ; Bell A., Only for Three Months: The Basque Children in Exile, Norwich 1996. ; Bennett A., The Geneva Convention: The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross, Gloucestershire 2005. ; Brown I., 4,000 Basque Child Refugees. Britain's Response to the Victims of the Spanish Civil War, Durham 2018. ; Buchanan T., Britain and the Spanish Civil War, Cambridge 1997. ; Buxton D., Fuller, E., The White Flame. The Story of the Save the Children Fund, New York-London 1931. ; Carballés A., Jesús J., El primer exilio de los vascos, 1936-1939, "Historia Contemporánea" 2007, 35. ; Cloud Y., The basque children in England. An account of their life at North Stoneham Camp, London 1937. ; Cortés Braña M. L., Ayuda humanitaria a los niños europeos víctimas de la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, Barcelona 2015, Doctoral Thesis. ; Chauvière M., Lenoël P., Pierre É. (dir.), Protéger l'enfant : raison juridique et pratiques socio-judiciaires, XIXe-XXe siècles, Rennes 1996. ; Droux J., L'internationalisation de la protection de l'enfance: acteurs, concurrences et projets transnationaux (1900–1925), "Critique Internationale" 2011, 52. ; Dupont-Bouchat M.-S., Le mouvement international en faveur de la protection de l'enfance (1880-1914), "Revue d'histoire de l'enfance irrégulière" 2003, 5. ; Dupont-Bouchat M.-S., Pierre É. (ed.), Enfance et justice au XIXe siècle : essais d'histoire comparée de la protection de l'enfance (1820-1914), France, Belgique, Pays-Bas, Canada, Paris 2001. ; Dwork D., Children with a Star: Jewish Youth in Nazi Europe, New Haven and London 1991. ; Dwork D., War Is Good for Babies & Other Young Children: A History of the Infant and Child Welfare Movement in England. 1898-1918, London and New York 1987. ; Freud A., Burlingham D., War and Children, New York 1943. ; Fuller E., The Right of the Child. A Chapter in Social History, London 1951. ; Fyrth J., The signal that was Spain. The Aid to Spain movement in Britain, 1936-1939, Lawrence & Wishart 1986. ; J. G. L., Tribute to the Memory of Eglantyne Jebb, "International Review of the Red Cross" 1976, 188. ; Kerber-Ganse W., Die Menschenrechte des Kindes. Die UN-Kinderrechtskonvention und die Pädagogik von Janusz Korczak. Versuch einer Perspektivenverschränkung, Opladen 2009. ; Legarreta D., The Guernica Generation : Basque Refugee Children of the Spanish Civil War, Reno 1984. ; Lewin A. (ed.), Janusz Korczak, Bibliografia 1896-1942, Heinsberg 1985. ; Macardle D., Children of Europe: A Study of the Children of Liberated Countries; Their Wartime Experiences, Their Reactions, and Their Needs, with a Note on Germany, London 1949. ; Manning L., A Life for Education, London 1970. ; Marks J., The Hidden Children: The Secret Survivors of the Holocaust, New York 1993. ; Marshall D., The Construction of Children as an Object of International Relations: The Declaration of Children's Rights and the Child Welfare Committee of League of Nations, 1900-1924, "The International Journal of Children's Rights" 1999, 7. ; Martín Casasa J., Carvajal Urquijo P., El exilio español (1936-1978), Barcelona 2006. ; Morier A., La Déclaration des Droits de l'Enfant, "Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge" 1963, vol. 55, no 533. ; Mulley C., The Woman Who Saved the Children: A Biography of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children, Oxford 2009. ; Nash G. H., The Life of Herbert Hoover, New York , 1983, 3 vols. ; Nicholas L. H., Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web, New York and Toronto 2006. ; Pons Prades E., Los Niños