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According to the author, some of the norms of civil law, in particular the provisions regulating the procedure for concluding a public contract are objectively obsolete. Because of this the objective of the article is to study the concept of "an entrepreneur" through the prism of modern legal terminology. Based on the analysis of the relevant requirements of civil law, it has been indicated that the types of activities within the framework of a public contract may be carried out only by entrepreneurs. At the same time, taking into account the nature of entrepreneurship (commercial economic activity), the author has established the subjects of its implementation: legal entities of state and non-state forms of ownership, as well as individuals (individuals-entrepreneurs). For more detailed elucidation of the content of the term "an entrepreneur", the author has considered certain types of commercial economic activity, which is carried out on the basis of a public contract. Thus, it has been noted that in case of retail trade, legal entities and individuals-entrepreneurs directly enter into a public contract only if their individual, independent and original economic activity involves the exchange of goods of an industrial and technical nature or intended to meet the personal needs of society to another specific commodity – money. The author has also determined that de jure public shipment by public transport means may be carried out only by legal entities publicly, but de facto public transport services of this kind are also carried out by individuals-entrepreneurs. The operator or provider of telecommunications – business entities that have the right to conduct activities in this sphere is determined as the subject of providing telecommunication services. The emphasis has been placed on the existence of a number of outdated terms in civil legislation concerning the conclusion of public contracts that contribute to the emergence of terminological confusion and complicate the understanding of these normative provisions both for ordinary citizens and for lawyers. In order to bring the provisions on public contracts of the Civil Code of Ukraine in line with other normative and legal acts in this area, the author has offered certain legislative changes. ; Розглянуто легальну й етимологічну сутність поняття «підприємець» як особи – учасника публічного договору, разом із тим проаналізовано низку нормативно-правових актів з метою вирішення питання про відповідність зазначеної категорії сучасній законодавчій термінології. Зроблено висновок про те, що нині учасниками публічного договору є суб'єкти господарювання, які здійснюють підприємницьку діяльність, що об'єктивно не знайшло свого відображення у конкретних цивільно-правових нормах. Запропоновано окремі шляхи вдосконалення цих норм.

The aim is to analyze the consumption of medicines for the treatment of soldiers as surgical patients in a military mobile hospital (hereinafter MMH).Methods. With the use of the quantity and cost method of ABC-analysis was investigated the structure of consumption of medicines by surgical patients of military mobile hospital. As the studied materials were reporting data indicators of the MMH medical work for 2014-2016, report application availability and medical needs property (p.8/med), statistical and analytical indicators of morbidity for the military (f.3/med), standards of medical care, clinical protocols of medical care on the urgent and most important diseases of soldiers in conditions of MMH.Results. The analysis of the consumption of medicines for the treatment of military personnel in the military mobile hospitals determined a directly proportional relationship with the magnitude and structure of hospital morbidity. The received data testify to rationality of expenditure of money resources for drug maintenance of a researched contingent.Conclusions. The obtained results allow us to forecast the need for medicines for the next year when planning medical supplies. The rationale for the presented fragment of the drug list is their inclusion in the clinical protocols of medical care for the treatment of surgical patients in a military mobile hospital. The data can be used in the future to develop cost standards for appropriate nosological forms ; Мета – провести аналіз споживання лікарських засобів для лікування військовослужбовців хірургічного профілю в умовах військового мобільного госпіталю (ВМГ).