Suchergebnisse

In the wake of the latest news regarding IPB's award for best Polytechnic Institute in Portugal, we would like to congratulate the IPB community who has always striven for the quality of the institution within the national and international academic milieu. We are, undoubtedly, bowled over by the 1st place in the national context (out of the 27 national institutions under evaluation) and the 7th position in the international scope. In fact, it is worth mentioning that the IPB has won this award, three years in a row, being in a leading position in the ranking promoted and sponsored by the European Union. This year's edition has selected and evaluated over 1300 world higher education institutions. Teaching Crossroads intends thus to give a watershed contribution to the IPB's successful and most valued pathway. Numbers indicate that Teaching Crossroads has had over 2550 downloads since it first came out. But let's cut to the chase. Once again, we are delighted to present the 5th number of Teaching Crossroads. This wholly calculated and well-sustained editorial adventure started in 2012 when the first number of Teaching Crossroads first saw the light. This year's publication includes the areas of Human Geography/anthropology, Information Technology and Forensics and Language and culture, focusing on minority languages. Alongside this, as in the two last previous numbers, we've included the specific area for International mobility, Intensive Programmes and Erasmus+ Mobility of Individuals, being the latter financed by the European Union within the Erasmus+ Programme, whereas the former is sponsored uniquely by the foreign partner institution, in this case, Lillebaelt Academy in Denmark. These types of programmes convey very positive and overarching ideas, resonant in cross-cultural and educational benefits, valuable for all the involved partners. We would very kindheartedly like to thank the authors for having contributed with much enlightening and serious articles on a wide array of areas. Pablo M. Orduna Pórtus's article focuses on border culture and heritage management. The author's study is placed on two borderlands of the Iberian Peninsula: Roncal Valley (Navarre) and Riverbanks of Douro. Going beyond the linear or physical conception of the border, the author centres his study on the metaphysical and symbolic ideas of the frontier that sustain his anthropological analysis. Michal Popdora manages to find evidence for his proposal of a new conception of teaching Image Processing, based on the student-centered approach. A hands-on experience on a Project-based Learning methodology sustains the teaching project. Grounded on "a forensic-flavored style", using the author's own words, he shows how students can become engaged in a highly effective learning process. Cláudia Martins is already a confirmed habitué of this publication, as in every Erasmus Week she delivers a lecture on Portuguese language and culture to visiting teaching and non-teaching staff. This time, the author decided to delve into a Portugal's official language, Mirandese, spoken in a small designated area in the northeastern part of Portugal, Miranda do Douro and its surrounding area. The author gives account of some thought-provoking facts about the language, from the origin and the survival of the language, however still a minority language, up to the moment when it was acknowledged Portugal's second official language, together with the challenges that nowadays faces. Luís Frölen Ribeiro, João Eduardo Ribeiro, Carlos Casimiro Costa, António Duarte, Carlos Andrade from the Polytechnic Institute and Arne Svinth, John Madsen, Morten Thomsen, Kent Smidstrup, Carsten John Jacobsen from the Lillebaelt Academy, in Denmark, participate in a joint project which they describe, outlining the main goals and gains of the project. To overcome teaching difficulties regarding the engineering degrees, a 12-ECTS joint course from Lillebaelt Academy and Polytechnic Institute of Bragança was created based on the Danish model. The course Product Development and Industrial Processing was hence created. Rui Pedro Lopes presents an insightful and acute account of the Internationalization programmes in Higher Education in Europe. At one go, the author describes his own experience as a visiting lecturer, within the Erasmus+ programme, to Università Politecnica delle Marche in Ancona, Italy, in a Master's degree in computer science, bringing to light a personal reflection on the goals and benefits of the mobility for both students and teachers. Finally, the author puts forth some suggestions that would improve the whole mobility process. We sincerely hope to have stimulated you to keep on reading, upholding the belief that these texts can represent valuable sources for both teachers and students in their research work.

JEL Classification: M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility; I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets ; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been a hot topic in literature ever since a couple of decades ago, and it roughly refers to the positive influence that a company's operations have on its stakeholders. Amongst various industries, the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most debated in that these companies produce disease-curing and even life-saving products in a for-profit manner, thereby involving many CSR-related issues. Now China's pharmaceutical industry has the second largest output in the world, but various problems have also emerged and led to negative consequences, many of which were caused by failure to abide by CSR norms. In order to assess the CSR practices of pharmaceutical companies in China, a reliable and credible measurement instrument has to be available. However, currently there is still no universally accepted definition of CSR, and existing theoretical models fail to fit either characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry or China's cultural context. As a result, a new model has to be built that takes both factors into account. The study has two main purposes: one is to design an original and valid scale for measuring the CSR practices of pharmaceutical companies in China, and the other is to use this tool to evaluate their actual CSR performance. Based on a standard scale development process (in-depth interviews, open-ended questionnaire, discussions with experts, reliability and validity evaluation with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), finally an eight-dimensional and 36-item measurement tool was validated. The eight initial dimensions (Shareholders, Managers, and Employees; Creditors & Suppliers, Patients & Doctors; Government, Environment, and Local Community) were then transformed into three second-order dimensions: CSR for Internal Parties, CSR for External Partners, and CSR for Public Entities. This conceptual model was later applied to reveal the circumstances within China's pharmaceutical industry. Results show that CSR practices in the pharmaceutical industry in China coexist at very different levels: foreign-owned companies and joint ventures generally outperformed their state-owned and privately owned counterparts, and larger companies also had better CSR citizenship than smaller ones. ; A Responsabilidade Social das Empresas (RSE) tem sido um tópico recorrente na literatura nas duas últimas décadas e, de forma muito resumida, refere-se à influência positiva que a atividade empresarial pode ter nos seus diversos stakeholders. De entre os múltiplos setores de atividade, a indústria farmacêutica é uma das mais discutidas por produzir medicamentos que curam doenças e salvam vidas mas de forma lucrativa, e por isso, envolvendo muitos problemas relacionados com a RSE. Atualmente, a indústria farmacêutica na China é segunda em termos de produção mundial, mas apresenta problemas variados com consequências negativas, muitas delas resultantes do não cumprimento das normas de resonsabilidade social. Para que se possam avaliar as práticas de RSE na China, é necessário um instrumento de medida fiável e válido. No entanto, até ao momento não existe uma escala de medida da RSE universalmente aceite e os atuais modelos teóricos não incorporam as características da indústria farmacêutica e o contexto cultural específico da China. Daí a necessidade de desenvolvimento de um modelo teórico que possa incluir estas duas dimensões. Este estudo tem como principais objectivos desenhar e validar um instrumento de medida das práticas de RSE na indústria farmacêutica chinesa e, utilizando essa escala de medida, avaliar o atual desempenho das empresas chinesas deste setor em termos de práticas de responsabilidade social. Foi utilizada uma metodologia estandardizada para o desenvolvimento de uma escala de medida (entrevistas em profundidade, perguntas abertas, pré-teste ao questionário, validade e fiabilidade do questionário com análises fatoriais exploratória e confirmatória). Foi validada uma escala com 36 itens e oito dimensões (Acionistas, Gestores e Colaboradores; Credores & Fornecedores, Doentes & Médicos; Governo, Ambiente e Comunidade Local) que, de seguida, foram transformadas em três dimensões de segunda ordem: RSE para as partes internas, RSE para os parceiros externos e RSE para as entidades públicas. Este modelo conceptual foi depois aplicado para identificar as particularidades da indústria farmacêutica na China. Os resultados mostram que as práticas de RSE coexistem a níveis muito diferentes: em geral as empresas de capital estrangeiro ou joint ventures apresentam melhor performance que as empresas públicas ou privadas; as empresas maiores revelam mais práticas de RS que as mais pequenas

