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Abstract. In political science the field of cabinet decision‐making is still largely terra incognita, and there is no theoretical framework to help us interpret the available material in a meaningful way. As a first step, this article suggests that cabinet decision‐making is structured by two sources of disagreement: the departments headed by the cabinet ministers, and the parties or factions these ministers represent. After a brief overview of different combinations of departmental and political heterogeneity in different countries, the Dutch cabinet is examined in more detail. It is characterized by strong departmental heterogeneity and more recently by political heterogeneity as well. Various attempts to contain these centrifugal forces ‐ recognition of the cabinet, a strong position for the Prime Minister and for the Minister of Finance, cabinet committees, and an Inner Cabinet ‐ have not been successful. This could be because political and departmental heterogeneity are mutually reinforcing. However, there is also some evidence that, in the Dutch case at least, these centrifugal forces are counterbalancing, or even completely unrelated to each other.

"This book provides an interdisciplinary approach to predictive analytics, bringing together the fields of business, statistics, and information technology for effective decision making"--

This study looked at deviance and conflict in small group decision making. Six types of behavior and circumstances that may lead to perceptions of deviance were observed: lack of participation, personality, "testing" others' opinions and solutions, incompatibility of views, the leadership-emergence process, and coalition deviance. Based on these types of deviant behavior, the process of labeling deviance in small group decision making is described. Further, the study indicates that individuals labeled as deviant by the group are nomore likely to initiate conflict than are othergroupmembers, butspecific types of deviance do appear to be related to conflict initiation.

The complicated client behaviour, especially during the decision-making process, causes problems to business specialists working in finance sector. That makes one to look for a theoretical basis and carry out surveys in order to explain the factors influencing the client when making a decision about buying finance services. The objective of this research is to identify possible applications of factors and their interaction. In order to achieve the set target, the following tasks had to be solved: to analyse the main concepts about client's decision-making process in finance sector; overview and systematize factors and make new classification; to create theoretical model identifying all key factors, taking into consideration specific Lithuanian finance market features and local environmental, economical and social circumstances; to estimate and analyze the output results in order to indicate possible applications of the above mentioned factors. This research indicates the main factors and groups of factors influencing decision making of clients: different value and features of various finance services, role of internal and external marketing complex and situational factors. Results of survey also let us identify means how to improve finance services and the methods they are provided to retail market. Article in Lithuanian. Apsisprendimo naudotis finansinėmis paslaugomis mažmeninėje rinkoje ypatumai Santrauka. Komplikuota klientų elgsena, pasirenkant finansines paslaugas, kelia verslui ir finansų rinkoms problemų. Būtinos tam tikros prielaidos ir teorinė bazė, leidžianti nustatyti klientų bruožus ir veiksnius, galinčius paaiškinti finansinių paslaugų pasirinkimą. Darbo tikslas - nustatyti ir įvertinti aplinkos veiksnių poveikį klientų sprendimams, pasirenkant finansines paslaugas. Išanalizuotos pagrindinės klientų finansinių paslaugų pasirinkimą aiškinančios koncepcijos, peržiūrėti ir susisteminti veiksniai, veikiantys apsisprendimą bei parengtas teorinis modelis. Tiriant aplinką ir veiksnius, išryškėjo ypatinga jų sąsaja su finansinių paslaugų verte ir specifika, kurie ir nulemia poveikį priimamiems sprendimams. Apibendrinta tyrimų medžiaga, analizuojanti, kaip finansų įstaigos turėtų rengti paslaugų politiką, atsižvelgiant ne tik į veiksnių grupes, bet ir į finansų įstaigų ir klientų palaikomų ryšių pobūdį, paslaugų vertę, užimamą poziciją rinkoje. Reikšminiai žodžiai: apsisprendimas, finansinės paslaugos, klientas, modelis, rinka, vertė.