Методи. З використанням кількісно-вартісного методу АВС-аналізу досліджено структуру споживання лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) хворими хірургічного профілю військового мобільного госпіталю. Матеріалами дослідження слугували звітні дані показників лікувальної роботи ВМГ за 2014-2016 рр., звіт-заявки наявності і потреби в медичному майні (ф.8/мед), статистичні та аналітичні показники захворюваності військовослужбовців (ф.3/мед), стандарти медичної допомоги , клінічні протоколи надання медичної допомоги з актуальних і найбільш значущих захворювань військовослужбовців в умовах ВМГ.Результати. Аналіз споживання лікарських засобів для лікування військовослужбовців хірургічного профілю у військових мобільних госпіталях визначив прямо пропорційну залежність з величиною і структурою госпітальної захворюваності. Лідерами споживання в грошовому вираженні стали представники групи протимікробних засобів, в кількісному - ЛЗ, що впливають на нервову систему.Висновки. Отримані дані свідчать про раціональність витрачання грошових коштів на медикаментозне забезпечення досліджуваного контингенту і можуть бути використані для прогнозування потреби ЛЗ на наступний рік при плануванні медичного постачання. Також інформація про перелік ЛЗ, затребуваних у лікуванні хірургічних хворих в умовах військового мобільного госпіталю може стати основою для включення до складу клінічних протоколів надання медичної допомоги та розробки вартісних нормативів за відповідними нозологічними формами

DergiPark: 364034 ; klujfeas ; Objectives: For monetary and fiscal policy-makers, in terms of the future of a country's economy, financialstability is the primary objective to be achieved for the construction of a financial structure which can respondto the dynamics created by globalization and for the constitution of financial stability. For this reason, in theworking of financial markets, financial intermediaries, the payment system and the technological infrastructuresupporting that system, and regulatory laws and institutions must exist within the element of stability as awhole. Central banks, which have fundamental functions in the constitution of price stability, have begun to takemore responsibility in the working of the financial structure through their organic links with the banks withinthat structure. The key role and importance of banks in the money-creation processes and the monetary systemhave made central banks more attuned to the workings of the financial structure. This situation shows that themain objective of central banks must necessarily be to produce new policies that will provide not only price butalso financial stability. Uncertainty has increased after the global crisis, and capital flow into developingcountries has begun to threaten financial and macro-economic stability. The importance of fortifying theeconomy against fluctuations in the global risk appetite has increased within a conjecture in which financing isoften short-term and unstable.Method: Literature review method has been used.Results: Contrary to applications of traditional monetary policies, these developments prompted new searches for more flexible policies that enable sufficient responses to risks and possible crises. ; Amaç: Finansal istikrar ülke ekonomilerinin geleceği açısından küreselleşmenin ortaya koyduğu dinamiklerecevap verebilecek bir finansal yapının oluşturulması ve finansal istikrarın sağlanması para ve maliye politikasıyapıcıları için en önemli hedeflerin başında yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle finansal piyasaların işleyişinde finansalaracılar, ödeme sistemi ve sistemi destekleyen teknolojik altyapı, düzenleyici yasalar ve kurumların tamamı birbütün olarak istikrar unsuru içinde var olmalıdır. Fiyat istikrarının sağlamasında temel görevi olan merkezbankaları da yapı içindeki bankalarla oluşan organik bağdan kaynaklı olarak finansal yapının işleyişinde önalarak sorumluluk yüklenmeye başlamıştır. Bankaların para yaratma sürecinde ve parasal sistem içindekiönemli ve kilit konumdaki rolleri merkez bankalarını finansal yapının işleyişine duyarlı hale getirmiştir. Budurum merkez bankalarının temel amacı fiyat istikrarı ile birlikte finansal istikrarı da sağlayabilecek politikalarüretmesi gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Küresel krizin ardından belirsizlik artmış ve gelişmekte olanülkelere yönelen sermaye akımları makro ekonomik ve finansal istikrarı tehdit eder hale gelmiştir. Finansmanınoldukça kısa vadeli ve oynak olduğu bir konjonktürde, küresel risk iştahındaki ani değişimlere karşı ekonominindayanıklılığını artırmanın gerekliliği önem kazanmıştır.Yöntem: Yazın taraması yöntemi kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Gelişmeler geleneksel para politikası uygulamalarından farklı olarak, risklere ve yaşanabilecek krizlere yeterli tepkiler verilebilmesini olanaklı kılan daha esnek politika arayışlarını öne çıkarmıştır.