Formulation of the problem. The development of constitutional law although not as fast, but subordinate to the universal processes that affect any other area of law and legislation. One of these processes should include further specialization legislation deterministic deepening and expansion of social life, activities and interests.Analysis of recent publications. In the works of local scientists in the field of environmental law contains a number of works doctrinal nature, which are based on the development of legal regulation of environmental relations and issues of codification of environmental law. First and foremost among these scientists should be called Y.S. Shemshuchenko, A.P. Getman [3], V.I. Andreytseva [4] A.G. Bobkov [5], M.V. Krasnov, G.I. Baluk [6], V.V. Karakash and others. However, issues of completeness and consistency constitutional and legal principles to ensure legislative regulation of environmental relations in a comprehensive institution of the Basic Law was not implemented.Formulation purposes. The purpose of this article is to define the modern practice of constitutional rule-making in foreign countries institutionalization of ecological relations in the Basic Law, to create an adequate legal framework for the state, society and individuals in terms of deployment of the environmental crisis.Presenting main material. Analysis of texts of constitutions of a number of countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America on the constitutional and legal provision of environmental relations allows to make a number of findings that indicate no single «standard» technique of constitutional settlement. First, should separately identify the range of countries whose constitutions do not contain environmentally-law. This category include the US, Japan, Italy, Argentina and a particular exception – Germany. Secondly, one can identify a number of constitutions in which environmental problems given one article, which however may contain several provisions. This category can be subjected to internal differentiation depending on the application object opulent set criteria. This refers to the overall differentiation of environmental law in blocks, natural resource, environmental protection and ecological safety. On the other hand a number of constitutional documents is limited to the use of single or complex legal means for forming the rules of the Basic Law, such as the subjective right, a legal obligation, purpose of legal regulation and so on.However, in some countries there was a constructive constitutional and legal updating of environmental issues that led to its practical implementation in the form of implementation of the Basic Law of the relevant constitutional institution. In this context, first of all, should be called the Constitution of the Federal Restpubliky Brazil, adopted 5 zhovtyan 1988, ie in the wake of the aggravation of the ecological crisis and the Constitution of the French Republic of 4 October 1958, part of which in the broadest sense is also considered and adopted in 2004 Charter of the environment.Conclusions. The content of the constitutional and legal provision of ecological spheres of social relations in the national constitutions of most countries in modern conditions makes a very disappointing experience, as you can kvalifikovaty dysfunction constitutional rule-making in the environmental field. However, in some countries there was a constructive constitutional and legal updating of environmental issues that led to its practical implementation in the form of implementation of the Basic Law of the relevant constitutional institution.It is important to go well with the fact that the Basic Law should secure not just linked environmental objects that integrate the concept of «environment» but «ecological system» as a system of ecological relationships which are an active part of man, society, state forms of management, institutions of environmental protection and ecological safety and more.In the constitutional and legal terms, the problem is the need to create a separate constitutional institution – «Ecological systems». ; Рассмотрено проблему уровня и объема конституционно-правового регулирования экологических отношений в конституциях различных стран мира в разрезе тех объектов экологического права, которые нашли конституционно-правовую фиксацию, а также средств законодательного регулирования и техники их выражения влияния на сферу экологических отношений. Сделан вывод, что институциализация экологических отношений является требованием времени и должна осуществляться путем формирования в структуре современных конституций специальных глав (разделов) «Экологическая система». ; Розглянуто проблему рівня та обсягу конституційно-правового регулювання екологічних відносин у конституціях цілої низки країн світу під кутом зору переліку об'єктів екологічного права, що знайшли конституційно-правове відображення, а також кола засобів законодавчого регулювання та техніки їх застосування щодо впливу на екологічну сферу. Зроблено висновок про те, що інституціалізація екологічних відносин є вимогою часу і має здійснюватись через виокремлення в структурі сучасних конституцій спеціального підрозділу – інституту «Екологічна система».

A definition of the classical (traditional, or – in the English­language academic tradition ­ old) institutionalism as the research direction of political­institutional paradigm of political science is proposed. Classical institutionalism is grounded on formalized, rationally­based analysis of the political­legal nature's structures concerned with the features of realization a regulated by government legal acts state power. The formation of this branch of institutional theory was based on the idea that state structures as political institutions developed regulatory requirements, which have a decisive influence on internal political processes and government foreign policy.Peculiarities of subject­field analysis and selection of methodological tools, which are typical for researches of classical institutionalism of the political­institutional paradigm of political science are specified. The basis methodology for investigations of this branch of political science institutionalism characterized by a shift of research balance in favor of the legal component of the political­legal approaches that for a long time led to restrictions of the scientific researches field. These approaches were the basis of institutional research in the framework of classical institutionalism, the subject of which was a state (as the central institution) and governmental institutions (till the middle XX).The presence of internal evolution in the analysis's research strategy of the classical institutional theory is justified. First, the principle of normativity (borrowed from political philosophy) was gradually transformed from requirements of accordance to moral and value criteria till declaration the paramount of legal framework for regulation the functioning of the political institutions. Second, understanding of the state as a legally holistic phenomenon of the highest status to the system of government (borrowed from legal positivism and historical school of law) was modified to consideration of the state as one among other political institutions of society, though very influential. ; Запропоновано визначення класичного (традиційного, або – в англомовній науковій традиції – старого) інституціоналізму як дослідницького напрямку політико­інституційної парадигми політичної науки. Класичний інституціоналізм має в основі формалізований, раціонально обґрунтований аналіз структур політико­правової природи, що пов'язані з особливостями реалізації регульованої нормативно­правовими актами державної влади. Формування цієї гілки інституційної теорії базувалося на ідеї про те, що органи державної влади як політичні інститути розробляють регулюючі приписи, які володіють вирішальним впливом на внутрішні політичні процеси та зовнішню політику держави.Вказані особливості предметного поля аналізу та вибору методологічного інструментарію, які є типовими для наукових розробок класичного інституціоналізму політико­інституційної парадигми політичної науки. В основі методології для здійснення досліджень цієї гілки інституціоналізму політичної науки можливо спостерігати зсув дослідницького балансу на користь правової компоненти політико­правових підходів, що тривалий час призводило до обмеження поля наукових розробок. Ці підходи були основою інституціональних досліджень у рамках класичного інституціоналізму, об'єктом котрого була держава (як центральний інститут) та інститути управління (до середини ХХ ст.).