The complicated client behaviour, especially during the decision-making process, causes problems to business specialists working in finance sector. That makes one to look for a theoretical basis and carry out surveys in order to explain the factors influencing the client when making a decision about buying finance services. The objective of this research is to identify possible applications of factors and their interaction. In order to achieve the set target, the following tasks had to be solved: to analyse the main concepts about client's decision-making process in finance sector; overview and systematize factors and make new classification; to create theoretical model identifying all key factors, taking into consideration specific Lithuanian finance market features and local environmental, economical and social circumstances; to estimate and analyze the output results in order to indicate possible applications of the above mentioned factors. This research indicates the main factors and groups of factors influencing decision making of clients: different value and features of various finance services, role of internal and external marketing complex and situational factors. Results of survey also let us identify means how to improve finance services and the methods they are provided to retail market. Apsisprendimo naudotis finansinėmis paslaugomis mažmeninėje rinkoje ypatumai Santrauka. Komplikuota klientų elgsena, pasirenkant finansines paslaugas, kelia verslui ir finansų rinkoms problemų. Būtinos tam tikros prielaidos ir teorinė bazė, leidžianti nustatyti klientų bruožus ir veiksnius, galinčius paaiškinti finansinių paslaugų pasirinkimą. Darbo tikslas - nustatyti ir įvertinti aplinkos veiksnių poveikį klientų sprendimams, pasirenkant finansines paslaugas. Išanalizuotos pagrindinės klientų finansinių paslaugų pasirinkimą aiškinančios koncepcijos, peržiūrėti ir susisteminti veiksniai, veikiantys apsisprendimą bei parengtas teorinis modelis. Tiriant aplinką ir veiksnius, išryškėjo ypatinga jų sąsaja su finansinių paslaugų verte ir specifika, kurie ir nulemia poveikį priimamiems sprendimams. Apibendrinta tyrimų medžiaga, analizuojanti, kaip finansų įstaigos turėtų rengti paslaugų politiką, atsižvelgiant ne tik į veiksnių grupes, bet ir į finansų įstaigų ir klientų palaikomų ryšių pobūdį, paslaugų vertę, užimamą poziciją rinkoje. Reikšminiai žodžiai: apsisprendimas, finansinės paslaugos, klientas, modelis, rinka, vertė. Article in Lithuanian.

It has been recently argued that managers do not use creative problem‐solving techniques because of concerns about managing the ideas produced. This paper examines five different ways of "closing down" during creative problem solving, and suggests factors which influence the selection of a technique: voting is the preferred choice for consensus‐seeking; clustering is a means of transforming data qualitatively; hurdles provide a means of managing data arriving over disparate time periods; weighting is best reserved for standard and quantifiable data; while gut feel can deal best with decision making involving "fuzzy" data. A psychological rationale for the use of the various techniques is proposed, and a contingency model of decision making developed which may give managers confidence to experiment with the creative problem‐solving mechanisms for generating options, because of increased knowledge of effective mechanisms subsequently for closing down those options.

The main argument of this review is that motivational development associated with normal aging affects decision making. With increasing age, the ratio of gains to losses becomes more and more unfavorable. Reflecting the increasing losses in resources, goal orientation changes from a predominant orientation towards gains in young adulthood to an increasingly stronger orientation towards the prevention of loss in older adulthood. As goals serve as reference points for the evaluation of decision outcomes, this change in goal orientation across adulthood might also affect decision making. The decision-making literature has recognized that choices are influenced by goal orientation. However, little research has been conducted on how goals influence the decision-making process in general and with regard to aging in particular. To date, findings on decision making and aging remain inconsistent and are in need of a developmental framework. With regard to applications, a better understanding of the aging decision maker can provide insight into how to improve communication efforts about issues like advance care planning, medical treatment, and housing options.