The article deals with the problem of urbanization as a factor that affects the crime in terms of political, military conflict and economic crisis.One of the most urgent and complex issues of public life in Ukraine is the problem of a crime: a level, a structure, and a growth rate. All the information we get from official statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and media indicates it. Even now changes in the dynamics and structure of crime occur, criminal situation in Ukraine is very complicated. A number of manifestations of deviant behavior, recession, deregulation of a financial system, shortage of money in the state treasury, political instability, low paying capacity – all of aforementioned issues go beyond the legal framework, and cause an emergence of various processes in the country, the effects of which then modern Ukrainian society feels.The criminal situation becomes more complicated because of the consequences of a military conflict in the East of the country. The migration process, that emerged today in the middle of our country, is more of a criminal nature, rather than brings stability to the state. In the estimation of experts, the number of urban population has increased dramatically, and from this criminality arises. It is mostly connected with the fact that people do not have financial security that can be reliable due to employment or various assistance provided for by a state. Also, a factor that induces a person to commit an offense is non-emotional resistance to new relationships in the surrounding society, difference of interests, poor living conditions and struggle for survival in a hostile environment. A person is a body that constantly works, but when it reaches a peak of an emotional state, there comes a time for restarting of life's important landmarks, that has a nature of positive and negative direction. The choice of further ways of existence depends not only on internal human characteristics, but also on driving force, which exists around it, and is important.This article defines the essence and meaning of urbanization and crime. The impact of this factor on people's lives, social relationships prevailing in cities where different socio-psychological relationships are concentrated. ; Рассматриваются вопросы урбанизации как объекта криминологического исследования. Анализируется взаимосвязь урбанизации с процессами, которые возникают в Украине, рассматривается её криминогенный аспект. Обозначены наиболее существенные факторы урбанизации, имеющие место в городских сферах общественной жизни. ; Розглянуто питання урбанізації як об'єкта кримінологічного дослідження. Аналізується взаємозв'язок урбанізації з процесами, які відбуваються в Україні, розглядається її криміногенний аспект. Окреслено найбільш вагомі чинники урбанізації, що існують у міських сферах суспільного життя.

Saat ini permasalahan lingkungan semakin menjadi perhatian oleh banyak pihak. Salah satu penyebab permasalahan ini ialah akibat dari aktivitas operasi perusahaan. Hal ini diakibatkan karena perusahaan enggan untuk mengeluarkan biaya dalam mengelola lingkungan dan lebih mengutamkan keuntungan dari segi finansial. Akibat dari diabaikannya permasalahan lingkungan, kini masyarakat serta pemerintah menuntut agar perusahaan dapat mengelola lingkungan dengan baik, oleh karena itu Pemerintah Republik Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan melalui Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup (KLH) membentuk Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PROPER) untuk meningkatkan peran perusahaan terhadap lingkungan. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu melihat pengaruh kinerja lingkungan terhadap kinerja keuangan dengan CSR sebagai variable intervening. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan pertambangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2011-2015. Jumlah sampel 37 perusahaan yang diperoleh dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis jalur (path analysis). Hasil pengujian pada penelitian ini menunjukkan kinerja lingkungan berpengaruh positif pada pengungkapan corporate social responsibility. Kinerja lingkungan dan pengungkapan corporate social responsibility berpengaruh positif pada kinerja keuangan. Kinerja lingkungan secara signifikan berpengaruh positif pada kinerja keuangan melalui pengungkapan corporate social responsibility. Hal ini menunjukkan pengungkapan corporate social responsibility mampu memediasi hubungan antara kinerja lingkungan dengan kinerja keuangan. ; Currently, environmental problems are increasingly concerned by many parties. One of the causes of this problem is the result of the company's operating activities. This is because companies are reluctant to spend money in managing the environment and prefer to profit from the financial side. As a result of the neglect of environmental problems, the people and the government are demanding that the company can manage the environment well, therefore the Government of the Republic of Indonesia implements the policy through the Ministry of Environment (KLH) to establish the Corporate Performance Rating Program in Environmental Management (PROPER) Company to the environment. The purpose of this research is to see the effect of environmental performance on financial performance with CSR as intervening variable. The population in this study is a mining company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2011-2015. Total sample of 37 companies obtained by purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used in this research is path analysis. Test results in this study show that environmental performance has a positive effect on corporate social responsibility disclosure. Environmental performance and corporate social responsibility disclosure have a positive effect on financial performance. Environmental performance has a significant positive effect on financial performance through the disclosure of corporate social responsibility. This shows the disclosure of corporate social responsibility able to mediate the relationship between environmental performance with financial performance.