Обґрунтовано присутність внутрішньої еволюції у дослідницькій стратегії аналізу класичної інституційної теорії. По­перше, принцип нормативності (запозичений з політичної філософії) поступово був трансформований від вимоги відповідності морально­ціннісним критеріям до проголошення першорядності правових рамок для регуляції функціонування політичних інститутів. По­друге, бачення держави як юридично цілісного феномена (запозичене з юридичного позитивізму та історичної школи права) було модифіковане до розгляду держави як одного з політичних інститутів суспільства, хоча і досить впливового. ; Запропоновано визначення класичного (традиційного, або – в англомовній науковій традиції – старого) інституціоналізму як дослідницького напрямку політико­інституційної парадигми політичної науки. Класичний інституціоналізм має в основі формалізований, раціонально обґрунтований аналіз структур політико­правової природи, що пов'язані з особливостями реалізації регульованої нормативно­правовими актами державної влади. Формування цієї гілки інституційної теорії базувалося на ідеї про те, що органи державної влади як політичні інститути розробляють регулюючі приписи, які володіють вирішальним впливом на внутрішні політичні процеси та зовнішню політику держави.Вказані особливості предметного поля аналізу та вибору методологічного інструментарію, які є типовими для наукових розробок класичного інституціоналізму політико­інституційної парадигми політичної науки. В основі методології для здійснення досліджень цієї гілки інституціоналізму політичної науки можливо спостерігати зсув дослідницького балансу на користь правової компоненти політико­правових підходів, що тривалий час призводило до обмеження поля наукових розробок. Ці підходи були основою інституціональних досліджень у рамках класичного інституціоналізму, об'єктом котрого була держава (як центральний інститут) та інститути управління (до середини ХХ ст.).Обґрунтовано присутність внутрішньої еволюції у дослідницькій стратегії аналізу класичної інституційної теорії. По­перше, принцип нормативності (запозичений з політичної філософії) поступово був трансформований від вимоги відповідності морально­ціннісним критеріям до проголошення першорядності правових рамок для регуляції функціонування політичних інститутів. По­друге, бачення держави як юридично цілісного феномена (запозичене з юридичного позитивізму та історичної школи права) було модифіковане до розгляду держави як одного з політичних інститутів суспільства, хоча і досить впливового.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей формування європейської стратегічної культури у контексті вивчення механізмів розвитку Спільної безпекової та оборонної політики (СБОП) Європейського Союзу. Використовуючи конструктивістський підхід, розкрито концепт стратегічної культури та його застосування у політичній науці. Розглянуто процес становлення та основні характеристики стратегічної культури Євросоюзу. У дослідженні показано як відбувається конвергенція національних стратегічних культур та які основні перешкоди виникають при формуванні загальноєвропейської стратегічної культури. На основі обраних чотирьох критеріїв (рівень громадської підтримки СБОП, преференції методів кризового менеджменту, готовність до здійснення інтервенції, місце СБОП у безпековій політиці країн-членів ЄС), з'ясовано питання, чи вдалося ЄС розвинути сильну стратегічну культуру. Встановлено, що до основних норм, які визначають поведінку ЄС у сфері безпеки та оборони, належать схильність до мультилатералізму, відкидання військових засобів у розв'язанні конфліктних ситуацій, прерогатива гуманітарних миротворчих місій, правова легітимність. Зроблено висновок, що повільний процес утворення європейської стратегічної культури перешкоджає Спільній безпековій та оборонній політиці стати дієвим інструментом кризового менеджменту. ; The 2003 European Security Strategy calls on EU Member States to develop the European strategic culture as a precondition for an effective Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). The central aim of this article is to consider whether the national strategic cultures of EU Member States have converged substantially since the establishment of CSDP given rise to the unique European strategic culture that is grounded on common way of thinking on security issues. Two contrasting conclusions have been offered in the literature concerning this question.One group of scholars claims that the EU is gaining not only in capabilities and institutions, but also in cognitive homogeneity concerning security and defense issues. They argue that convergence of national strategic cultures, though slow, but did take place and consensus has already been built around shared norms and beliefs. The main features of an emerging EU strategic culture they regard multilateralism, constrained use of force for only humanitarian purpose, the need for external and internal legitimacy for peacekeeping activity, promotion of liberal values.On the other side are those who point out that Europeans still disagree over key security issues due to incompatibility of national strategic cultures. EU Member States share different perceptions of security threats, legitimate means and ends for the use of force, the role of CSDP and NATO in the European security business. Therefore, it is premature to stress on the EU's building a strong strategic culture.The article starts by presenting the concept of strategic culture in the context of security studies. An overall assessment on how useful the concept of strategic culture could be in terms of insights to the foreign policy outlook has been drawn using the constructive approach. The process of the European strategic culture formation has been investigated thoroughly. The distinct elements of an emerging EU security culture have been identified and the main obstacles to the convergence of the national strategic cultures into the common European have been explained.It has been also highlighted in the article whether the EU has developed a strong strategic culture by applying four criteria: level of public approval for CSDP, acceptance the EU as an appropriate tool for security and defense policy, attitude towards the use of force, authorization requirement. It has been argued that since establishment of CSDP differences in national strategic cultures have narrowed, but still the EU is far from constructing a strong strategic culture. Finally, it has been made a conclusion that slow process of the European strategic culture development prevents the CSDP from being an effective mechanism for the EU crisis management. ; Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей формирования европейской стратегической культуры в контексте изучения механизмов развития Общей политики безопасности и обороны (ОПБО) Европейского Союза. С помощью конструктивистского подхода раскрыто концепт стратегической культуры и его применение в политологии. Рассмотрен процесс становления и основные характеристики стратегической культуры ЕС. В исследовании показано, как происходит конвергенция национальных стратегических культур и какие основные препятствия возникают при формировании общеевропейской стратегической культуры. На основании выбранных четырех критериев (уровень общественной поддержки ОПБО, преференции методов кризисного урегулирования, готовность к осуществлению интервенции, место ОПБО в политике безопасности стран-членов ЕС) анализируется, удалось ли ЕС развить сильную стратегическую культуру. Среди норм, которые определяют поведение ЕС в сфере безопасности и обороны, выделены склонность к мультилатерализму, ограниченное применение военных средств в решении конфликтных ситуаций, прерогатива гуманитарным миротворческим миссиям, правовая легитимность. Сделано заключение, что медленный процесс образования европейской стратегической культуры препятствует развитию Общей политике безопасности и обороны как эффективного инструмента кризисного менеджмента ЕС.

The aim of this paper is to describe the experience of careeroriented activities carried out with students of schools in developed and developing countries. Career Guidance in Russia, despite the vast experience of its implementation, is experiencing serious difficulties. In this regard, it is important to take into account the international experience career-oriented activities, such as in the developed countries of North America and the European Union as well as in several Asian countries with rapidly growing economies and a large demographic potential, taking into account the best variants for the Russian education system. Methods. The experience of career-oriented work undertaken with pupils of the USA, Canada, Israel, France, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Japan, Singapore, China and India is shown on the basis of the comparative analysis of different publications and information sources. The author has made an attempt to generalize the principles of psycho-pedagogical and administrative assistance in professional self-determination of senior pupils abroad. Scientific novelty. The approaches to career-oriented activities in countries with different levels of economic development are compared for the first time. Some principles are revealed. Firstly, the higher the income level per capita in the country, the greater attention is given to vocational guidance. The politics in the developed countries is based on interests of the individual: children's acquaintance with the world of professions begins already at younger school and the moment of definitive selfdetermination is postponed till the end of their senior stage of education; the possibility of direction change of professional preparation in case of detection of discrepancy of qualities of the pupil to originally selected profile is provided. Career-oriented activity in developing countries, on the contrary, is