republicanos en la guerra de España, Barcelona 2005. ; Premier Congrès international de la protection de l'enfance, Bruxelles, 1913, Bruxelles 1913. ; Revest M., La protection de l'enfance devant la Société des Nations, Paris 1936. ; Roberts S., Exhibiting children at risk: child art, international exhibitions and Save the Children Fund in Vienna, 1919-1923, "Paedagogica Historica" 2009, 45. ; Rooke P., Schnell R. L., Uncramping Child Life : International Children's Organizations, 1914-1939 [in:] International Health Organizations and Movements, ed. P. Weindling, Cambridge 1995. ; Sabín-Fernández S., The Basque refugee children of the Spanish Civil War in the UK: memory and memorialisation, Southampton 20`10, Doctoral Thesis. ; Slim H. (ed.), Children and Childhood in Emergency Policy and Practice. 1919-1994. Monograph Review: Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies and Management, vol. 18, no. 3, Oxford and Cambridge 1993. ; Sosnowski K., The Tragedy of Children under the Nazi Rule, Poznan 1962. ; Stornig K., Between Christian Solidarity and Human Solidarity: Humanity and the Mobilisation of Aid for Distant Children in Catholic Europe in the Long 19th Century, [in:] Humanity – A History of European Concepts in Practice, ed. F. Klose, M. Thulin, Göttingen 2016. ; Strong-Boag V., Liberal Hearts and Coronets: The Lives and Times of Ishbel Marjoribanks Gordon and John Campbell Gordon, the Aberdeens, Toronto 2015. ; Veerman P. E., The Rights of the Child and the Changing Image of Childhood, Nijhoff 1992. ; Wilson F., Eglantyne Jebb, Rebel Daughter of a Country House, London 1967. ; Zahra T., The Lost Children: Reconstructing Europe's Families after World War II, Cambridge, MA and London 2011. ; 19 ; 1 ; 143 ; 166

In Österreich ist reichhaltiges urkundliches Quellenmaterial zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte der Juden überliefert; dazu kommen zeitgenössische historiographische, literarische und theologische Texte. Die zahlreichen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die wirtschaftliche, rechtliche und persönliche Situation der Juden sowie über den Umgang der christlichen Umwelt mit ihnen. Daher wurde am Institut für jüdische Geschichte Österreichs (St. Pölten) eine Publikationsreihe in Angriff genommen, die dieses Material erstmals gesammelt in Regestenform zugänglich macht. Der vorliegende dritte Band dieser Reihe umfasst den Zeitraum von 1366 bis 1386; die darin enthaltenen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die Judenpolitik der Herzöge Albrecht III. und Leopold III. sowie der Landesfürsten der nicht von den Habsburgern regierten Territorien auf dem heutigen Bundesgebiet. Zwar war die jüdische Bevölkerung in diesem Zeitraum weitgehend sicher vor offener Verfolgung, doch lassen sich anhand der in diesem Band enthaltenen Quellen die zunehmenden obrigkeitlichen Repressalien erkennen, die vor allem auf eine steigende finanzielle Ausbeutung der Juden durch die Landesfürsten abzielten. ; The remarkably high number of medieval sources on the history of Austrian Jews allows for insights into the economic, legal, and social standing of the Jews as well as into how the Christian environment treated them. The sources published in this volume show the decline in the economic and legal position of the Jews; while they were largely safe from open persecution, they were subjected to more and more restrictions that aimed at mere financial exploitation. In addition to that, the sources provide insights into the everyday interaction of Jews with the Christian majority.