On May 6, 1914, the Southwest Conference was formed when representatives from several universities met to discuss the future of regional sports among the local schools. Baylor University, Southwestern University, Texas A&M College, Oklahoma A&M (Oklahoma State), Louisiana State University, University of Texas, and the University of Arkansas participated in this organization. ; On December 8, 1914, representatives from the Rice Institute (Rice University) and the University of Oklahoma also met with the group at the Rice Hotel in Houston. All those who met joined as charter members with the exception of Louisiana State to create what was known as the Southwest Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, a Division I conference. ; Since then the Southwest Athletic Conference has seen as many as nine universities join or leave their league. Rice left for a short spell from 1916-1917. Texas Christian University joined in 1923, Southern Methodist University joined in 1918, Texas Tech joined in 1958, and Houston joined in 1972. Arkansas left in 1991, Oklahoma dropped out in 1920, Southwestern left in 1917, and Oklahoma A&M went in 1926. For one year, 1920, Phillips University of Enid, Oklahoma, was a member of the conference. Overall, by the time the conference disbanded, eight schools were still members of the SWC. ; It was not until 1938 before the office would be headed by an Executive Secretary (later Commissioner in 1982) of the SWC. Dr. P. W. St. Clair served from 1938-1945 as a part-time employee. Others who served were the following: James H. Stewart (1945-1950), Howard Grubbs (1950-1973), Cliff Speegle (1973-1982), Fred Jacoby (1982-1993), Steve Hatchell (1993-1995), and finally Kyle Kallander (1995-1996). ; The Southwest Conference has spawned such legends as Carl Lewis, Doak Walker, Sheryl Swoopes, Darrell Royal, Teddy Lyons, Earl Campbell, and Andre Ware to name a few. ; On June 30, 1996, the Southwest Athletic Conference came to a final close and disbanded. Four schools, Texas Tech University, University of Texas, Texas A&M University and Baylor University, united with the Big Eight to create the Big Twelve. Why the SWC disbanded? Most would agree that money was a leading factor to the breakup of the SWC. The Big Twelve would give the new members more media coverage and therefore more revenue for their invididual schools. Some would say that politicians had a role in its breakup. Who else would pressure schools, other politicians, and university representatives to consider a new outlook to collegiate sports in the State of Texas and the rest of the central U.S. region. The legacy of the Southwest Aithletic Conference has left impressions of rivalries and camaraderie probably unlike any other collegiate conference in U.S.A. ; Box 5, Folder 5

The article outlines the study of political texts from psycholinguistic perspectives. The research generalizes and empirically verifies a psycholinguistic approach to the study of political discourse and focuses on frame analysis, one of the most powerful psycholinguistic techniques. Frame structure embraces conceptual components that allow accumulating information from different sources. The public speeches of two great Ukrainian and American political leaders Viktor Yushchenko and Barack Obama were the principal sources of the analysis. Frame analysis was applied to study cross-cultural peculiarities that depict national nature of two cultures. Data analysis shows that discourse of the Ukrainian leader is mostly focused on categories such as people, power, liberty. The discourse of the American leader contains categories such as economy, money, people, psychological constructs. The results show that people have become top-priority topic for V. Yushchenko. They are the people the Ukrainian politician addresses, believes and trusts. V. Yushchenko also focuses on freedom, independence and liberty of any Ukrainian citizen. B. Obama is deeply concentrated on economy and finance of his country. It has become obvious that he is ready to implement the set of reforms for the country to thrive. The category of psychological constructs shows that the American politician is full of respect and proud for his country ant population. The radical variety of two speeches is caused by different economic conditions, values and mentality of two cultures and personal purposes and objectives of the two politicians. Стаття висвітлює погляд на політичні тексти з позицій психолінгвістики. У статті обґрунтовано та емпірично підтверджено психолінгвістичний підхід до вивчення політичного дискурсу. Стаття посилається на фреймовий аналіз, один із потужніших методів психолінгвістичного дослідження. Для проведення фреймового аналізу було обрано політичні промови двох великих політичних лідерів України та Америки Віктора Ющенка та Барака Обами. Фреймовий аналіз було застосовано для вивчення міжкультурних особливостей, які зображають національний характер двох культур. Результати аналізу свідчать, що дискурс українського лідера вміщує такі найбільш значущі категорії, як люди, влада, свобода. Дискурс Американського лідера включає такі суттєві категорії як: економіка, гроші, люди, психологічні конструкти. Результати дослідження засвідчили, що пріоритетним для В. Ющенка є люди, до яких він звертається, яким він вірить, на яких покладається. Серед пріоритетів українського лідера знаходяться свобода та незалежність кожного українця. Барак Обама більш зосереджений на проблемах економічного та фінансового положень країни. Очевидним виявилося, що майбутній президент готовий запровадити ряд реформ для процвітання своєї держави. Лексичне наповнення категорії психологічні конструкти засвідчило, що американський лідер виявляє повагу та гордість до свого народу. Радикальні зміни свідчать про різну економічну ситуацію в країнах, різну менталітет та цінності представників двох культур, а також різні цілі та установки кожного з мовців.