rigidly coordinated to requirements of economy and a labour market; earlier fixing of professional preferences and less flexible relation to an unsuccessful choice of a speciality or profession of the youth is marked there. The most typical characteristics of foreign career-oriented schemes are the following: the organisation of continuous training lasting throughout all school; supervision over students' achievements, propensities and hobbies; portfolio or cumulative files drafting and recording data of all pupil's results while professional consulting and selection of entrants for vocational training continuation in colleges or high schools. The author points out the general characteristic: the economy requirement for high quality experts on the basis of selection of the pupils who are able to master high-end technologies and have an obvious potential of professional growth and personal development. Practical significance. The research materials and implementations can be useful to Russian career-and professional specialists, and the experts who are engaged in education management ; Цель настоящей публикации – описание профориентационной деятельности, осуществляемой в системах школьного образования разных стран. Подобная работа в России, несмотря на огромный опыт ее осуществления в прошлом, сейчас испытывает серьезные сложности. Поэтому важно учитывать имеющиеся положительные результаты зарубежной практики в этой области, проецируя лучшие ее варианты на отечественную почву. Методы и результаты. На основе сравнительного анализа информации из различных источников показана специфика профориентационной работы со школьниками в США, Канаде, Израиле, Франции, Великобритании, Германии, Дании, Швеции, Японии, Сингапуре, Китае и Индии. Автором предпринята попытка обобщить принципы организации психолого-педагогической и административной помощи в профессиональном самоопределении старшеклассников. Научная новизна. Впервые сопоставлены подходы к профориентационной деятельности в странах с различным уровнем экономического развития. Обнаружено несколько закономерностей. Чем выше в государстве уровень дохода на душу населения, тем большее внимания оно уделяет профориентационной работе. В развитых странах политика в данной сфере основана, прежде всего, на интересах индивида; знакомство детей с миром профессий начинается уже в младшей школе, а момент окончательного самоопределения отложен до завершения старшей ступени обучения, причем предусмотрена возможность смены направления профподготовки в случае обнаружения несоответствия качеств учащегося первоначально избранному профилю. В развивающихся странах профориентационная деятельность, напротив, жестко увязана с потребностями экономики и рынка труда; здесь отмечается более ранняя фиксация профессиональных предпочтений и менее гибкое отношение к неудачному выбору специальности молодым человеком. Для всех зарубежных схем профориентационной работы типична организация непрерывного, длящегося на протяжении всего школьного обучения, наблюдения за достижениями, склонностями и увлечениями детей, составление их портфолио и учет всех этих сведений при профконсультировании и отборе абитуриентов для продолжения профессионального обучения в колледжах или вузах. Общей является потребность экономик в высококлассных специалистах на основе отбора учащихся, способных к освоению сложных наукоемких технологий, имеющих явный потенциал профессионального роста и личностного развития. Практическая значимость. Материалы статьи будут полезны отечественным профориентаторам и специалистам, занимающимся управлением образования

У статті подано визначення таких понять як «корпорація», «корпоративне управління», «ефективність системи корпоративного управління». З'ясовано, що характерними рисами ефективної системи корпоративного управління є чесність, прозорість, підзвітність та відповідальність. Проаналізовано корпоративне управління в Україні та визначено, що найбільш слабким місцем, яке перешкоджає формуванню ефективної системи корпоративного управління є рівень розвитку інституцій, які безпосередньо впливають на захист прав власності – корупція, неефективна судова система, недостатньо високий професіоналізм та чесність менеджерів. Проаналізовано причини низького рівня впровадження стандартів корпоративного управління в Україні. Визначено основні напрями формування нової моделі економічного зростання в Україні на наступні роки, а саме переорієнтація значної частини фінансових ресурсів із сировинних галузей на розвиток «нової» економіки, що базується на інноваціях, знаннях, на формування конкурентоздатних нематеріальних активів, інтелектуального капіталу. Доведена необхідність підвищення ролі людського капіталу інноваційного типу, що сприятиме підвищенню рівня соціальної складової ефективності системи корпоративного управління та дозволить забезпечити зайнятість, стимулювання становлення сегмента висококваліфікованої робочої сили; розвивати систему професійного навчання та перенавчання працівників, посилити інвестиційні та інноваційні вкладення в людський капітал. Встановлено, що поточний стан національної економіки диктує необхідність переосмислення існуючих проблем і формування більш адекватної сучасним умовам господарювання вітчизняної системи корпоративного управління, яка передбачає врахування багатьох факторів, основними з яких є: ментальність суспільства; загальнонаціональна культура, політична та економічна ситуація, рівень технологічності та наукоємності, діяльність на зовнішніх ринках та інтернаціоналізація бізнесу. ; В статье даны определения таких понятий как «корпорация», «корпоративное управление», «эффективность системы корпоративного управления». Выяснено, что характерными чертами эффективной системы корпоративного управления является честность, прозрачность, подотчетность и ответственность. Проанализировано корпоративное управление в Украине и выяснено, что наиболее слабым местом, что препятствует формированию эффективной системы корпоративного управления, является уровень развития институтов, которые непосредственно влияют на защиту прав собственности – коррупция, неэффективная судебная система, недостаточно высокий профессионализм и честность менеджеров. Проанализированы причины низкого уровня внедрения стандартов корпоративного управления в Украине. Определены основные направления формирования новой модели экономического роста в Украине на следующие годы, а именно переориентация значительной части финансовых ресурсов из сырьевых отраслей на развитие «новой» экономики, базирующейся на инновациях, знаниях, на формирование конкурентоспособных нематериальных активов, интеллектуального капитала. Доказана необходимость повышения роли человеческого капитала инновационного типа, что будет способствовать повышению уровня социальной составляющей эффективности системы корпоративного управления и позволит обеспечить занятость, стимулирование становления сегмента высококвалифицированной рабочей силы; развивать систему профессионального обучения и переобучение работников, усилить инвестиционные и инновационные вложения в человеческий капитал. Установлено, что текущее состояние национальной экономики диктует необходимость переосмысления существующих проблем и формирования более адекватной современным условиям хозяйствования отечественной системы корпоративного управления, которая предполагает учет многих факторов, основными из которых являются: ментальность общества; общенациональная культура, политическая и экономическая ситуация, уровень технологичности и наукоемкости, деятельность на внешних рынках и интернационализация бизнеса. ; In the article the definitions of «corporation», «corporate governance», «efficiency of corporate governance» are defined. It was found that the characteristic features of an effective system of corporate governance are honesty, transparency, accountability and responsibility. Corporate governance in Ukraine was analyzed and it was found that the weakness that prevents the formation of an effective system of corporate governance is the level of institutions that directly affect on property rights – corruption, the judiciary, professionalism and honesty of managers. The reasons of a low level of implementation of corporate governance standards in Ukraine are analyzed. The basic directions of formation of a new model of economic growth in Ukraine in the coming years are determined, namely the shift of much of the financial resources from primary industries to the development of the «new» economy based on innovation and knowledge, to the formation of competitive intangibles and intellectual capital. The necessity of increasing the role of human capital of innovation type was proved to contribute to the effectiveness of the social component of corporate governance and will provide employment, stimulate the formation segment of skilled labor; develop a system of training and retraining of workers, increase investment and innovation investments in human capital. It was established that the current state of the national economy requires a rethinking of existing problems and the formation of more adequate to modern conditions of managing the national system of corporate governance that takes into consideration a number of factors, the main ones are: the mentality of society; a national culture, political and economic situation, the level of technology and knowledge-intensive activities in foreign markets and the internationalization of business.