Introduction. Scientific psychology and law enforcement -- This is your brain on adrenaline : the nervous system, long-term stress, and the world of law enforcement -- Acute stress : processing under pressure and combat situations -- Reconstructing the crime : the mind of the eyewitness -- Cream-colored vans and grassy knolls : eyewitness memory in context -- The interpretation of visual input - or, never aim your power drill at the SWAT team -- Thinking to win : decision making in command and high-risk environments -- Warrior minds : the dynamics of decision -- Cognition in tactical environments I : Little Bighorn -- Cognition in tactical environments II : Mogadishu, 1993 -- Cognition in tactical environments III : Ardennes, 1944, and the relief of Bastogne -- Special units - cognitive science at the extremes -- Synthesis : implications for training and enforcement in an increasingly risky world -- Epilogue. A brave new world?.

This book integrates socially responsible investment into modern portfolio theory from a multi-criteria perspective. Socially responsible investment is a 'new deal' championed by the institutional investment and bank sectors, agents that influence mutual funds and other collective investment schemes and which fear that financial strategies without ethical constraints can harm sustainable growth and prosperity. The book shows how to combine financial criteria such as profitability and risk with non-financial criteria such as the protection of the ecosystem, responsible consumption of energy, and healthcare campaigns. The book's first part presents critical issues in ethical investment, while the second explains in detail the application of goal programming techniques for SRI funds, illustrating their use in actual cases. Part three demonstrates how compromise programming can be applied in the contexts of portfolio selection and risk management. Finally, in its fourth part the book examines the application of other decision-making support methods like the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework, the Reference Point Method, and soft computing techniques for portfolio selection. Enrique Ballestero was a professor in Business and Finance at Technical University of Madrid and Emeritus professor at Technical University of Valencia (Alcoy School). He was a member of the International Society on Multiple Criteria Decision Making.Blanca Pérez-Gladish is associate professor in the Department of Quantitative Economics at the University of Oviedo (Spain). She is also the coordinator of the Socially Responsible Investment and Sustainable Development Research Group. She received her PhD in 2001 and was appointed associate professor in 2009. Her research lines are focused on Multiple Criteria Decision Making and Socially Responsible Investment.Ana Garcia-Bernabeu is associate professor in the Department of Economics and Social Sciences at the Technical University of Valencia. She received her PhD in 2000 and was appointed associate professor in 2004. Her expertise areas are decision analysis, environmental and natural resources and finance. She is member of the Socially Responsible Investment and Sustainable Development Research Group and of the International Society on Multiple Criteria Decision Making.

Shared decision making (SDM) is the process of providing the patient with critical information that can support his or her informed participation in decision making. Shared decision making has become accepted as an important component of quality health care. Influenced by its foundations in law and ethics and by empirical work on its value as a tool to reduce variability in care, a perception has developed that SDM is relevant primarily to clinical situations with high-quality clinical evidence. This raises the question of the role of SDM in situations when clinical evidence is lacking or of low quality. This article posits that SDM is equally relevant and important to low-evidence situations in four ways—SDM fosters shared acceptance of uncertainty, closes the gap in knowledge between patient and physician, promotes patient empowerment, and enhances trust through transparent communication.

Previous research has examined the effect of participation in decision making on various psychological and managerial variables, but has often overlooked levels of analysis considerations. In this study, levels of analysis were considered explicitly from theoretical and empirical perspectives to better understand participation in decision making. In a first demonstration of a new method to the participation literature, results from Within and Between Analysis (WABA) suggested that relationships between participation in decision making and several job activities and employee outcomes were based on between-groups differences. Some support also was obtained for an individual view of the associations between participation in decision making and activities and outcomes.

Metadata only record ; This report is the product of an unprecedented global public policy effort to bring governments, the private sector and civil society together in one process. It provides the first comprehensive global and independent review of the performance and impacts of large dams. It presents a new framework for water and energy resources development, and it develops an agenda of seven strategic priorities and corresponding criteria and guidelines to guide future decision-making.

Governments do not have perfect information regarding the priorities and the needs of different groups in the economy. This lack of knowledge opens the door for different groups to lobby the government in order to receive the government's support. We set up a model of hierarchical contests and compare the implications of a centralized allocation process with a decentralized allocation process. We show the potential existence of a poverty trap as a result of fiscal federalism.