Розглянуто питання урбанізації як об'єкта кримінологічного дослідження. Аналізується взаємозв'язок урбанізації з процесами, які відбуваються в Україні, розглядається її криміногенний аспект. Окреслено найбільш вагомі чинники урбанізації, що існують у міських сферах суспільного життя. ; Рассматриваются вопросы урбанизации как объекта криминологического исследования. Анализируется взаимосвязь урбанизации с процессами, которые возникают в Украине, рассматривается её криминогенный аспект. Обозначены наиболее существенные факторы урбанизации, имеющие место в городских сферах общественной жизни. ; The article deals with the problem of urbanization as a factor that affects the crime in terms of political, military conflict and economic crisis.One of the most urgent and complex issues of public life in Ukraine is the problem of a crime: a level, a structure, and a growth rate. All the information we get from official statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and media indicates it. Even now changes in the dynamics and structure of crime occur, criminal situation in Ukraine is very complicated. A number of manifestations of deviant behavior, recession, deregulation of a financial system, shortage of money in the state treasury, political instability, low paying capacity – all of aforementioned issues go beyond the legal framework, and cause an emergence of various processes in the country, the effects of which then modern Ukrainian society feels.The criminal situation becomes more complicated because of the consequences of a military conflict in the East of the country. The migration process, that emerged today in the middle of our country, is more of a criminal nature, rather than brings stability to the state. In the estimation of experts, the number of urban population has increased dramatically, and from this criminality arises. It is mostly connected with the fact that people do not have financial security that can be reliable due to employment or various assistance provided for by a state. Also, a factor that induces a person to commit an offense is non-emotional resistance to new relationships in the surrounding society, difference of interests, poor living conditions and struggle for survival in a hostile environment. A person is a body that constantly works, but when it reaches a peak of an emotional state, there comes a time for restarting of life's important landmarks, that has a nature of positive and negative direction. The choice of further ways of existence depends not only on internal human characteristics, but also on driving force, which exists around it, and is important.This article defines the essence and meaning of urbanization and crime. The impact of this factor on people's lives, social relationships prevailing in cities where different socio-psychological relationships are concentrated.

The main objective of this study is to assess whether public expenditure on agriculture, education, and health and road construction have a positive and significant roleon poverty reduction. To ensure the robustness of the results, different preliminary tests such as time aeries stationary, serial correlation and co-integration tests are conducted. Data at country level are used for estimating the role of pro-poor public expenditures on poverty reduction. I used ordinary least square econometric analysis by time series data, and conclude public expenditure on agriculture, health and road construction are more effective in poverty reduction in Ethiopia. A strong relationship exists between independent variables and the dependent variable in the model over the period of 1992-2013. The regression model is not spurious as tested. The time series data of these variables contain unit root and they become stationary after conducting ADF test. They have long run relation as indicated by Granger casual co-integration test. The statistically significant elasticity coefficient of OLS estimation at level expresses that the 1% change in per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road will change the electricity human development index (HDI) by 0.18%.0.05%, and 0.03% respectively these shows that increasing volume of per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road has a role to increase electricity HDI and thereby reduce poverty in the country. Thus, the Ethiopian government should formulate policies that can help to mobilize domestic and foreign aid in the productive sector like agriculture, education and road in order to achieve desired economic growth that can increase electricity human development index and in turn create gainful income to the mass of Ethiopian people to reduce poverty. The results of Error Correction Model indicate that there is both short and long run equilibrium in the system. The coefficient of one period lag residual coefficient is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.237 meaning that system corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 23.7% annually. In nut shell, the public expenditure management should be based on impact assessment. In other words, spending money on the provision of public goods and services must take in to account the extent to which this expenditure benefits the poor. Therefore, to maximise the poverty reduction role of pro-poor public expenditures, the government of Ethiopia should focus more on the fulfilment and improvement of basic necessities of the poor such as agriculture, primary health care, primary education, rural infrastructures and food security by allocating more public resources to the pro- poor sectors than that of universal and non-basic services and goods. Key words; pro-poor public expenditure, Human development index, co-integration analysis, poverty reduction.