Formulation of the problem. The development of constitutional law although not as fast, but subordinate to the universal processes that affect any other area of law and legislation. One of these processes should include further specialization legislation deterministic deepening and expansion of social life, activities and interests.Analysis of recent publications. In the works of local scientists in the field of environmental law contains a number of works doctrinal nature, which are based on the development of legal regulation of environmental relations and issues of codification of environmental law. First and foremost among these scientists should be called Y.S. Shemshuchenko, A.P. Getman [3], V.I. Andreytseva [4] A.G. Bobkov [5], M.V. Krasnov, G.I. Baluk [6], V.V. Karakash and others. However, issues of completeness and consistency constitutional and legal principles to ensure legislative regulation of environmental relations in a comprehensive institution of the Basic Law was not implemented.Formulation purposes. The purpose of this article is to define the modern practice of constitutional rule-making in foreign countries institutionalization of ecological relations in the Basic Law, to create an adequate legal framework for the state, society and individuals in terms of deployment of the environmental crisis.Presenting main material. Analysis of texts of constitutions of a number of countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America on the constitutional and legal provision of environmental relations allows to make a number of findings that indicate no single «standard» technique of constitutional settlement. First, should separately identify the range of countries whose constitutions do not contain environmentally-law. This category include the US, Japan, Italy, Argentina and a particular exception – Germany. Secondly, one can identify a number of constitutions in which environmental problems given one article, which however may contain several provisions. This category can be subjected to internal differentiation depending on the application object opulent set criteria. This refers to the overall differentiation of environmental law in blocks, natural resource, environmental protection and ecological safety. On the other hand a number of constitutional documents is limited to the use of single or complex legal means for forming the rules of the Basic Law, such as the subjective right, a legal obligation, purpose of legal regulation and so on.However, in some countries there was a constructive constitutional and legal updating of environmental issues that led to its practical implementation in the form of implementation of the Basic Law of the relevant constitutional institution. In this context, first of all, should be called the Constitution of the Federal Restpubliky Brazil, adopted 5 zhovtyan 1988, ie in the wake of the aggravation of the ecological crisis and the Constitution of the French Republic of 4 October 1958, part of which in the broadest sense is also considered and adopted in 2004 Charter of the environment.Conclusions. The content of the constitutional and legal provision of ecological spheres of social relations in the national constitutions of most countries in modern conditions makes a very disappointing experience, as you can kvalifikovaty dysfunction constitutional rule-making in the environmental field. However, in some countries there was a constructive constitutional and legal updating of environmental issues that led to its practical implementation in the form of implementation of the Basic Law of the relevant constitutional institution.It is important to go well with the fact that the Basic Law should secure not just linked environmental objects that integrate the concept of «environment» but «ecological system» as a system of ecological relationships which are an active part of man, society, state forms of management, institutions of environmental protection and ecological safety and more.In the constitutional and legal terms, the problem is the need to create a separate constitutional institution – «Ecological systems». ; Рассмотрено проблему уровня и объема конституционно-правового регулирования экологических отношений в конституциях различных стран мира в разрезе тех объектов экологического права, которые нашли конституционно-правовую фиксацию, а также средств законодательного регулирования и техники их выражения влияния на сферу экологических отношений. Сделан вывод, что институциализация экологических отношений является требованием времени и должна осуществляться путем формирования в структуре современных конституций специальных глав (разделов) «Экологическая система». ; Розглянуто проблему рівня та обсягу конституційно-правового регулювання екологічних відносин у конституціях цілої низки країн світу під кутом зору переліку об'єктів екологічного права, що знайшли конституційно-правове відображення, а також кола засобів законодавчого регулювання та техніки їх застосування щодо впливу на екологічну сферу. Зроблено висновок про те, що інституціалізація екологічних відносин є вимогою часу і має здійснюватись через виокремлення в структурі сучасних конституцій спеціального підрозділу – інституту «Екологічна система».

Tööstuspärand (sh kaevanduspärand) on üks pärandi alaliikidest, mida tuleb säilitada tulevastele põlvedele. Tööstuspärandi alla kuulub Eestis ka põlevkivitööstuspärand, mille säilitamise hulk ega ka säilitamisviis ei ole praegu Eestis reguleeritud. Sellest tulenevalt on lõputöö eesmärk määratleda, kui suurel hulgal tuleks põlevkivitööstuspärandit säilitada ning millised peaksid olema selle säilitamisviisid. Lõputöö raames koostati küsimustik (eesti- ja venekeelne), mis viidi läbi Ida-Viru maakonna elanike seas perioodil november-detsember 2015. Küsimustikule vastas 127 indiviidi, kelle vastuseid analüüsiti programmiga MS Excel. Lisaks võrreldi vastajate tulemusi põlevkivitööstuspärandit puudutavate arengudokumentidega. Põlevkivitööstuspärandi erinevaid kategooriaid (tehismäed, karjäärid, tööstus- ja administratiivhooned, elamupiirkonnad) tuleks säilitada ja kasutusele võtta. Leiti, et säilitama peaks mõned kuni pooled esindajad kõikidest kategooriatest. Tehismäed võiks kasutusele võtta vaateplatvormidena, karjäärid tuleks metsastada või hakata neid kasutama turismi- ja spordivaldkonnas, elamupiirkondi võiks kasutada elamu ja suvekodude piirkonnana ning tööstus- ja administratiivhooneid üks kõik kuidas, peaasi, et kasutataks või siis võetaks kasutusele muuseumi, turismi või meelelahutusega seonduvalt. Tänaseks rekultiveeritud ja kasutuses olevad tööstuspärandi objektid (Kohtla kaevanduskompleks, Kiviõli poolkoksimägi, Aidu karjäär) meeldivad kohalikele, nende rekultiveerimisviisi loetakse õigeks ning neid külastataks. Hetkel kasutusest väljas olevat Kohtla-Järve õlitorni ja Sompa kaevanduse peahoonet tuleks säilitada ennekõike arhitektuurilise ilme pärast. Leitakse, et mõlemat võiks kasutada eeskätt muuseumina, õlitorni aga ka näiteks toitlustusasutusena või galerii/näitusesaalina. Kukruse aherainemäge tuleks säilitada ning võimalusel rekultiveerida. Aidu püramiidide rajamist tuleks kaaluda pärast turu-uuringu läbiviimist. Näited sellest, kuidas tööstuspärandit on säilitatud välismaal (maastikupark, kujundatud positiivne pinnavorm, vaateplatvorm) võiksid olla eeskujuks ka Eestis paikneva põlevkivitööstuspärandi säilitamisel. Põlevkivitööstuspärandi säilitamis- ja kasutusviisi peaksid otsustama ennekõike kohalikud omavalitused koostöös elanikega. Arengudokumentides kajastatud info ühtib enamasti vastajate arvamusega. Pigem võib öelda, et põlevkivitööstuspärandi objekte on dokumentides kajastatud liiga vähe. ; Industrial heritage (included mining heritage) is one of the subdivisions of heritage that must be maintained for future generations. One part of industrial heritage is also the oil shale industrial heritage. Its amount of maintaining and the method of storage is not regulated today in Estonia. According to this, the aim of the thesis is to define in what amount the oil shale heritage must be stored and which methods of storage must be used. During the writing of the thesis the questionnaire (in Estonian and Russian) was compiled which was conducted among the people of in the county of Ida-Virumaa in November– December 2016. The questionnaire was answered by 127 people whose results were analysed in MS Excel. In addition to that, the results were compared with the developing documents regarding the oil shale industrial heritage. Different categories of the oil shale industrial heritage as artificial hills, quarries, industrial and administrative buildings, residential areas must be maintained and taken into use. It was found that almost a half of all categories must be maintained. Artificial hills should be used as viewing platforms, quarries should be afforest or use in the field of sport and tourism, residential areas should be areas of summer cottages and industrial and administrative buildings should be just used - maybe as museums, tourist attractions or sports facilities. Places that are re-cultivated and are in use today, for example, mining complex of Kohtla, the hill of semi coke and quarries of Aidu, which are the objects of industrial heritage, are enjoyed by locals. Their way of re-cultivating is good and lots of people would like to visit them. Kohtla-Järve oil tower and main building of Sompa mining, which are not in use at the moment, must be restored as architectural sights. It was said that these buildings might be used as museums and the oil tower might be used for catering or a gallery. Also, Kukruse's artificial hill should be maintained and if possible, to re-cultivate. The construction of Aidu pyramids should be considered after conducting a market research. Samples of foreign maintenance could be good ways to follow to maintain the oil shale industrial heritage in Estonia (landscape park, designed positive surface form, viewing platform). Local governments with local people should decide the way of maintenance and usage of the oil shale industrial heritage. The information that is in development documents coincides with the opinion of responders. There are situations when objects of the oil shale industrial heritage are reflected too few in documents.