In Österreich ist reichhaltiges urkundliches Quellenmaterial zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte der Juden überliefert; dazu kommen zeitgenössische historiographische, literarische und theologische Texte. Die zahlreichen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die wirtschaftliche, rechtliche und persönliche Situation der Juden sowie über den Umgang der christlichen Umwelt mit ihnen. Daher wurde am Institut für jüdische Geschichte Österreichs (St. Pölten) eine Publikationsreihe in Angriff genommen, die dieses Material erstmals gesammelt in Regestenform zugänglich macht. Der vorliegende dritte Band dieser Reihe umfasst den Zeitraum von 1366 bis 1386; die darin enthaltenen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die Judenpolitik der Herzöge Albrecht III. und Leopold III. sowie der Landesfürsten der nicht von den Habsburgern regierten Territorien auf dem heutigen Bundesgebiet. Zwar war die jüdische Bevölkerung in diesem Zeitraum weitgehend sicher vor offener Verfolgung, doch lassen sich anhand der in diesem Band enthaltenen Quellen die zunehmenden obrigkeitlichen Repressalien erkennen, die vor allem auf eine steigende finanzielle Ausbeutung der Juden durch die Landesfürsten abzielten. ; The remarkably high number of medieval sources on the history of Austrian Jews allows for insights into the economic, legal, and social standing of the Jews as well as into how the Christian environment treated them. The sources published in this volume show the decline in the economic and legal position of the Jews; while they were largely safe from open persecution, they were subjected to more and more restrictions that aimed at mere financial exploitation. In addition to that, the sources provide insights into the everyday interaction of Jews with the Christian majority.

In Österreich ist reichhaltiges urkundliches Quellenmaterial zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte der Juden überliefert; dazu kommen zeitgenössische historiographische, literarische und theologische Texte. Die zahlreichen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die wirtschaftliche, rechtliche und persönliche Situation der Juden sowie über den Umgang der christlichen Umwelt mit ihnen. Daher wurde am Institut für jüdische Geschichte Österreichs (St. Pölten) eine Publikationsreihe in Angriff genommen, die dieses Material erstmals gesammelt in Regestenform zugänglich macht. Der vorliegende dritte Band dieser Reihe umfasst den Zeitraum von 1366 bis 1386; die darin enthaltenen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die Judenpolitik der Herzöge Albrecht III. und Leopold III. sowie der Landesfürsten der nicht von den Habsburgern regierten Territorien auf dem heutigen Bundesgebiet. Zwar war die jüdische Bevölkerung in diesem Zeitraum weitgehend sicher vor offener Verfolgung, doch lassen sich anhand der in diesem Band enthaltenen Quellen die zunehmenden obrigkeitlichen Repressalien erkennen, die vor allem auf eine steigende finanzielle Ausbeutung der Juden durch die Landesfürsten abzielten. ; The remarkably high number of medieval sources on the history of Austrian Jews allows for insights into the economic, legal, and social standing of the Jews as well as into how the Christian environment treated them. The sources published in this volume show the decline in the economic and legal position of the Jews; while they were largely safe from open persecution, they were subjected to more and more restrictions that aimed at mere financial exploitation. In addition to that, the sources provide insights into the everyday interaction of Jews with the Christian majority.

Historical authenticity in popular media has to be harmonized with aesthetic and dramatic considerations. With concepts like documentary theater (Dokumentartheater), theater-makers challenge historical authenticity and try to make historical sources accessible on stage. The author created another unique theater project based on collected sources. Her play The 614th Commandment is a result of over two years of research on the intersections of public history, documentary theater, and Jewish collective memory undertaken as part of the author's Master's thesis research for her Public History degree at the Free University of Berlin. The play itself is based on over 200 interviews conducted with American Jews in Los Angeles, California. She was inspired to embark on this project because of her both her own family history as well as her own experiences living in Berlin. Both the essay and the play deal with the intergenerational passing down of historical trauma and memory and ask how – or if – remembering such painful history can ever become less painful. (DIPF/Orig.)