The main objective of this study is to assess whether public expenditure on agriculture, education, and health and road construction have a positive and significant roleon poverty reduction. To ensure the robustness of the results, different preliminary tests such as time aeries stationary, serial correlation and co-integration tests are conducted. Data at country level are used for estimating the role of pro-poor public expenditures on poverty reduction. I used ordinary least square econometric analysis by time series data, and conclude public expenditure on agriculture, health and road construction are more effective in poverty reduction in Ethiopia. A strong relationship exists between independent variables and the dependent variable in the model over the period of 1992-2013. The regression model is not spurious as tested. The time series data of these variables contain unit root and they become stationary after conducting ADF test. They have long run relation as indicated by Granger casual co-integration test. The statistically significant elasticity coefficient of OLS estimation at level expresses that the 1% change in per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road will change the electricity human development index (HDI) by 0.18%.0.05%, and 0.03% respectively these shows that increasing volume of per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road has a role to increase electricity HDI and thereby reduce poverty in the country. Thus, the Ethiopian government should formulate policies that can help to mobilize domestic and foreign aid in the productive sector like agriculture, education and road in order to achieve desired economic growth that can increase electricity human development index and in turn create gainful income to the mass of Ethiopian people to reduce poverty. The results of Error Correction Model indicate that there is both short and long run equilibrium in the system. The coefficient of one period lag residual coefficient is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.237 meaning that system corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 23.7% annually. In nut shell, the public expenditure management should be based on impact assessment. In other words, spending money on the provision of public goods and services must take in to account the extent to which this expenditure benefits the poor. Therefore, to maximise the poverty reduction role of pro-poor public expenditures, the government of Ethiopia should focus more on the fulfilment and improvement of basic necessities of the poor such as agriculture, primary health care, primary education, rural infrastructures and food security by allocating more public resources to the pro- poor sectors than that of universal and non-basic services and goods. Key words; pro-poor public expenditure, Human development index, co-integration analysis, poverty reduction.

Background Around the world government agencies responsible for the selection and reimbursement of prescribed medicines and other health technologies are considering how best to bring community preferences into their decision making. In particular, community views about the distribution or equity of funding across the population. These official committees and agencies often have access to the best available and latest evidence on clinical effectiveness, safety and cost from large clinical trials and population-based studies. All too often they do not have access to high quality evidence about community views. We therefore, conducted a large and representative population-based survey in Australia to determine what community members think about the factors that do and should influence government spending on prescribed medicines. Methods A choice-based survey was designed to elicit the importance of individual criteria when considering the equity of government spending on prescribed medicines. A representative sample of 3080 adult Australians completed the survey by allocating a hypothetical budget to different combinations of money spent on two patient populations. Societal preferences were inferred from absolute majority responses i.e. populations with more than 50% of respondents' allocation for a particular allocation criterion. Results This study shows that, all else being equal, severity of disease, diseases for which there is no alternative treatment available on the government formulary, diseases that affect patients who are not financially well off, and life-style unrelated diseases are supported by the public as resource allocation criteria. Where 'all else is not equal', participants allocated more resources to the patient population that gained considerable improvement in health and fewer resources to those that gained little improvement in health. This result held under all scenarios except for 'end-of-life treatments'. Responses to cost (and corresponding number of patients treated) trade-off scenarios indicated a significant reduction in the proportion of respondents choosing to divide resources equally and a shift in preference towards devoting resources to the population that were more costly to treat for all criteria with the exception of severity of disease. Conclusions The general public have clear views on what's fair in terms of government spending on prescribed medicines. In addition to supporting the application of the 'rule of rescue', important considerations for government spending included the severity of disease being treated, diseases for which there is no alternative treatment available on the government formulary, diseases that affect patients who are not financially well off and life-style unrelated diseases. This study shows that the general public are willing to share their views on what constitutes an equitable allocation of the government's drug budget. The challenge remains to how best to consider those views alongside clinical and economic considerations.