Досліджено особливості та сутність інноваційного мислення як чинника розвитку публічного врядування. Обґрунтовано положення про те, що інноваційне мислення є особливим різновидом рефлексії, процесом опосередкування різних граней управління та формування якісно нових результатів діяльності – теоретичних концептів дійсності та практичних моделей її реальних змін. Розкрито низку напрямів і засобів модернізації публічного врядування шляхом запровадження раціональних нововведень. ; Problem setting. An essential feature of Ukrainian nowadays is the process of reforming Ukrainian society, which includes the necessity for conscious planning of the process of modernization and rational substantiation of its irreversibility and civilization. Democratic modernization is characterized by a qualitatively higher level of freedom of all subjects of social-power relations, provides real competition of concepts, programs and projects. Competitive preconditions for development include open discourse and the production of new ideas, extraordinary decisions and approaches. Therefore, the development of public administration and, ultimately, of society as a whole, is largely determined by the possibilities of implementing innovative thinking.Recent research and publications analysis of the mentioned problem has been carried out in the context of consideration of personal qualities of representatives of public governance, where the issue of innovative thinking is a key and determinant for the prospects of the social development. It is widely highlighted in contemporary foreign literature (M. Weber, J. Habermas, B. Gurne) and in the national literature (O. Bahrim, L. Kotyk, V. Oluiko, O. Prodius, I. Romanchuk and others).Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The works of these authors raise important aspects of the development of public governance and the importance for it of innovative thinking. However, there is a need to disclose the essence of the innovative thinking of participants in public governance as an intellectual resource of successful activity and a mean of modernizing society. This general objective of the article corresponds to a number of tasks to be solved, in particular, to demonstrate the specific forms of influence of innovative thinking on the modernization of public governance.Paper main body. The article reveals real prerequisites for the modernization of modern society, in particular, the expansion of the circle of active participants in administrative processes and subjects of innovative attitude to existing realities. Therefore, the management practice of solving issues with the necessity includes an individual approach and a special (every time new) attitude to the situation. Under these conditions, ensuring the effectiveness of managerial decisions and all public governance should be based on a creative approach as an implementation of innovative thinking.The content of innovative thinking is clarified by defining the essence of thinking as an attributive function of a person, which necessarily extends to the specifics of managerial activity. Thinking is defined as a reflection – the logical activity of the correlation of one subject of thought with another, or their mutual mediation. Reflection is multidimensional, it can relate to the discovery of the content of various aspects of the activity, for example, the motive and purpose, purpose and means, results and goals, resources and obstacles, etc.In the structure of public management, innovative thinking plays the role of the driving force of modernization or the main mean for producing a new social reality. As a special kind of reflection, it correlates the general regulatory norms with the practical situation, takes into account the set of other faces and as a result is designed in a specific, synthetic and original solution to a particular task. Innovative thinking performs a number of functions, forms both new theoretical concepts of reality and practical models of its real changes.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, innovative thinking is considered as an effective factor for the development of public governance, since it forms the content of theoretical and practical modernizations, produces new projects and development programs. In public administration, it focuses on the continuous modernization of social-power relations, expansion of the objects of reformation and implementation of the capabilities of its subjects. The prospects for further research are to highlight the peculiarities of the formation of innovative thinking, to specify its connection with other productive opportunities of the subject of social and managerial changes and in detailing the process of implementing innovative projects.

ÖZETPartilerin parlamentoda tek başına çoğunluluğu sağlayamadığı durumlarda genellikle koalisyon hükümeti modeli uygulanmıştır. Türk kamuoyu ise bu modelle 15 Ekim 1961 seçimleri sonucunda tanışmıştır. 1961 Anayasası'nın getirdiği yeni seçim sistemi küçük partilere meclise girme olanağı sağlarken büyük partilerin oylarını düşürmüş, tek bir partinin hükümet kurmasını zorlaştırmıştı. Ekim sonuçları da bunun göstergesi olmuş; CHP en fazla oyu almasına rağmen tek başına hükümet kuracak çoğunluğu sağlayamamıştır. Böylece Türkiye'de tek partili hükümetler dönemi sona ermiş ve 1965 seçimlerine kadar sürecek koalisyon hükümetleri dönemi başlamıştır.Türkiye'de 1961- 1965 yıllarında dört farklı koalisyon hükümeti kurulmuştur. Bunlardan ilk üçü CHP lideri İsmet İnönü tarafından, dördüncüsü ise Bağımsız Kayseri Senatörü Suat Hayri Ürgüplü tarafından teşkil edilmiştir. Üçüncü İnönü Hükümeti'nin istifası üzerine, Cumhurbaşkanı Cemal Gürsel yeni hükümeti kurma görevini Bağımsız Kayseri Senatörü Suat Hayri Ürgüplü'ye vermişti. Tarafsız bir başbakan olan Suat Hayri Ürgüplü AP, CKMP, YTP ve MP ile yaptığı görüşmelerden sonra bu partilerle yeni hükümetin hedef ve planlarını içeren bir koalisyon protokolü imzalamıştır.20 Şubat 1965'te kurulan Ürgüplü Hükümeti'nde MP, CKMP ve YTP genel başkanları görev almazken meclis dışından gelen Süleyman Demirel başbakan yardımcılığı görevini üstlenmiştir. Ayrıca başbakan dışında bağımsızlara görev verilmemiştir. 26 Şubat 1965'te hükümet programı açıklanmıştır. Daha çok yapılması planlanan işler ve temennilerden oluşan program, daha önceki hükümetlerinkiyle oldukça benzerlik göstermesine rağmen 4 Mart'ta yapılan güven oylamasıyla Meclis tarafından kabul edilmiştir.TRT tartışmaları, Petrolün millileştirilmesi, toprak reformu, aşırı cereyanlarla mücadele gibi konular iç politikada hükümeti uğraştıran ana meseleler olmuştur. Hatta bu konular, koalisyon ortakları arasında da zaman zaman anlaşmazlıklar yaratarak koalisyonun varlığını tehdit etmiştir. 8 ay iktidarda kalan Ürgüplü Hükümeti, Kıbrıs meselesini milli bir dava olarak görmüş, dış politikasını da bu çerçevede şekillendirmiştir. Nitekim iç meselelerde fikir ayrılığına düşen AP, CKMP, YTP, CKMP ve CHP Kıbrıs sorununda ortak bir tavır sergilemiştir.ABSTRACTWhen a party can not constitute majority at the parliament, usually the coalition government model is adopted. Turkish public has met this model after the elections dated 15th October 1961. The new election system introduced by the 1961 Constitution has enabled small parties to participate in the parliament, thus decreasing the votes of the big parties it was made difficult for a single party to form a government. The result of October elections was an indicator to this. Although CHP has got the highest votes, they were not able constitute majority to form the government alone. In this way single party government era has reached to an end and a new era of coalition governments has started which would last until 1965 elections. Between 1961 and 1965 four different coalition governments have been established in Turkey. First three were established by the leader of CHP, İsmet İnönü and the fourth was established by the Independent Senator of Kayseri, Suat Hayri Ürgüplü. After the resignation of the Third İnönü Cabinet, President Cemal Gürsel has handed over the mission of establishing a new government to the Independent Senator of Kayseri, Suat Hayri Ürgüplü. Being an independent Prime Minister Suat Hayri Ürgüplü has signed a coalition protocol with AP, CKMP, YTP and MP consisting the targets and plans of the new government after completing his negotiations with these parties. Non of the leaders of MP, CKMP and YTP parties have participated in Ürgüplü Government which has been established on 20th February 1965, whereas Süleyman Demirel who was not a member of the Parliament, was assigned as the Assistant of the Prime Minister. Non of the independent members of the Parliament, except the Prime Minister have participated in this government. On 26th February 1965 the Government Program was announced. Although the program had many things in common with the previous Government Plan, consisting mostly the work plans to be accomplished and wishes, has been accepted by the Parliament after the vote of confidence held on 4th of March. Concerning the internal politics, arguments about Turkish Radio and Television, nationalising of oil, land reform, struggle with the extreme trends were the main issues that the Government had to deal with. These issues have been the major difficulties for the Government to work hard and from time to time have threatened the existence of the coalition due to the disagreements on the issues. Ürgüplü Government, remaining in power for eight months has regarded the Cyprus question as a national cause and shaped its foreign policy within this respect. As a matter of fact although AP, CKMP, YTP and CHP have dissented in internal questions, they have presented a common attitude about Cyprus question.