Books reviewed: England's Jewish solution: experiment and expulsion, Jenny Kermode The Reformation in English towns, 1500‐1640, Felicity Heal Women waging law in Elizabethan England, Cynthia Herrup Prayer book and people in Elizabethan and early Stuart England, Jacqueline Eales The French‐speaking Reformed community and their church in Southampton, 1567‐c. 1620, Ole Peter Grell Failed legislation, 1660‐1800, David Eastwood The account book of Clement Taylor of Finsthwaite, 1712‐1753, K. D. M. Snell The solidarities of strangers: the English poor laws and the people, 1700‐1948, Felix Driver Science in the service of empire: Joseph Banks, the British state and the uses of science in the age of revolution, David Armitage Made in Lancashire: a history of regional industrialisation, S. D Chapman Scotland in the nineteenth century, W. Hamish Fraser The British malting industry since 1830, D. J. Oddy Population, economy and family structure in Hertfordshire in 1851: vol. 1, the Berkhamsted region, Marguerite W. Dupree Deutsche Direktinvestitionen in Gro bbritannien, 1871‐1918, Richard Tilly Strikes and solidarity: coalfield conflict in Britain, 1889‐1966, Rodney Hills History in our hands: a critical anthology of writings on literature, culture and politics from the 1930,s, John Newsinger A Breton landscape, Brian Roberts Luxury trades and consumerism in Ancien Régime Paris: studies in the history of the skilled workforce, Laurence Fontaine Seductive journey: American tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age, Alastair J. Durie Civic charity in a golden age: orphan care in early modern Amsterdam, Alexander Cowan The Dutch in the Atlantic economy, 1580‐1880: trade, slavery and emancipation, Johannes Postma Bergbaureviere als Verbrauchszentren im vorindustriellen Europa: Fallstudien zu Beschaffung und Verbrauch von Lebensmitteln sowie Roh‐ und Hilfsstoffen, Thomas Sokoll Central Europe in the twentieth century: an economic history perspective, Max‐Stephan Schulze The Balkan economies c.1800‐1914: evolution without development, Marvin Jackson Gold and spices: the rise of commerce in the middle ages, Penelope Galloway The legacy of scholasticism in economic thought: antecedents of choice and power, Diana Wood The role of precious metals in European development: from Roman times to the eve of the industrial revolution, C. E. Challis Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic world, R. C. Nash Strong wine: the life and legend of Agoston Haraszthy, John Wills Defining the national interest: conflict and change in American foreign policy, Fiona Venn The fall of the Packard Motor Company, Mark s. Foster The Americanisation of European business: the Marshall Plan and the transfer of US management models, Carlo Morelli The evolution of retirement: an American economic history, 1880‐ 1990, Neil A. Wynn The Keynesian arithmetic in war‐time Canada: development of the national accounts, 1939‐1945, Hugh Rockoff The rise of capitalism on the pampas: the estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785‐1870, Colin M. Lewis World of possibilities: flexibility and mass production in western industrialization, Kristine Bruland Decolonization and African society: the labour question in French and British Africa, Gareth Austin Reorient: global economy in the Asian age, N F R Crafts Representing convicts: new perspectives on convict forced labour migration, Bill Jones The World Bank: its first half century, Paul Seabright International banking in an age of transition: globalisation, automation, banks and their archives, Judith Wale Political parties, growth and equality: conservative and social democratic economic strategies in the world economy, Alan Booth Max Weber and the idea of economic sociology, Keith Tribe The works of Nikolai D. Kondratiev. Vol. 1: Economic statics, dynamics and conjunctures, Roger Middleton