The development of e-government has been promoted as a strategy to improve: the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration, facilitate the conduct of proceedings, saving time and money, increase transparency, close the government with the different actors, and seek greater participation in decision making. Given the importance of e-government has for several countries, including Colombia, it is important to analyze what aspects are considered, by the academic and scientific community, for measuring and monitoring its development. In that sense, the purpose of this article is to present the analysis of variables and indicators published in the scientific literature in the period of 2004-2014 to measure the e-government. In addition, a scientometric analysis was performed for the literature published in 2015 and 2016. To identify the documents to analyze a systematic literature review was conducted. Subsequently the variables and the indicators were classified and analyzed. The results show the interest in measuring aspects of the services offered on the e-government and the use of standards for the development of portals. In addition, the characterization of users was identified as an important aspect in the measurement process. The results can become a starting point for building measurement systems of e-government. ; El desarrollo del e-gobierno ha sido promovido como estrategia para mejorar la eficiencia y eficacia de la gestión pública, facilitar la realización de trámites ante las entidades del Estado, ahorrar tiempo y dinero, aumentar la transparencia, acercar al Gobierno a los diferentes actores, así como buscar una mayor participación en la toma de las decisiones. Dada la importancia que el e-gobierno tiene para varios países, incluida Colombia, es importante analizar qué aspectos son considerados, por la comunidad académica y científica, para su medición y seguimiento. En ese sentido, el propósito de este artículo es presentar el resultado del análisis de variables e indicadores propuestos en la literatura científica en el periodo de 2004 a 2014 para medir el gobierno electrónico. Además, se realizó un análisis cientométrico para la literatura publicada en 2015 y 2016. Para identificar los documentos por analizar se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura. Posteriormente, las variables y los indicadores fueron clasificados y analizados. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian el interés en medir aspectos relacionados con los servicios ofertados en el e-gobierno y el uso de estándares para el desarrollo de los portales, así como en medir aspectos relacionados con la caracterización de usuarios. Los resultados obtenidos pueden constituirse en un punto de partida para la construcción de sistemas de medición del e-gobierno.

Исследуется проблема соотношения производных финансовых инструментов с такими инструментами финансового рынка, как депозитарные расписки и кредитные ноты. Анализируя депозитарные расписки, автор приходит к выводу о невозможности квалификации последних в качестве производных финансовых инструментов. По вопросу квалификации кредитных нот выводы автора различаются в зависимости от того, являются кредитные ноты по своей правовой природе ценными бумагами или договорами. Лишь в случае признания кредитных нот договорами возможна их квалификация в качестве производных финансовых инструментов. ; The present article deals with some problems relating to derivatives correlation with such financial instruments as depository receipts and credit notes. The relevance of the problem is caused by the fact that the position of the derivatives turn-round has a direct influence not only on the whole financial market, but also on the overall status of domestic economy as well as on the status of international economy. In spite of the wide use of derivatives, the matter about the examples of derivatives is settled by halves. The author mentions some instances of derivative financial instruments, whose legal nature does not provoke discussion. These are futures, options, swaps, forwards. However, the article states new examples of derivatives. The legal nature of such instruments is still not clear. These are credit notes and depository receipts. In view of their wide use, scholars believe it necessary to determine their legal nature and the aspects of their usage. The author stated these objectives by writing this article. The article compares the characteristics of these instruments in order to reach the stated objectives. As a result, the author comes to a conclusion that depository receipts, being securities, do not have features of derivatives, because derivative instruments are qualified as contracts. The author makes this conclusion by the analysis of current legislation. It provides that depository receipts are securities. The author's conclusion is also confirmed by the analysis of derivatives characteristics: they are contracts, under them one party is obliged to take some actions, for example, to pay money or to deliver goods, and the other party is entitled to require performance. The article also reviews the special aspects of the legal nature and practical use of credit notes. The author adduces a thesis about their qualification as a certain non-defined contractual structure. As a result of this analysis, the author reaches a conclusion about the possibility of their qualification as derivative instruments, but only in case of the consideration of such instruments as contracts. The present article gives examples of the practical use of such financial instruments, the author draws the conclusions.