Problem setting. The last two decades of growing «gap» between urban development and rural areas, which on paper may prove statistics, and for visual proof of this fact is enough to visit a few villages in various regions of our country. The most difficult problems in the countryside among many others is the lack of motivation to work, poverty, labor migration, unemployment, lack of social infrastructure, deepening demographic crisis and the withering away of villages. Recent research and publications analysis. Research on the functioning of public relations in the field of sustainable rural development and analysis of legal and economic nature have devoted their research leading domestic and foreign scholars: V. M. Ermolenko, M. I. Kozir, P. F. Kulinich, A. V. Lisovyi, V. V. Nosik, A. I. Pavlov, A. M. Stativka, V. Y. Urkevych, M. V. Shulha and other scientists. Still open is very acute problem of legal support and overcoming gaps legislation on public relations for the revival of rural areas from the doldrums of their sustainable socio-economic and environmental development. Paper objective. Main objective of the article is based on structural analysis of the norms of existing national legislation and recent scientific literature relevant to clarify the theoretical and legal problems of rural areas in Ukraine, which will make it possible to develop recommendations to improve the agrarian regulations and other legislation. Paper main body. In economically developed countries implemented policies align economic development of the region to the center, and not vice versa, as the years have tried to implement in Ukraine on the principle of centralization of power. Thus the social constitutional state must act springboard for self regions. Legitimate definition of «rural area» and «depressed rural areas» in domestic legislation still exists. However, the science produced a large number of definitions, including rural and sustainable rural development. Depressed rural areas can be considered rural areas, where over the past three years, rural population density, rate of natural increase of population, the level of average wages and the volume of sales of agricultural products (works, services) per capita is much lower and the share of employment in agriculture sector is significantly higher than the corresponding average of the areas of this group. Conclusions of the research. Complex social relations in the field of sustainable development of rural areas as well as to revive the depressed rural areas are the elements of agrarian relations is the subject field of agrarian law in Ukraine. Such categories as «depressed rural areas» and «sustainable rural development» can not be an abstract object agro-regulation. These categories require legal consolidation of the Law of Ukraine of 24 June 2004 year № 1877-IV «About State Support of Agriculture of Ukraine». The first step of our country in the process of convergence State Agrarian Policy of Ukraine and the Common Agricultural Policy should be to increase accountability for violations in the agricultural sector because of abuse and criminal offenses in this area undermine the food security of Ukraine, and is further compounded by the economic crisis in the country, and put away the possibility Ukraine become a full member. To ensure the implementation of the priority areas of sustainable development of rural areas, it is advisable to use 4 main groups of instruments: 1) improving the legal framework of rural development at national, regional and local levels; 2) optimization of financial and fiscal relations with rural development at all levels; 3) improving the forms and methods of economic development of rural areas and finally; 4) improving the efficiency of the legislative and executive bodies at all levels and enterprises, organizations and institutions that ensure the sustainable development of rural areas. ; Проанализированы современные правовые проблемы устойчивого развития сельских территорий в Украине. Исследована сущность категорий «сельская территория», «депрессивная сельская территория», устойчивое развитие сельских территорий, акцентировано внимание на правовую природу устойчивого развития сельских территорий, его признаков и особенности, тенденций внедрения в Украине и странах Европейского Союза. Высказано и обосновано предложения относительно места общественных отношений в сфере обеспечения устойчивого развития сельских территорий в структуре предмета отрасли аграрного права Украины ; Проаналізовано сучасні правові проблеми сталого розвитку сільських територій в Україні. Досліджено сутність категорій «сільська територія», «депресивна сільська територія», «сталий розвиток сільських територій», акцентовано увагу на правову природу сталого розвитку сільських територій, його ознак та особливості, тенденцій впровадження в Україні та країнах Європейського Союзу. Висловлено та обґрунтовано пропозиції щодо місця суспільних відносин в сфері забезпечення сталого розвитку сільських територій в структурі предмета галузі аграрного права України.

Introduction. Traumatic eye injuries belong to socially signifi cant problems not only of the ophthalmology, but also Ukraine's health care system. According to recent data, about 20% of ophthalmologic disorders associated with lesions of the orbit, eyeball and adnexa. Eyeball subatrophy develops in 13% of cases after an injury, in 25% of cases – anophthalmos and 30% of cases – wall-eya cornea, which is the main cause of disability and disabilities. In Ukraine, to date studies of organ injury, resulting in extreme situations (mass unrest, natural disasters, war injuries) were extremely small. Clearly we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the new experience gained Ukrainian ophthalmologists.The aim of the study: assess the need for the development of modern educational recommendations under the heading «The eye injury» to improve the interns-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists quality of training.Material and methods. The analysis of existing educational materials under the heading «The eye injury» with regard to Ukraine published data on eye injuries in extreme situations was carried out.Results and discussion. Clearly, we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the experience of Ukrainian ophthalmologists for the events on the Maidan, and the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) in eastern Ukraine. Results of the analysis of educational materials for the interns and doctors-ophthalmologists in the section «The eye injury» showed that the counts of the logical structure, algorithms management of patients, as well as situational and tests on eye injuries in extreme situations should be fi nalized due to changes in the structure and severity of combat damage the eye in Ukraine. Thus, according to T. A. Krasnovid et al. (2016), the vast majority of the victims at the time of the ATO, injuries were mine blast (91.3% of cases). Unlike peacetime injuries, where the nature of the damage was one-sided, were mostly bilateral nature of military operations in Ukraine visual organ injury, and in 34.8% of cases were combined, and combined with the wounds of the upper, lower limbs and internal organs [4].It is also important to note that medical interns need new knowledge in the diagnosis and tactics of such patients, given that in most cases the injury observed damage to all structures of the eye with a primary injury of the posterior segment (hemophthalmus, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies). According to A. I. Tselomudriy et al., (2016), the majority of the wounded in the ATO observed penetrating, gunshot and mine-explosive wounds the eyes, and in 27.5% of lesions were bilateral, contusions and burns were observed in 15% of cases and in 14% of cases occurred eye crushing, which led his subatrophy or enucleation during the stage of primary surgical treatment. In preparing interns ophthalmologists should also pay attention to the fact that the optimal organization of care to such patients is a two-stage system: the fi rst medical assistance and specialized surgical care in order to reduce the duration of treatment.Conclusions. Improving the teaching section «The eye injury» for doctor-intern-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists, development of new educational materials will help in the further work of interns and doctors-ophthalmologists on the organization of patient care with injuries of eye and orbit, obtained in extreme situations, to further reduce the time of treatment and rehabilitation of victims of such a contingent. This is relevant pedagogical direction of work in the departments of ophthalmology. ; До настоящего времени в Украине исследований травмы органа зрения, полученной в экстремальных ситуациях, было недостаточно.Принимая во внимание опыт украинских офтальмологов, обусловленный событиями на Майдане и в антитеррористической операции, необходимо изменить подход к преподаванию раздела «Травма органа зрения». Усовершенствование преподавания данного раздела и разработка новой учебно-методической литературы по этой теме поможет в работе интернов и врачей-курсантов по организации оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с травмами органа зрения и орбиты, полученными в экстремальных ситуациях. ; Беручи до уваги досвід українських офтальмологів, набутий за час подій на Майдані і в антитерористичній операції, стала необхідною зміна підходу до викладання розділу «Травма органа зору». Вдосконалення викладання згаданого розділу і розробка нової навчально-методичної літератури по цій темі допоможе в роботі інтернів і лікарів-курсантів з організації надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з травмами органа зору і орбіти, отриманими в екстремальних ситуаціях.