Part 1: Immigrant and immigrant-origin teachers -- 1. Immigrant teachers' perceptions toward multilingualism at school: potentials, limitations and implications -- 2. Israel: Ethiopian-origin teachers in their first year of work -- 3. The Netherlands: Comparative looks on Chines and Polish immigrant-background teachers -- 4. Israel: Comparative study of Ethiopian and Russian origin teachers in Israeli schools -- 5. Switzerland: Diversity in the classroom, uniformity in the faculty -- 6. Germany: Inclusive school development by immigrant teachers -- 7. USA: Transitional international students from China as minority teachers -- Part 2: Trajectories and identities of migrant teacher educators -- 8. Indian-Asian migrant teacher educator in USA: navigating the foreignness American curriculum -- 9. From Korea to USA: a self- study on professional trajectory of minority EFL teacher educator -- 10. Understanding cultural influences on minority teacher educators' pedagogical choices, agency and identity -- 11. USA: being foreign teacher educator of color in "white" university -- 12. The growth of minority teacher educator: supervision of pre-service teachers' field experiences -- Part 3: Ethnic minority teachers as unrepresented groups -- 13. Turkey: Kurdish Teachers in Turkey within the context of history education -- 14. South Africa: Desegregated teaching, democratic citizenship education and integrating of ethnic minority teachers -- 15. South Africa: Critical discourse analyses on an under-represented ethnic minority teachers in higher education -- 16. Austria: An analysis of underrepresentation and stereotyped perceptions toward ethnic minority English teachers of color -- 17. Black-British born teacher: theoretical look on navigating oppressive white cultural attitudes in school settings -- Part 4: Ethnic minority teachers as culture mediators -- 18. New Zealand: Māory teachers as an ethnic minority in English-medium schools -- 19. China: Minority teachers as a change agent in a changing educational world -- 20. Germany: Networks of ethnic minority teachers and their role in developing multicultural schools- the case study -- 21. Finnish and Swedish schools: Muslim teachers as cultural brokers -- 22. Israel: Palestinian-Israeli teachers' identity as a culture mediator and their motives to teach in Jewish schools -- 23. A critical auto-ethnography of a Latina teacher in USA: Ethnic, cultural and academic teacher identity negotiations and the intersections between them. .

Foreword / Edmund Burke III -- Introduction: Social biographies in making sense of history / Gershon Shafir and Mark LeVine -- Part 1. Voices of the Ottoman past : from the mountains to the sea. "Left naked on the beach" : the villagers of Aylut in the grip of the New Templers / Mahmoud Yazbak -- The Sephardi entrepreneur and British Vice-Consul Haim Amzalak / Joseph B. Glass and Ruth Kark -- A musician's lot : Wasif Jawhariyyeh's Old Jerusalem / Salim Tamari -- Revolutionary pioneer : Manya Shochat and her commune / Gershon Shafir -- Part 2. From empire to empire : Palestine under British rule. Hero or antihero? S. Yizhar's ambivalent Zionism and the first sabra generation / Nitsa Ben-Ari -- "A son of the country" : Dr. Tawfiq Canaan, modernist physician and Palestinian ethnographer / Philippe Bourmaud -- The ordeal of Henya Pekelman, a female construction worker / David De Vries and Talia Pfeffermann -- "A nation in a hero" : Abdul Rahim Hajj Mohammad and the Arab Revolt / Sonia Nimr -- Hillel Kook : revisionism and rescue / Rebecca Kook -- Part 3. A state is born : a nation is dispersed. Matar ʻAbdelrahim : from a Palestinian village to a Syrian refugee camp / Rochelle Davis -- Joseph Spronz : from the Holocaust to a safe shore / Gershon Shafir -- The trees die standing : a story of a Palestinian refugee / Ramzy Baroud -- The brief career of Prosper Cohen : a would-be leader of Moroccan immigrants / Yaron Tsur -- A tale of Baghdad and Tel Aviv / Aziza Khazzoom -- Is slavery over? Black and white Arab Bedouin women in the Naqab (Negev) / Safa Abu-Rabia -- Part 4. A land occupied and liberated. Of possessions and dispossessions : a story of Palestinian property in Jewish Israeli lives / Rebecca L. Stein -- The rise and fall of the Russian-speaking journalist in Israel / Nelly Elias and Julia Lerner -- The village against the settlement : two generations of conflict in the Nablus region / Moriel Ram and Mark LeVine -- Majed al-Masri in two intifadas in Nablus / Lætitia Bucaille -- Part 5. An impossible peace, a shared future? Benni Gaon : from socialist to capitalist tycoon / Michal Frenkel -- From religion to revenge : becoming a Hamas suicide bomber / Bader Araj -- Yigael Amir : the making of a political assassin / Michael Feige -- Mais in the war of the words / Erin F. Olsen -- Jonathan Pollak : an anarchist "traitor" in his own society / Neve Gordon -- Abu Ahmad and his Handalas / Ala Alazzeh

