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The paper confirms a strikingly large effect of national borders on trade patterns. Estimates comparing trade among Canadian provinces with that between Canadian provinces and US states show interprovincial trade in 1988–90 to have been more than 20 times as dense as that between provinces and states, with some evidence of a downward trend since, owing to the post‐FTA growth in trade between Canada and the USA. Using approximate data for the volumes and distances of internal trade in OECD countries, the 1988–92 border effect for unrelated OECD countries is estimated to exceed 12. Estimates from a census‐based gravity model of interprovincial and international migration show a much higher border effect for migration than for trade, with interprovincial migration among the Anglophone provinces almost 100 times as dense as that from US states to Canadian provinces.

We discuss an underutilized dataset to examine the causes of migration. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees publishes annual binational asylum applications and the resulting decisions. Asylum is granted to protect individuals from persecution. They are a small part of overall migration patterns: one-tenth of overall migration flows into OECD countries. The European Union receives the largest share of asylum applicants and has a low acceptance rate, but the rate increases when source countries have positive deviations from historic trends. Countries outside the EU and OECD receive almost all of the applications from neighbors with a contiguous land border.

Cette synthese propose de comprendre les phenomenes migratoires contemporains et s'articule autour de trois axes : les origines et les causes des migrations, leurs effets et leurs consequences, et les politiques migratoires.

"Exploring some of the most topical issues around migration and integration in relation to Britain, this book examines people smuggling and the elite labour migration that is becoming a feature of Britain. It also examines the concepts of social capital, social cohesion and Britishness that are being used to critique multiculturalism"--

Cover -- Inhalt -- Einleitung -- 1. Perspektiven auf Stadt und Migration -- 1.1 Dystopien in klassischen Texten -- 1.2 Dystopien aus heutiger Sicht -- 1.3 Auf der Suche nach neuen Perspektiven -- 2. Marginalisierungswissen -- 2.1 Was ist Marginalisierung? -- 2.2 Leitbilder gegen Marginalisierung -- 2.3 Reproduktionen des Wissens -- 3. Machtverhältnisse -- 3.1 Ordnungen -- 3.2 Marginalisierungsdispositive -- 3.3 Reproduktionen der Verhältnisse -- 4. Subjektposition in der Forschung -- 5. Erkundungsfragen -- 5.1 Methodologie -- 5.2 Forschungsabläufe -- 5.3 Re-/De-/Konstruktionen -- 6. Biografieprotokolle -- 6.1 Frau Panova - Marginalisierung färbt ab -- 6.2 Frau Buckley - Ein Problem der Anderen -- 6.3 Herr Stjevo - Stigma-Management -- 6.4 Frau Ibrahimi - Kulturexperimente -- 6.5 Fatih - Sozialer Aufstieg -- 6.6 Migration wertet Städte auf -- 7. Alltagspraxen 2.0 -- 7.1 Liem - Selbstethnisierung als Strategie -- 7.2 Elias - Identifikation mit dem Viertel -- 7.3 Tiada - Urbanität als Lebensstil -- 7.4 Andhakari - Andere zur Rede stellen -- 7.5 Anja - Umdeutung von Zuschreibungen -- 7.6 Jugendliche erzeugen ein neues Bewusstsein -- 8. Nach der Parallelgesellschaft -- Literaturverzeichnis -- Anhang -- Dank.

The paper describes the evolution of migration policy in Australia from the 1950s onwards. It focuses in particular on the period after 1995 when the Australian Government concentrated its migration program on skilled immigrants, both permanent and temporary. While conceived as separate programs, over time, the permanent and temporary movements have been merged so that most new permanent skilled immigrants make an application on shore while holding a temporary resident visa. This approach seems to have served Australia well in a time of strong labour demand and a dwindling domestic supply of labour. Australia's international program will be important in the future as it slows the pace of population ageing and provides necessary skills to an otherwise static labour force.

The paper describes the evolution of migration policy in Australia from the 1950s onwards. It focuses in particular on the period after 1995 when the Australian Government concentrated its migration program on skilled immigrants, both permanent and temporary. While conceived as separate programs, over time, the permanent and temporary movements have been merged so that most new permanent skilled immigrants make an application on shore while holding a temporary resident visa. This approach seems to have served Australia well in a time of strong labour demand and a dwindling domestic supply of labour. Australia's international program will be important in the future as it slows the pace of population ageing and provides necessary skills to an otherwise static labour force.

The paper describes the evolution of migration policy in Australia from the 1950s onwards. It focuses in particular on the period after 1995 when the Australian Government concentrated its migration program on skilled immigrants, both permanent and temporary. While conceived as separate programs, over time, the permanent and temporary movements have been merged so that most new permanent skilled immigrants make an application on shore while holding a temporary resident visa. This approach seems to have served Australia well in a time of strong labour demand and a dwindling domestic supply of labour. Australia's international program will be important in the future as it slows the pace of population ageing and provides necessary skills to an otherwise static labour force.