Рассмотрено проблему уровня и объема конституционно-правового регулирования экологических отношений в конституциях различных стран мира в разрезе тех объектов экологического права, которые нашли конституционно-правовую фиксацию, а также средств законодательного регулирования и техники их выражения влияния на сферу экологических отношений. Сделан вывод, что институциализация экологических отношений является требованием времени и должна осуществляться путем формирования в структуре современных конституций специальных глав (разделов) «Экологическая система» ; Formulation of the problem. The development of constitutional law although not as fast, but subordinate to the universal processes that affect any other area of law and legislation. One of these processes should include further specialization legislation deterministic deepening and expansion of social life, activities and interests. Analysis of recent publications. In the works of local scientists in the field of environmental law contains a number of works doctrinal nature, which are based on the development of legal regulation of environmental relations and issues of codification of environmental law. First and foremost among these scientists should be called Y.S. Shemshuchenko, A.P. Getman [3], V.I. Andreytseva [4] A.G. Bobkov [5], M.V. Krasnov, G.I. Baluk [6], V.V. Karakash and others. However, issues of completeness and consistency constitutional and legal principles to ensure legislative regulation of environmental relations in a comprehensive institution of the Basic Law was not implemented. Formulation purposes. The purpose of this article is to define the modern practice of constitutional rule-making in foreign countries institutionalization of ecological relations in the Basic Law, to create an adequate legal framework for the state, society and individuals in terms of deployment of the environmental crisis. Presenting main material. Analysis of texts of constitutions of a number of countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America on the constitutional and legal provision of environmental relations allows to make a number of findings that indicate no single «standard» technique of constitutional settlement. First, should separately identify the range of countries whose constitutions do not contain environmentally-law. This category include the US, Japan, Italy, Argentina and a particular exception Germany. Secondly, one can identify a number of constitutions in which environmental problems given one article, which however may contain several provisions. This category can be subjected to internal differentiation depending on the application object opulent set criteria. This refers to the overall differentiation of environmental law in blocks, natural resource, environmental protection and ecological safety. On the other hand a number of constitutional documents is limited to the use of single or complex legal means for forming the rules of the Basic Law, such as the subjective right, a legal obligation, purpose of legal regulation and so on. However, in some countries there was a constructive constitutional and legal updating of environmental issues that led to its practical implementation in the form of implementation of the Basic Law of the relevant constitutional institution. In this context, first of all, should be called the Constitution of the Federal Restpubliky Brazil, adopted 5 zhovtyan 1988, ie in the wake of the aggravation of the ecological crisis and the Constitution of the French Republic of 4 October 1958, part of which in the broadest sense is also considered and adopted in 2004 Charter of the environment. Conclusions. The content of the constitutional and legal provision of ecological spheres of social relations in the national constitutions of most countries in modern conditions makes a very disappointing experience, as you can kvalifikovaty dysfunction constitutional rule-making in the environmental field. However, in some countries there was a constructive constitutional and legal updating of environmental issues that led to its practical implementation in the form of implementation of the Basic Law of the relevant constitutional institution. It is important to go well with the fact that the Basic Law should secure not just linked environmental objects that integrate the concept of «environment» but «ecological system» as a system of ecological relationships which are an active part of man, society, state forms of management, institutions of environmental protection and ecological safety and more. In the constitutional and legal terms, the problem is the need to create a separate constitutional institution «Ecological systems». Keywords: constitutional regulation of environmental relations; the right to a safe environment; sustainable development policy; «Ecological system» constitutional institution

При опоре на исторические и этнографические материалы, а также памятники монгольского права выделяются и характеризуются виды агрессии, имевшие место в истории и культуре бурят. Определены следующие виды: внешняя агрессия государств и других народов по отношению к этническим объединениям, которые консолидировались в бурятский народ; межгрупповая, возникавшая между разными группами бурят; внутригрупповая; внутрисемейная. С вхождением бурятских земель в состав России агрессия вызывалась столкновением русских переселенцев и бурят на почве экономических, бытовых и других интересов. По мнению автора, в культуре бурят XVIII-XIX вв. агрессия была явлением полиморфным, но преимущественно имевшим бытовой характер. В статье выявляется круг основных факторов, повлиявших на отказ бурят от кровной мести. Автор приходит к заключению, что эта традиция была изжита под воздействием таких факторов, как кодификация обычного права с введением значительных по размерам штрафов за убийство, передача уголовных дел в компетенцию «канцелярских» судов, которые выносили более суровое наказание, чем это было прежде. Кроме того, принятие бурятами буддизма и христианства укрепляло в них убеждение в необходимости бескровного решения конфликтов. ; Purpose. The article defines and characterizes types of aggression spread among the Buryats during the XVII-XIX centuries. In addition, we determine the factors that lead to the Buryats' refusal from the tradition of blood feud. Results. Based on the study of the sources available, the author identifies the following types of aggression: aggression of foreign states and other nations to ethnic communities which joined to make the Buryat people; aggression that occurred among different groups of the Buryats; intragroup aggression; family aggression. With final incorporating into Russia, the Buryats also faced aggression caused by the ethnic clash between the Russians and the Buryats, which was motivated by economic, domestic and other interests. An example of the aggression of the first type is the story of annexing the Buryat lands by the Russian state. Intergroup aggression among the Buryats can be illustrated by the era of the so-called Zegetei aba (battue hunting), while the Buryats could attack their neighbors in order to snatch some prisoners, cattle or women. Intragroup aggression, according to popular beliefs, was a kind of illness and was caused by the evil influence of eastern gods or spirits who required sacrifice. The Buryats treated the cases of evil behavior inside the group negatively and tried to cultivate hospitality, tolerance and kindness. The article shows that the ancestors of Buryats were known to stick to the tradition of blood revenge. Their culture was a culture of warriors, in which all aspects of life including the system of values and behavioral attitudes conform to the standards of a militarized society. Relations between ethnic communities and inside them were ruled by the law of the talion, the essence of which is accumulated in the phrase «an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth», and they grew into the tradition of blood revenge. During the pre-Russian period in the history of the Buryats of Predbaikalye and during the initial stage of their joining Russia, the blood feud was also common, which is testified by the folklore and ethnographic materials gathered by M. N. Khangalov. The situation started to change with adopting the rules of «Great Yasa» by Chingis Khan, which were then included into all codes of the Mongolian peoples and the Buryats. There was offered an alternative to blood feud and talion. In case of killing a person, the killer or their countrymen were punished with a fine in the form of a significant number of heads of different livestock species. With the introduction of instruction by S. Vladislavich-Raguzinskii of 1728, murders among the Buryats were the subject of court proceedings which issued their decisions in accordance with the criminal legislation of the Russian Empire. The severity of punishment from the side of the Russian government became a deterrent to the tradition of blood revenge. The acceptance of Buddhism and Orthodox Christianity by the Buryats had an equally positive impact on the customs and traditions adopted in the society. Conclusion. Aggression was polymorphic in the traditional culture of the Buryats, and it had mostly household character. The tradition of blood feud being well-known among the Buryats in the XVIIth century, it vanished in the centuries to follow.