"This important new life of Mussolini by a talented new biographer draws on a vast range of fresh material to challenge the standard version of Italy's fascist dictator as either grotesque buffoon, hell bent on war in Europe (the liberal version), or tool of the bourgeoisie in its war with the working class (the Marxist version)." "To get power and hold it by and large bloodlessly through two decades, as Mussolini did until his disastrous alliance with Hitler, required much more than that. Such was the magnetism of the man Churchill called 'the Roman genius' and Pope Pius XI 'sent by Providence', and so strong the appeal of fascism, that the only honest verdict is that he ruled by popular demand." "Mussolini was as popular with women as men. Behind every great man, it is said, there is a woman. Behind this great dictator, who had 169 lovers according to one estimate, stood a nation of women. It was his politics they found most attractive. He did away with democracy but he did not use mass murder to stay in power. There was no need. To the bitter end, there was little resistance to him by Italians because support for him remained so strong." "His fatal error was his alliance with Hitler whom he despised. But this alliance was far from inevitable, the result more of Anglo-French incompetence and his fear of Hitler than a wild desire for war or world domination, let alone the extermination of the Jews. Indeed, once the Holocaust had begun he and his Fascists refused to deport Jews to the Nazi death camps thus saving thousands of Jewish lives." "This new biography also forces us to wonder whether Mussolini - a revolutionary Socialist who founded Fascism as an alternative left-wing revolutionary movement - had better vision than Marx. For whereas Communism appears terminally ill, Fascism's Third Way between Capitalism and Communism lives on, championed by standard bearers of the modern left such as New Labour." "To assume that Fascism was a phenomenon of the extreme right is to miss the point: Mussolini despised the bourgeois way of life - la vita comoda - above all else and he remained at heart a Socialist to his dying day."--BOOK JACKET

Described, analyzed, & evaluated is the critical theory of religion of M. Horkheimer, the founder of the Frankfurt school of philosophy & sociology. Horkheimer's dialectical sociology of religion is traced throughout his whole critical theory of society as it developed from his early poetical writings, eg, Aus der Pubertat: Novellen und Tagebuchblatter ([From Puberty: Short Stories and Journal Entries] Munich, 1974) through his articles written in American exile from Nazi Germany & the post-WWII era, to his last talks on the work & effectiveness of his friend P. Tillich, his interviews with H. Gumnior on Die Sehnsucht nach dem ganz Anderen ([The Longing for the Wholly Other] Hamburg, 1970) & his encounter with H. C. Mansilla in Switzerland shortly before his death in 1973. Horkheimer is one of the great Jewish intellectuals, who in twentieth century Europe lost the faith of their fathers & therefore thought to reexamine anew the meaning of human existence. For Horkheimer, as one of the survivors of the Holocaust in Europe, neither the reassurance of liberal democracy nor the exhortations of Zionism could inspire confidence in the future. The barbarity of European fascism had almost fully obliterated Western Christianity, bourgeois, Marxist & Freudian enlightenment & German idealism. Thus, Horkheimer undertook to carefully reexamine all of these traditions, especially Hegel's objective & absolute idealism in formulating a critical sociology of religion that did not require a commitment to any positive religious belief. Horkheimer thought to extend Feuerbach's & Marx's critiques of religion, the correct understanding of which necessitates an analysis of Hegel's account. This led Horkheimer to explore the Hegelian philosophy of religion as well as the critical theories of religion on the Hegelian left & the positive sociologies of religion on the Hegelian & positivist right, while at the same time remaining critical of all of these theories. Horkheimer's analysis of religion will become most relevant if & when the totally administered society becomes a reality. At present Horkheimer provides people with a way to at least modify & mitigate the iron trend toward alternative Future I -- the totally administered society, to resist with all their energies alternative Future II -- ABC wars, & to prepare theoretically & practically the arrival of alternative Future III -- the truly human, reconciled society. Modified AA