When governments announce that they are going to spend vast sums of taxpayers' money on a new public infrastructure project, you can be certain they will praise all the terrific new benefits that the project will bring to citizens, making everyone's life easier, safer, greener and better. But this does not tell us whether we are better off as a society, after accounting for the cost of these projects borne by taxpayers today and well into the future. In reality, there is a meaningful risk that a project undertaken without a proper business case could end up making citizens' lives worse. That new commuter train might look sleek and shiny and seem convenient for some, but a close business case analysis of recent transit projects in Canada's three largest cities suggests that in as many as four cases out of 21 projects, the burden of paying for the projects does not justify the public investment. In a review of thirteen recent public transit projects in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA), at least three projects had benefits that fell short of the costs. Yet, all three projects went ahead (or have been funded). Only one project showed large net benefits for citizens once all considerations were accounted for. Three projects showed small net benefits – of a size that can be easily offset by a modest cost over-run. The six remaining projects did not have any publicly available business cases. In the Greater Montreal area, a review of three recent major transit projects turned up no evidence of a publicly available business case for any of them. As a result, Montrealers are in the dark as to how much benefit or value destruction the three projects are responsible for. Things are far more encouraging in Vancouver, however, where three out of the five major transit projects undertaken or funded in recent years were backed by business cases showing a net benefit. Only one project did not show a net benefit and one project did not have a business case. Of course, business cases only make projections about net benefits. Rarely, if ever, do governments undertake an ex post review to determine whether their estimates were correct and if the project has delivered — or destroyed — the value expected. Given that these projects can run into the billions of dollars, tie up immense amounts of government resources, and can cause any number of disruptions to business and families, it is remarkable how little cost-benefit scrutiny is brought to bear on them. Without these ex post business cases, there can be no lessons learned from past projects. There can be no assurance that we can make better investment decisions going forward.

On May 6, 1914, the Southwest Conference was formed when representatives from several universities met to discuss the future of regional sports among the local schools. Baylor University, Southwestern University, Texas A&M College, Oklahoma A&M (Oklahoma State), Louisiana State University, University of Texas, and the University of Arkansas participated in this organization. ; On December 8, 1914, representatives from the Rice Institute (Rice University) and the University of Oklahoma also met with the group at the Rice Hotel in Houston. All those who met joined as charter members with the exception of Louisiana State to create what was known as the Southwest Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, a Division I conference. ; Since then the Southwest Athletic Conference has seen as many as nine universities join or leave their league. Rice left for a short spell from 1916-1917. Texas Christian University joined in 1923, Southern Methodist University joined in 1918, Texas Tech joined in 1958, and Houston joined in 1972. Arkansas left in 1991, Oklahoma dropped out in 1920, Southwestern left in 1917, and Oklahoma A&M went in 1926. For one year, 1920, Phillips University of Enid, Oklahoma, was a member of the conference. Overall, by the time the conference disbanded, eight schools were still members of the SWC. ; It was not until 1938 before the office would be headed by an Executive Secretary (later Commissioner in 1982) of the SWC. Dr. P. W. St. Clair served from 1938-1945 as a part-time employee. Others who served were the following: James H. Stewart (1945-1950), Howard Grubbs (1950-1973), Cliff Speegle (1973-1982), Fred Jacoby (1982-1993), Steve Hatchell (1993-1995), and finally Kyle Kallander (1995-1996). ; The Southwest Conference has spawned such legends as Carl Lewis, Doak Walker, Sheryl Swoopes, Darrell Royal, Teddy Lyons, Earl Campbell, and Andre Ware to name a few. ; On June 30, 1996, the Southwest Athletic Conference came to a final close and disbanded. Four schools, Texas Tech University, University of Texas, Texas A&M University and Baylor University, united with the Big Eight to create the Big Twelve. Why the SWC disbanded? Most would agree that money was a leading factor to the breakup of the SWC. The Big Twelve would give the new members more media coverage and therefore more revenue for their invididual schools. Some would say that politicians had a role in its breakup. Who else would pressure schools, other politicians, and university representatives to consider a new outlook to collegiate sports in the State of Texas and the rest of the central U.S. region. The legacy of the Southwest Aithletic Conference has left impressions of rivalries and camaraderie probably unlike any other collegiate conference in U.S.A. ; Box 6, Folder 8